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Ry. ANTHESTERIA Ments Are Alwaysin Danger of Growing Anemic' Hlr We Have Seenthat the Samestructure of Sacrificialritual Presents Itself at Different Levels

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Ry. ANTHESTERIA Ments Are Alwaysin Danger of Growing Anemic' Hlr We Have Seenthat the Samestructure of Sacrificialritual Presents Itself at Different Levels DISSOLUTION AND NEW YEAR,S FESTIVAL Greek myths and a large share of major Greek cults have become characteristicallydetached from the fisherman's everyday Pragma- tism and needs, playing out their socio-psychologicalfunction in a purely symbolic fashion. However, such culturally refined develop- ry. ANTHESTERIA ments are alwaysin danger of growing anemic' hlr We have seenthat the samestructure of sacrificialritual presents itself at different levels. The most detailed picture of the New Year's festival of the polis, with its dissolution in the unspeakablesacrifice and its restorationof order in the festivefeast and agon,was provided by Athens and Argos, but we were able to detecthints of it at Sikyon and Thebesas well; in the non-Greekrealm, there was the parallel of the Lemnian fire festival, where an artisan guild supplantedthe cus- L. Testimoniqand tomary Greekmilitary organization.The samestructures were given a new emphasis in the expanding cults of Dionysus, in the Agrionia Dissemination type on the one hand, where the period of exceptionbecame the set- ting for ecstasyand the sacrificialsparagmos outdoors, and in the type of the Dionysian advent on the other, where the god enteredthe The importance of the Anthesteria, celebratedin the spring in city from the sea.Fishing rituals and legendscame into play here too, honor of Dionysus, is immediately shown by the fact that it lent its especiallyin non-Greek areas.The sacrificeof the maiden and the name to a month, and not only at Athens; the name of the month plunge into the seaare answeredby the arrival of food from the sea. Anthesterionis attestedfor the entire Ionian region, for Eretriaon Eu- It is impossible to trace just how the rituals of hunters, fishermen, boea,for the island Tenos,from Miletus to Prieneon the coastof Asia nomadic animal-breeders,and city dwellers Brew apart, influenced Minor, Ephesus,Teos, from Erythrai to Smyrna,and in the Ionic colo- eachother, and overlapped.We may thereforewonder all the more at niesof Thasos,Kyzikos, and Massalia.'This agreementwas noted al- the structural unity that rendered that reciprocalexchange possible. readyby Thucydides,who drew the conclusion,still irrefutable, that The basic structure of sacrifice,with its preparations,bloody central this festival and the name of this month must antedateIonian colo- act, and restitution, grows into a great arc of myth embracing the nization of Asia Minor.' That makes the Anthesteria one of the ear- maiden's tragedy, regicide/parricideor infanticide, and the younger liestattested of all Greek festivals.And inasmuchas the festival deals generation'saccession to power. Nourishment, order, and civilized with Dionysus and wine, one may conclude that the wine-god D- life are born of their antithesis:the encounterwith death. Only homo onysusmust already have been long familiar by rooo n.c. The Linear necanscan becomehomo sapiens. B texts from Pvlos that refer to Dionvsus'befoie 12ooB.c. make this f See Samuef (1972)Index s.a.) for the festival at Teos, see SIGs 38.11; SEG4.598; rnasos,LSS69;Smyrna,Philostr.V.Soph.t.z5.r(lI4z.z4ed.Teubn.);lasos,Bull.epigr. r97l nr. 7o;Massalia, Just. 43.4.6(lV3.n.rz below). For Syracuse,see Timaios, FGrHist 566F r58;Diog. Laert.4.8; Antigonos in Ath. 437e.Cf. FarnellY (r9o9)zt4-24, i77-2o; r\usson, Studiade Dionysiis Atticis (Lund,, rgo), tr5-38; idem (19o6)267-7r. For the rinthesteria and the Aiora see Eranos14 (1916),r8r-zoo = OpusculaI ,l95:r), 745-61:,; GSSS), S8z-8+, 5g4-g8; Foucart Qgo4) ro7-63; Harrison egzz) 3z-74; egz) 275-94; r-tubner ,1969\ jglz) 93-rz1; van Hoorn (r95r); Pickard-Cambridge r-25. with the ScholiaPOry YIp. o4 #853;Deubner (t932) rzz-23. 'PY-rnuc.2.1j.4 Ya roz; Xb 4t9; Gdrard-Rousseau(1968) 74-76;L. R. palmer, TheInterpretation of Mycewaan GreekTexts (rg$), z5o-58. Of no less importance is the excavation of the rernPle at Agia Irini on Keos:since r5oo B.c. it was continuouslyused as a cult site,and 272 I 243 TESTIMONIA AND DISSEMINATION ANTHESTERIA that the god's no9ulat and often the only part of the festival that is mentioned. It conclusion easier to accept, even if it is conceivable Creeks precededby the day of "opening the casks,"the Pithoigia,on the be a secondaryaccretion tfe. wine festival' The Lr^is name may !o day of Anthesterion, and it was followed by the day of the ut*uy,connectedthenameAnthesteriawith,,blossoming,,,inparticu- "i""enttr to deviate i,notr," the Chytroi, on the thirteenthday of the month.?One must the blossom of the vine,oand there is no reason lar with that, accordingto the old religiouschronology, sundown sig- interpretationof the-name' ,Icall from^^- this simple of a day and that evening and night were reckonedas provides us with enough material to nufedttt" end O^." uguir,, only ,tthens and the Choesmeet festival.Here, in addi- ,f," of the following day. Thus, the Pithoigia form a comirehensi,J",aetaitea'picture.of.the "u" on the eve- by Attic poets' we the eveningof the eleventh,the Choesand the Chytroi tion to accountsby local historians and allusions on the Choes of the twelfth. Already in antiquity, this hazy distinction occa- the evidenceof a clearly delineatedtype of pottery nine have causedconfusion' can be no doubt that it was used on the main day of sionallY fit.f,"t-'fnere "iasks," "pitchers," "pots"-the earthy,popular characterof this festival, whose very name was Choes, the day of the."pitchers'" the may be seenin thesedesignations. Indeed, this festival was a pitchersare also relatedto the festivalevents' festival it p"ir,ti.,gs on these of the polis' when comparedwith, " in the fifth and fourth centuries auantittnigligeable for the finances Mosi of the-evidenceisioncentrated oc- later times as sav,the Panathenaia,the Mysteries,or the GreaterDionysia' It 8.c., but there are isolateddocuments in Hellenisticand curred largely on the level of folk custom, in contrastto the more re- well, so we know that this festival spannedover 1/oooyears' fell on the cent Dionysia, which were establishedin the sixth century by the Thucydides tells us that the *iin day.of the.festival the most tvrants and the polis. Moreover, the sanctuary of Dionysus in the twelfth day of Anthesterion.'This was the day of the Choes' trarshes,' which Thucydides consideredto be one of the oldest in Athens, was apparentlyuntouched by the monumentalbuilding pro- that of Dionysus:see J. L' caskey,Hesperia 1 sinceArchaic times the cult wascertainly at Atheni. It has not been identified with certaintyand had ap- (tg6g) 289. gram j964), 126-15; Simon in the time of Pausanias-perhaps it alstros,FGrHistSl4FrJ=HarPokr.'Av$eonlpttilz;cf.Macr.Sat.t.tz.4;Et.M' larently already disappeared Stovvcros"Avrltos IC *ur r"plu."d by the pii.rute cult site of the Iobakchoi.It probably lan- rog.rz; An. Bekk.| 4o1'32;translited "Floralia" by Just' 41'4'6; FGtHist F tz' and cf Eu- that was enjoined llllll2 and Paus' r.3r.4. L. Eiavtltls Phanodemos' 325 guisheddue toan especiallysacred commandment {J56 6' 218;.'Av.BLorlp unth"si-s the father of lhe'6ver of wine, Maron, Od. 9-:.97;Hes' ipon it: it could be opened only on a single day in the year, the day 'z\' Unconnectedwith Dionvsus ihera tC Xll 1329( "BekranJer," Wilamowitz lr91zl77 are'Hpa'g,rit"tc.-,'Hpoctiuten,duf'eo96potatArgos(Nilsson119o61357),dvBetrgopot An t37),'Avleorpl8es in Rhodes(LSS 96' and cf Hsch avfleanlpLa}es' TPhilochoros, in Sicliylnol. +dva-rgioooorlat FGrHist 84 (cf. Jacoby ad loc.); Cal1m. fr. r78; Apollod., FGrHist 244 "f,r1eroat (LSS18) The derivationfrom (A' W 3z8F S,ek*.iri...d), Paiania F rj3; rzr.zo Hude; cf. Nilsson (rg5il Aristoph. Ach roT6 rind rous must be rejectedalready because S.hol. Thuc. p. SS+. Verrall,iHS zo Lgrr|, t5-17; Harrison lgzzl +Z-+g) Xoas (Schol. ad loc., Suda 6zu) to claim that the Choes the suffixfor festivalnames Tzlp xai Xritpous led Didymos 1 of the apocope,which is preciselynot Aiticlonic ']no'o as itre1"o" (1968)2o7-20)' and Chytroi were on the same day. go"s back toMycenaeantimes' parilpn G6rard-Rousseau 8In the account of sales of sacrificial hides, 1G llllll2 1496,the Lesser Dionysia brings in sstudied and comprehensivelyby van Hoorn (r95r); see by Deubner (t912) 48-47, Dr., the Anthesteria nothing' "Choes"' AlA5o(t946)' 722-)9; 3rr Dr., the Greater Dionysia 8o8 J. R. Green, B/CS8 (196r), 4lz7' Cl' S' P' Karouzou' 'Called ,'946)' E' Simon' "Ein rti (ro0) iv ltipvats Arcvicrou Thuc. 2.r5.4; Isaios 8.35; "Demosth'" 59'76;Phi- H. R. Immerwahr, "Choesi.i Cnyt.oi," TAPA 77 245-tu; (tg6) Sv lochoros (?), FGrHist zz9; Callim. fr.3o5; Strabo 8p 161; Schol. Aristoph' Ran' Anthesterien-Skyphosdes Polygnotos ," AK 6 i9$),6-zz;Metzger 55-76;E 3zBF 'Attische.Feste- z16 (iv xai oixos rai vetirsro0 rleoi'); Steph. Byz. lripvat' Not mentioned by Pausa- Gnomon For a skepticalview seeA Rumpf' dr mon, 4z(t97o),Zto-ii' nias, who at the theater of Dionysus as the oldest shrine of Diony- r6t (t96tl, zo8-r4' Many' though by no meansall' depic- describes the shrine AttischeVasen," Bonn. lbi. sus: roi ALpvatou; confirmedby a Choes 1.2o.1.Philostr. V Ap. l.t4 also mentions an riTaApa roi Jtovioov tions on Choes pitchersrefer to tie Anthesteria.This is often XOITI cf. van Hoorn, RA z5 j9z), 1o4-zo. The fact that there were no marshes at this sanc- ug"*i,tlhu painting itself:one chouseven has a grafhto pitcherbeing depicted -ft tuary Yl W Dorpfeld exca- of the Anthesteriaon other sortsof vases is discussed by Strabo I p 16l and Schol. Thuc. POry #8y. 1r9Sz[3o7.,. 1791. ureare depictiois fnlectr Anthesteriain southern vated a small shrine between the Areopagus and the Pnyx, which was later the cult site well.
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