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Pictorial Representations of Monkeys and Simianesque

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Pictorial Representations of Monkeys and Simianesque PICTORIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF MONKEYS AND SIMIANESQUE CREATURES IN GREEK ART A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by ELIZABETH GRAFF WOLFSON Dr. Susan Langdon, Dissertation Supervisor MAY 2018 © Copyright by Elizabeth Graff Wolfson 2018 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled PICTORIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF MONKEYS AND SIMIANESQUE CREATURES IN GREEK ART presented by Elizabeth Graff Wolfson a candidate for the degree of doctor of philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Professor Susan Langdon Professor Kathleen Slane Professor Marcus Rautman Professor David Schenker To my family, for all their love and support, and in loving memory of Gigi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Susan Langdon, for providing me with crucial feedback throughout the researching and writing processes and providing me with a much-needed ear. I am also thankful for the funding resources that made this dissertation possible, including the John Pickard Fellowship in Art History and Classical Archaeology and the Charles D. Folse Memorial Fellowship in Classical Archaeology, which were generously provided by the University of Missouri’s Department of Art History and Archaeology, and my WI position at the University of Missouri’s Writing Center. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. ii List of Illustrations 1. Categories ................................................................................................................ iv 2. Figures ................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................1 2. Survey of Monkeys and Simianesque Creatures in Greek Art ...............................42 Category 1: Bronze Age Simians .....................................................................44 Category 2: Geometric Minor Arts (ca. 8th century BCE) ...............................48 Category 3: Early and Middle Archaic Vases and Gems (700-530 BCE) .......50 Category 4: Late Archaic and Classical Vases (530-400 BCE) ......................63 Category 5: Monkeys in Hellenistic Art ..........................................................70 Category 6: Simianesque Creatures on Geometric Vases ................................72 Category 7: Simianesque Creatures on Archaic Vases ....................................74 Category 8: Simianesque Creatures on Classical Vases ..................................78 3. Comparative Images of Simians and Simianesque Creatures in Egyptian and Near Eastern Art .................................................................................................88 4. Interpretation of the Greek Monkey and Simianesque Material ...........................130 5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................185 Appendix 1. Tables ....................................................................................................................197 Works Cited .....................................................................................................................200 Illustrations 1. Categories ..............................................................................................................222 2. Figures ...................................................................................................................248 Vita ...................................................................................................................................261 iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Category Page Cat. 1.1. Round Sealing, ca. LM 1A. From Knossos. (http://arachne.uni- koeln.de/browser/index.php?view[layout]=siegel_item&objektsiegel[item]=261&objektsi egel[thumb_item]=0) .......................................................................................................222 Cat. 1.2. Gold Ring Seal, ca. LM I-II. From the Tombe dei Nobili at Kalyvia near Phaistos. (Crowley 2013, E143) ......................................................................................222 Cat. 1.3. Offering to the Seated Goddess, fresco, ca. LM 1A. From Room 3a of Xeste 3 at Akrotiri. (Pareja 2015, fig. 1.2A) .....................................................................................223 Cat. 1.4. Gold Earrings, ca. 17th century BCE. From the Aegina Treasure. British Museum 1892,0520.13. (Fitton et al. 2009, fig. 21) ........................................................223 Cat. 2.1. Argive Steatite Disc, ca. 8th century BCE. From the Heraion at Megara. Athens National Archaeological Museum 11750. (Langdon 2008, fig. 3.31) .............................224 Cat. 3.1. Villanovan Clay Ossuary, ca. 700-575 BCE. From the Arnoaldi-Veli Necropolis, Bologna. Bologna Museo Civico. (Gozzadini 1877, pl. 1.1) .......................225 Cat. 3.2. Terracotta House Model, ca. 6th century BCE. From Sellada, Thera. Thera Archaeological Museum. (Schattner 1990, pl.24.3) ........................................................225 Cat. 3.3. Ithacan Long-Necked Object, ca. 7th century BCE. From Aetos, Ithaca. (Heurtley 1933, Fig. 10)...................................................................................................226 Cat. 3.4. Proto-Corinthian Aryballos, ca. 640 BCE. Attributed to the Chigi Painter. British Museum 1889,0418.1. (http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_ online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=399476&partId=1&searchText=1889,041 8.1&page=1) ....................................................................................................................226 Cat. 3.6. Apulian Geometric Amphora, ca. 5th century BCE. Berlin Antiquarium, Castellani Collection F3912. (Agnes Schwarzmaier, via email) .....................................227 Cat. 3.7. Tragliatella Oinochoe, ca. mid-7th century BCE. From a necropolis near Tragliatella in Caere. (http://capitolini.net/object.xql?urn=urn:collectio:0001:foto: F:00889) ...........................................................................................................................227 Cat. 3.8. Proto-Corinthian Aryballos. From the Delion at Paros. Paros Museum 0158. (https://arachne.dainst.org/entity/1166699?q=affe&resultIndex=42) .............................228 Cat. 3.9. Ithacan Fragments of a Building Model, ca. 8th-7th c. BCE. From Aetos. (Heurtley et al. 1948, pl. 45 no. 600e [photo] and Morgan 2006, fig. 8 [drawing])........228 iv Cat. 3.10. Athenian Black-Figure Kylix, ca. 6th century BCE. From Kerameikos. Athens National Archaeological Museum 1054. (McDermott 1938, pl. 3 no. 316) ....................229 Cat. 3.11. Etruscan Hematite Scarab, ca. 6th century BCE. State Hermitage Museum ГР- 20753. (https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital- collection/18.+Carved+Stones/1068247/?lng=en) ..........................................................229 Cat. 3.12. Green Jasper Gem, ca Archaic Period. From Tomb 3 at Tharros. (Barnett et al. 1987, pl. 55h no. 583) ......................................................................................................230 Cat. 3.13. Greco-Egyptian Engraved Carnelian. Louvre 2162. (Imhoof-Blumer and Keller 1889, pl. VXII no. 17) ......................................................................................................230 Cat. 3.14. Terracotta Gem. From Cyprus. New York, Cesnola Collection. (Imhoof- Blumer and Keller 1889, pl. XIV no. 58) ........................................................................230 Cat. 3.15. Relief Vase Fragment, ca. 7th century BCE. From Tenos (Kontoleon 1970, pl. XVIII.1) ...........................................................................................................................231 Cat. 3.16. Laconian Black-Figure Kylix, ca. 565-550 BCE. Cabinet des Médailles 189. (Simon 1976, pl. 38/XV) .................................................................................................231 Cat. 3.17. Attic Black-Figure Neck Amphora, ca. 550-500 BCE. Attributed to the Painter of the Vatican 365. Orvieto 2711, Faina Collection 84. (Wojcik 1989, fig. 93.1 [photo] and Von Bothmer 1986, fig. 112 [detail])........................................................................232 Cat. 3.18. Caeretan Black-Figure Hydria, ca. 530-530 BCE. Vienna 3577. (Robertson 1958, 34 [photo] and Bonaudo 2004, fig. 39 [detail]) .....................................................232 Cat. 3.19. Proto-Attic Black-Figure Fragments, from Aegina. Aegina Museum 484. (Morris 1984, pl. 22 [photo] and Pallat 1897, fig. 31 [drawing]) ....................................233 Cat. 3.20. Laconian Black-Figure Kylix, ca. 7th century BCE. From the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia. Sparta Archaeological Museum. (Droop 1929, pl. 9) ............................233 Cat. 3.21. Attic Black-Figure Kylix, ca. 540 BCE. Attributed to the Amasis Painter. Metropolitan Museum 1989.281.62. (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/ search/255939) .................................................................................................................234 Cat. 3.22. Archaizing Cypriot Gem, ca. 5th century BCE. Private Collection.
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