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TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE an Urgent Need for Milky Stork Study in Malaysia

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TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE an Urgent Need for Milky Stork Study in Malaysia Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 35 (3): 407 - 412 (2012) TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Journal homepage: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/ Short Communications An Urgent Need for Milky Stork Study in Malaysia Ismail, A* and Rahman, F Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia ABSTRACT Milky Stork (Mycteria cinerea) once had a scattered distribution in the West coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The species later underwent a constant decline and it now has less than 10 individuals recorded in Matang Mangrove Forest. Among the problems are threats from the pollution of hazardous chemicals, habitat destruction, poaching by humans, high rates of predation and disturbance, and the lack of mature trees for nesting. Thus, identification of suitable habitats for Milky Stork routine activity is important and Matang Mangrove Forest has provided such an opportunity for the Milky Stork Conservation Programme. In addition, there is also a need for integrated studies from various disciplines to conserve the remaining Milky Stork in Malaysia from extinction. Keywords: Malaysia, Matang Mangrove Forest, Milky Stork, population decline, conservation INTRODUCTION & Chasen, 1936; Gibson-Hill, 1949). This The Milky Stork (Mycteria cineria) can be species was also reported to have existed found throughout Southeast Asia, with a at least in East Malaysia with a rare status status of rare to local residents in Peninsular and much localised (Marioka & Yang, Malaysia (Robson 2002). The birds once 1990). The population of Milky Stork, had a scattered distribution in the Peninsular, however, has undergone a constant decline ranging from the coasts of Kedah, Perak, since 1980s (Li et al., 2006), suggesting Selangor, Malacca and Penang (Robinson the reduced number of breeding successes, increased predation rate and illegal hunting ARTICLE INFO in the wild. The decreasing pattern in the Article history: Received: 3 June 2010 wild population greatly affected two species Accepted: 1 March 2011 of storks in Malaysia; namely, Milky Stork E-mail addresses: [email protected] (Ismail, A), [email protected] and Painted Stork, whereby both are listed (Rahman, F) as vulnerable and near threatened species, * Corresponding author ISSN: 1511-3701 © Universiti Putra Malaysia Press Ismail, A and Rahman, F respectively (IUCN, 2010). The current environment is also well described (Ismail et population of wild Milky Storks in Malaysia al., 1991, 1993; Ismail et al., 1995; Shahrizad is restricted to Matang Mangrove Forest et al., 2003), along with other pollutants Reserve near Kuala Gula, Perak. Mangrove such as plastic pellets (Ismail & Riak, 2003; forest is the most suitable habitat for Milky Ismail et al., 2009) that possess threats to the Storks. Since they are specialised in the water birds. Meanwhile, bioaccumulation mangrove forest, there are many biological of the pollutants in sediments (Ismail et and ecological aspects related to intertidal al., 1993), fish (Agusa et al., 2005) and environment, mangrove ecosystem and prawns (Ismail et al., 1995) also threaten birds’ life history that need to be studied. Milky Stork as they biomagnified in the This paper highlights an important food webs system. As most of the Milky issue in the conservation of Milky Stork Stork foraging areas are along the coastal in Malaysia. The discussion is based on line, such species are in eminent danger the limited literature review available and of being contaminated by these pollutants. the researchers’ personal involvement The effects of contamination on water in research related to the breeding of birds (De Luca-Abbot et al., 2004; Horai et Milky Stork programme in captivity, al., 2006; Ayas, 2007; Kim & Koo, 2007) releasing them into the wild environment include among others, thinning of eggshells, and other ecological aspects of the coastal premature hatching, and deformities in their environment, mangroves and habitat quality young. Such impacts are detrimental to of coastal birds. the water birds population, particularly the As highlighted by many authors, the Milky Stork species. Thus, analysis of those pollution of hazardous chemicals is among chemicals in the birds’ habitat is important the important issues in the conservation of for the purpose of conservation since the wildlife, such as coastal birds, apart from data may reflect both the quality and health the ecological (such as habitat changes, of their habitat. presence of natural predators, etc.) and Verheugt (1987) highlighted habitat human factors (such as forestry and fishing destruction, timber exploitation and activities, and illegal hunting). Increased poaching by humans as the main threats shipping activities and rapid development responsible for the decline of Milky Storks in the coastal areas of Peninsular Malaysia in the wild in the 1980s. Ecologically, the have increased the loads of pollutant inputs, lack of mature forest trees for nesting, high such as Tributyltin (TBT), heavy metals, rate of predation and habitat disturbance pesticides and nutrients (Ismail et al., are some other reasons behind the declining 2003; Monirith et al., 2003; Sudaryanto population of Milky Stork (Li et al., 2006). et al., 2004; Agusa et al., 2005) into the Even though some trials have been conducted coastal environment. The heavy metal for rehabilitation and conservation of Milky contamination in the Malaysian coastal Storks, such as the ones in Kuala Selangor in 408 Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 35 (3) 408 - 412 (2012) An Urgent Need for Milky Stork Study in Malaysia 1998 and Kuala Gula in 2006, the projects failure of the birds’ nesting attempts was were not very successful at least at the time not well described. A review of the Milky when this article was written. There are Stork status by Li et al. (2006) highlighted probably many reasons why the projects that there were less than 10 wild individuals have failed and urgent attention is therefore Milky Stork observed at Matang Forest needed. Reserve, particularly in Pulau Kalumpang. Among the important reasons why the Moreover, the information gathered showed initiatives are not thriving are the lack of that the population had undergone a decline information on the ecology and behaviour of more than 90% over the last 20 years. of Milky Stork in the wild, their ability to If this report is true, the population status adapt in the wild environment, and public of the Milky Storks in this country is support, as well as conservation awareness extremely critical. In a recent study between and understanding. Therefore, immediate August and December 2009, less than actions taken to gather information relevant five individuals were observed in the wild to ecological, biological and sociological around Pulau Kalumpang and Pulau Terong factors, along with studies on Milky (Ismail et al., 2010). Storks in Malaysia and the neighbouring Malaysia is very lucky because there countries (Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia are still a large number of Milky Storks and Thailand) and public education, are in captivity. The status of the captive important and urgently needed. breeding programme in Zoo Negara has Recently, the government of Malaysia, been summarized by Ismail et al. (2011). through the Department of Wildlife and Up to 2005, about one hundred Milky National Parks (PERHILITAN) and Storks are living and breeding in captivity international agencies, has shown great care at Zoo Negara in Hulu Kelang, Selangor. and awareness towards the conservation They are a very important colony and of Milky Storks in Malaysia. Pulau have a great potential in the conservation Kelumpang is an important site associated programme. Malaysian Zoological Society, with Milky Storks in Malaysia. The area Zoo Negara, Wildlife Department Malaysia is the last known place where wild Milky and Universiti Putra Malaysia are trying very Storks sightings have been recorded. For hard to conserve and increase the number example, Siti Hawa (1989) reported that of Milky Storks in the wild, particularly 130-150 Milky Stork individuals in Pulau in Kuala Gula. Nonetheless, the breeding Kelumpang between 1984 and 1989. In programme in captivity may also face addition, a number of Milky Stork nests a few problems. Among the problems were also recorded at the time of that survey. are incorrect feeding method to chicks, Rahmah et al. (2007) also reported that collapses of nest trees, as well as weakening nesting attempts were observed in the area, of pair bond through egg manipulation and but these were to no avail. Nonetheless, the storm damages (Yaacob, 1994). However, Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 35 (3): 409 - 412 (2012) 409 Ismail, A and Rahman, F all these problems have been gradually Forestry Department and the trees in each overcome by the management of Zoo compartment are felled in a 20-30 years Negara who has been able to increase the cycle. If this condition is strictly followed, birds’ population since 1987. the trees would have matured enough to Meanwhile, the Wildlife Department reach the height required by Milky Storks of Malaysia and Universiti Putra Malaysia to build their nests. Furthermore, the area conducted a brief study on the adaptability is 53 kilometres in length and 13 kilometres of the released Milky Storks in to their in width, and it is located near Kuala Gula natural environment at the mangrove forest Bird Sanctuary, which is well-managed in Kuala Gula, Perak, which is located about and protected; this condition is enough to 300 kilometres north
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