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The Structure and Components for the Open Education Ecosystem Department of Media Aalto-DD Hans Põldoja Põldoja Hans 175 The Structure and / 2016 Components for the Open The Structure and Components for the Open Education Ecosystem for andthe OpenComponents Ecosystem Education The Structure Education Ecosystem Constructive Design Research of Online Learning Tools Hans Põldoja 9HSTFMG*agjjee+ 9HSTFMG*agjjee+ ISBN 978-952-60-6994-4 (printed) BUSINESS + ISBN 978-952-60-6993-7 (pdf) ECONOMY ISSN-L 1799-4934 ISSN 1799-4934 (printed) ART + ISSN 1799-4942 (pdf) DESIGN + ARCHITECTURE University Aalto Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture SCIENCE + Department of Media TECHNOLOGY www.aalto.fi CROSSOVER DOCTORAL DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS DISSERTATIONS 2016 Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 175/2016 The Structure and Components for the Open Education Ecosystem Constructive Design Research of Online Learning Tools Hans Põldoja Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture Department of Media Learning Environments Research Group Main dissertation advisor Professor Teemu Leinonen, Aalto University, Finland Co-dissertation advisors Professor Erik Duval, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Paul Kahn, Mad*Pow, United States Opponent Professor Emeritus Terry Anderson, Athabasca University, Canada Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 175/2016 © Hans Põldoja ISBN 978-952-60-6994-4 (printed) ISBN 978-952-60-6993-7 (pdf) ISSN-L 1799-4934 ISSN 1799-4934 (printed) ISSN 1799-4942 (pdf) http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-6993-7 Unigrafia Oy Helsinki 2016 Finland Abstract Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto www.aalto.fi Author Hans Põldoja Name of the doctoral dissertation The Structure and Components for the Open Education Ecosystem Publisher School of Arts, Design and Architecture Unit Department of Media Series Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 175/2016 Field of research New Media Date of the defence 23 September 2016 Language English Monograph Article dissertation Essay dissertation Abstract This research studies the design of online learning tools for open education. The dissertation is based on five articles and design case studies that explore open education from different perspectives: open educational resources, open learning environments, and assessment of teachers' competencies. The underlying concept of the study is the open education ecosystem. The study explores the ways in which the design of online learning tools could benefit from the digital ecosystems approach. The design of online learning tools for open education presents wicked problems, that involve ill-defined requirements and contemplates the influence on and by the stakeholders and other components of the ecosystem. Firstly, to clarify the design challenges related to the open education ecosystem, this study summarizes a set of design challenges presented in design case studies. Secondly, it identifies and recommends a set of design patterns that address these design challenges. Finally, the study proposes the structure and components that are needed for the open education ecosystem. Keywords open education, digital ecosystems, design patterns ISBN (printed) 978-952-60-6994-4 ISBN (pdf) 978-952-60-6993-7 ISSN-L 1799-4934 ISSN (printed) 1799-4934 ISSN (pdf) 1799-4942 Location of publisher Helsinki Location of printing Helsinki Year 2016 Pages 208 urn http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-6993-7 Acknowledgements It is almost 13 years since I started my doctoral studies. A lot of people have helped me during this long way. First of all, I want to thank my supervisor Teemu Leinonen for inviting me to do my doctoral studies in Helsinki. Media Lab Helsinki was a great place to learn about design. Learning Environments group was more like a band than a traditional research group. In this envi- ronment, I found doing actual design work more engaging than writing a dis- sertation. Teemu never lost belief in me and helped me to get back on track with writing. His methodological guidance and detailed comments on the manuscript helped me to finalize the dissertation. My thesis advisors Erik Duval and Paul Kahn have supported me in various phases of this work. Erik encouraged me to aim higher instead of going for quick wins. I would not have successfully completed my final publication with- out his encouragement and guidance. Sadly, he passed away in March 2016. Me and Teemu both learned a lot from him. Paul looked at my work from a different perspective and ensured that it is also relevant outside the technolo- gy-enhanced learning community. I want to thank my pre-examiners Vladan Devedzic and Lisa Petrides for tak- ing their time to review my work. Their feedback has helped me to refine the dissertation. I am also honored that Terry Anderson has accepted to act as opponent in my defense. During my time in Helsinki I had a pleasure to work together with a number of talented doctoral students. We did several course projects together with Mariana Salgado. Andrea Botero has helped me with many things. Joanna Saad-Sulonen gave detailed feedback on the early version of my manuscript. With Nuno Correia we shared a common interest in music. Our doctoral pro- gram had a lot of freedom and flexibility. Lily Diaz and Mauri Kaipainen helped us with keeping our studies on track. After my studies in Helsinki, I returned to the Centre for Educational Tech- nology in Tallinn University. Here I have done several design projects and re- search publications together with Mart Laanpere, Terje Väljataga and Kairit Tammets. Terje and Kairit have inspired me not to give up my doctoral stud- ies. I have also got help and feedback from Kai Pata and Tobias Ley. Riina Vuorikari and Sebastian Fiedler have been good friends and research partners. It is always great to meet them and to discuss about learning, design, openness, and other topics. 1 Design ideas do not turn into software prototypes without developers. I have been lucky to work together with Pjotr Savitski, Jukka Purma, Tarmo Toikkanen, Meelis Mets, Vahur Rebas, and Aili Madisson. Priit Tammets has helped me with graphical design. Antti Ellonen and Marjo Priha provided input for the PILOT project and my first publication in this dissertation. David Maxwell did language editing for my final publication and the dissertation. Sanna Tyyri-Pohjonen assisted me with questions related to publishing the dissertation. My doctoral studies in Finland became possible with the support from the Kristjan Jaak Scholarship programme by the Archimedes Foundation. School of Digital Technologies in Tallinn University has supported my studies in vari- ous ways and provided me with flexible working conditions that allowed me to finalize my dissertation. Writing a doctoral dissertation and life in general is not always fun. My good friends Tiina, Keit and Pirje have made me laugh and supported me during difficult moments. Finally, I would like to thank my parents for their patience and support. Thank You! Kiitos! Suur tänu! Tallinn, August 2016 Hans Põldoja 2 Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................... 1 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................. 7 List of Publications ................................................................................... 9 Author’s Contribution .............................................................................. 11 1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 13 1.1 The Research Context .................................................................. 13 1.2 Defining the Problem Area ........................................................ 16 1.3 Aims of the Study ........................................................................ 17 1.4 Design Cases ................................................................................ 17 1.5 Research Questions .................................................................... 18 1.6 The Structure of the Dissertation .............................................. 18 2. Theoretical Framework and Key Concepts ..................................... 19 2.1 Historical Perspective: Five Generations of Computers in Education 19 2.1.1 Computer Assisted Instruction ............................................... 20 2.1.2 Computer-Based Training ....................................................... 21 2.1.3 Web-Based Training ............................................................... 22 2.1.4 E-learning ................................................................................ 22 2.1.5 Technology-Enhanced Learning ............................................. 23 2.2 Open Education ......................................................................... 24 2.2.1 The Historical and Philosophical Background of Open Education 24 2.2.2 Open Educational Resources ................................................. 27 2.2.3 Open and Personal Learning Environments .......................... 29 2.2.4 Open Online Courses .............................................................. 30 2.2.5 Assessment and Recognition of Open Learning .................... 33 2.3 Open Education as an Ecosystem ............................................. 34 2.3.1 Digital Ecosystems .................................................................. 34 2.3.2 Digital Learning Ecosystems .................................................. 38 3 2.3.3 Ecosystem Perspectives on Open Education
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