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Educational Technology See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272494060 Educational Technology Book · February 2015 DOI: 10.13140/2.1.2180.9449 READS 1,587 1 author: Michael Brückner Naresuan University 51 PUBLICATIONS 165 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Available from: Michael Brückner Retrieved on: 03 August 2016 Educational Technology Related articles from the Wikipedia (Feb. 14, 2015) Michael Brückner Faculty of Education Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand Contents 1 Educational technology 1 1.1 Definition ............................................... 1 1.1.1 Scope ............................................. 1 1.1.2 Related terms ......................................... 2 1.2 History ................................................. 2 1.3 Theory ................................................. 4 1.3.1 Behaviorism .......................................... 4 1.3.2 Cognitivism .......................................... 5 1.3.3 Constructivism ........................................ 5 1.4 Practice ................................................ 5 1.4.1 Synchronous and asynchronous ................................ 5 1.4.2 Linear learning ........................................ 6 1.4.3 Collaborative learning ..................................... 6 1.5 Media ................................................. 7 1.5.1 Audio and video ....................................... 7 1.5.2 Computers, tablets and mobile devices ............................ 7 1.5.3 Social networks ........................................ 7 1.5.4 Webcams ........................................... 8 1.5.5 Whiteboards ......................................... 8 1.5.6 Screencasting ......................................... 8 1.5.7 Virtual classroom ....................................... 8 1.5.8 Learning management system ................................. 9 1.5.9 Learning objects ....................................... 10 1.6 Settings ................................................ 10 1.6.1 Preschool ........................................... 10 1.6.2 K–12 ............................................. 10 1.6.3 Higher education ....................................... 11 1.6.4 Corporate and professional .................................. 11 1.6.5 Public health ......................................... 12 1.6.6 ADHD ............................................ 12 1.6.7 Disabilities .......................................... 12 1.7 Benefits ................................................ 12 i ii CONTENTS 1.8 Disadvantages ............................................. 13 1.8.1 Everest effect ......................................... 14 1.8.2 Over-stimulation ....................................... 14 1.8.3 Sociocultural criticism .................................... 14 1.9 Teacher training ............................................ 15 1.10 Assessment .............................................. 16 1.11 Expenditure .............................................. 16 1.12 Careers ................................................ 16 1.13 See also ................................................ 17 1.14 References ............................................... 17 1.15 Further reading ............................................ 23 1.16 External links ............................................. 23 2 Learning theory (education) 24 2.1 Educational psychology ........................................ 24 2.1.1 Behavior analysis ....................................... 24 2.1.2 Cognitivism .......................................... 25 2.1.3 Constructivism ........................................ 25 2.1.4 Transformative learning theory ................................ 25 2.2 Educational neuroscience ....................................... 26 2.2.1 A brain-based theory of learning ............................... 26 2.3 Multiple intelligences ......................................... 26 2.4 Multimedia learning .......................................... 26 2.5 Other learning theories ........................................ 27 2.5.1 Learning style theory ..................................... 27 2.5.2 Informal and post-modern theories .............................. 27 2.6 Philosophical anthropology ...................................... 27 2.7 Criticism of learning theory ...................................... 27 2.8 See also ................................................ 27 2.9 References .............................................. 28 2.10 Further reading ............................................ 29 2.11 External links ............................................. 29 3 Information and communications technology 30 3.1 History of the term .......................................... 30 3.2 Global costs of IT ........................................... 30 3.3 ICT Development Index ........................................ 30 3.4 The WSIS Process and ICT development goals ............................ 30 3.5 See also ................................................ 31 3.6 References ............................................... 31 3.7 Further reading ............................................ 31 CONTENTS iii 4 Educational software 32 4.1 History ................................................. 32 4.1.1 1940s - 1970s ......................................... 32 4.1.2 1970s – 1980s ......................................... 32 4.1.3 1990s ............................................. 32 4.2 Types ................................................. 32 4.2.1 Courseware .......................................... 33 4.2.2 Study aids ........................................... 33 4.2.3 Classroom aids ........................................ 33 4.2.4 Assessment software ..................................... 33 4.2.5 Reference software ...................................... 33 4.2.6 Custom platforms ....................................... 33 4.2.7 Corporate training and tertiary education ........................... 34 4.2.8 Specific educational purposes ................................. 34 4.2.9 Operating systems ....................................... 35 4.3 Selected reports and academic articles ................................. 35 4.4 See also ................................................ 35 4.5 References ............................................... 35 4.6 External links ............................................. 35 5 E-learning (theory) 36 5.1 Principles ............................................... 36 5.2 Learning theories ........................................... 36 5.2.1 Self-regulation ........................................ 37 5.3 Teacher use of technology ....................................... 37 5.4 See also ................................................ 38 5.5 References ............................................... 38 6 Instructional design 39 6.1 History ................................................. 39 6.1.1 Origins ............................................ 39 6.1.2 1946 – Edgar Dale’s Cone of Experience ........................... 39 6.1.3 Mid-1950s through mid-1960s - The Programmed Instruction Movement . 39 6.1.4 Early 1960s - The Criterion-Referenced Testing Movement . 40 6.1.5 1965 - Domains of Learning, Events of Instruction, and Hierarchical Analysis . 40 6.1.6 1967 - Formative Evaluation ................................. 40 6.1.7 The 1970s - Growing of Interest in the Systems Approach . 40 6.1.8 The 1980s - Introduction of Personal Computers into the Design Process . 40 6.1.9 The 1990s - A Growing Interest in Constructivist Theory and the Importance of Performance 40 6.1.10 The 2000s - Rise of the Internet and Online Learning .................... 41 6.1.11 2010 and forward ....................................... 41 6.2 Instructional Media History ...................................... 41 iv CONTENTS 6.3 Cognitive load theory and the design of instruction .......................... 41 6.4 Gagné's Theory of Instruction ..................................... 41 6.4.1 Overview of Gagné’s instructional theory .......................... 41 6.5 Learning design ............................................ 43 6.6 Instructional design models ...................................... 43 6.6.1 ADDIE process ........................................ 43 6.6.2 Rapid prototyping ....................................... 44 6.6.3 Dick and Carey ........................................ 44 6.6.4 Instructional Development Learning System (IDLS) ..................... 45 6.6.5 Other instructional design models ............................... 45 6.7 Motivational Design .......................................... 46 6.7.1 The ARCS Model of Motivational Design .......................... 46 6.7.2 Motivating Opportunities Model ............................... 47 6.8 Influential researchers and theorists .................................. 47 6.9 See also ................................................ 47 6.10 References ............................................... 48 6.11 External links ............................................. 50 7 Synchronous learning 51 7.1 See also ................................................ 51 7.2 References ............................................... 51 7.3 Resources ............................................... 51 8 Asynchronous learning 52 8.1 History ................................................. 52 8.2 Development of an asynchronous community ............................. 52 8.3 Roles of instructors and learners .................................... 53 8.4 Strengths
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