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The State of Environmental Migration 2017 Environmental Migration Essai Essai This volume is the seventh in the annual series and the second of its kind published with the Presses Universitaires de Liège. The State of Environmental Migration aims to provide its readership with the most updated assessments on recent events and evolving dynamics of environmental migration throughout the world. Each year, the editors select the best graduate student work from the course “Environment and Migration”, taught by François Gemenne and Caroline Zickgraf, at the Paris School of International Affairs (PSIA) of Sciences Po. Presented in this edition are displacements induced by some of the most dramatic disaster events of 2016, including Hurricane Matthew, as well as analyses of migration flows related to a variety of environmental occurrences throughout the year spanning the globe. SEM 2017 thus represents another stepping stone towards understanding the broad spectrum that is The State of Environmental Migration 2017 environmental migration. The State of Environmental Migration 2017 - A review of 2016 François Gemenne is Director of the Hugo Observatory at the University of Liège, where he is senior research associate with the Belgian Fund for Scientific Research (F.R.S.-FNRS).Caroline Zickgraf is Deputy Director of the Hugo Observatory as well as Post-doctoral Fellow with the Belgian Fund for Scientific Research (F.R.S.-FNRS).Luka De Bruyckere is Research Assistant at the Hugo Observatory. F. Gemenne, C. Zickgraf, L. De Bruyckere (eds.) F. Françoise Lempereur (dir.) F. Gemenne, C. Zickgraf, L. De Bruyckere (eds.) Presses Universitaires de Liège Presses Universitaires de Liège Presses Universitaires de Liège The State of Environmental Migration 01-SEM2017_21nov.indd 1 21/11/2017 18:03 Presses Universitaires de Liège Tél. : +32 (4) 366 50 22 Fax. : +32 (4) 366 57 98 Courriel : [email protected] Place de La République française, 41 Bât. O1 (7e étage) 4000 Liège – Belgium Site : www.presses.uliege.be © 2017 Tous droits de reproduction, d’adaptation et de traduction réservés pour tous pays Maquette de couverture : Julien NOISET Mise en page : Alain CHEVALLIER Relecture des épreuves : Alexander BRAMBLE D/2017/12.839/30 ISBN : 978-2-87562-148-1 Imprimé en Belgique Pour citer cet ouvrage : The State of Environmental Migration 2017: A review of 2016 Liège, Presses Universitaires de Liège, 2017 Mots-clés : The State of Environmental Migration 2017: A review of 2016 Illustration de couverture : Roger JOB Les premiers derniers hommes 01-SEM2017_21nov.indd 2 21/11/2017 18:03 François GEMENNE, Caroline ZICKGRAF, Luka DE BRUYCKERE, (EDS.) The State of Environmental Migration 2017 A review of 2016 Presses Universitaires de Liège 01-SEM2017_22nov.indd 3 22/11/2017 10:50 Dans la même collection ARON Jacques, La langue allemande sous la croix gammée. Le singulier dictionnaire de Trübner, 2017. GEMENNE François, ZICKGRAF Caroline, IONESCO Dina (eds.), The State of Environmental Migration 2016. A review of 2015, 2016. GEENEN Vincent, Voyage[s] à travers le thymus, 2016. BRAHY Rachel, DUMONT Élisabeth (dir.), Dialogues sur la Diversité, 2015. DE REGOYOS JACOBO, Belgistan. Le laboratoire nationaliste, 2014. PIROTTE Gautier et GODIN Julie, Coopération au développement. Enquête sur les Initiatives Populaires de Solidarité Internationale, 2013. GOOSSENS Pierre J., L’or à travers les âges. Une histoire pas toujours dorée, 2013. KUTY Olgierd, SCHOENAERS Frédéric, DUBOIS Christophe et DETHIER Baptiste, La médiation scolaire. Un regard des acteurs sur leurs pratiques, 2012. 01-SEM2017_21nov.indd 4 21/11/2017 18:03 Table of contents Introduction ................................................................................... 7 East Asia ‘Airpocalypse’ ............................................................................... 11 Smog induced migrations in Beijing Yubai Wu South Asia Cyclone Rouna and Displacement in Sri Lanka ............................. 31 A natural disaster and its underlying patterns of vulnerability Maximilian Friedrich Southeast Asia Stories of ‘No Escape’ ................................................................... 63 Unravelling the unrevealed displacement patterns of Indonesia’s forest—peat fires and haze crisis Sairindri Gita Christisabrina Adapting to Food Insecurity in Timor-Leste ................................... 99 Exploring the vulnerability of rural households impacted by the El Niño induced drought in 2016 Michael Twigg Europe Shaking Ground .......................................................................... 119 Dislocation management and policy response to the seismic sequence in Central Italy Rachele Miscioscia 01-SEM2017_21nov.indd 5 21/11/2017 18:03 North America Rethinking Resettlement ............................................................. 145 Hurricane Matthew and Protracted displacement in Haiti Kristiane Davidson Oceania Relocation or Reconstruction? .................................................... 165 Analysing population movements and reconstruction policies in Fiji Islands after the cyclone Winston Christophe Picamilh West Africa Forest Conservation and Forced Relocation in Côte D’Ivoire ...... 185 The eviction of cocoa farmers from Mont Péko National Park Lavinia Giulia Pomarico Editors Contributors ............................................................................... 209 Editorial team ............................................................................. 213 01-SEM2017_21nov.indd 6 21/11/2017 18:03 Introduction 2016 presented yet another year in which millions of people were dis- placed by natural disasters. According to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), the assemblage of natural catastrophes forced a total of 19.6 million people to flee their homes globally (GRID, 2017). This figure does not, however, include those displaced across internation- al borders, a frequent occurrence in borderland areas and areas affected by both conflict and disaster. Nor does it account for those people who leave pre-emptively or are forced to in response to development pro- jects or other progressive environmental changes. We are far from the fist to assert that quantifying environmental migrants, in response to rap- idly occurring disasters or progressive environmental changes, is not an easy task (if even a possible one). Certainly, getting accurate figures in the immediate aftermath of crisis in order to analyse these events pos- es challenges to the research community, including our authors. Yet, ad- mirably, the students of the course “Environment and Migration” at the Paris School of International Affairs (PSIA) of Sciences Po, endeavoured to collect the most up-to-date available figures, reports, and information linking environmental changes (disasters or otherwise) to migration and displacement flows and outcomes. This is not merely a question of the accessibility of figures. One of the reasons ‘environmental migrants’ are difficult to count is due to the chal- lenge of definition. Indeed, environmental migration frequently faces crit- icism for being too vague and lacking a consensual, precise definition or legal category. However, we take quite the opposite position—environ- mental migration is purposely broad because it incorporates such a huge array of links between the environment and human mobility. We assert that like ‘economic migration’, environmental migration as a field is not meant to isolate the environment as a driver or present a singular, causal link between the environment and migration; here we simply privilege cases in which the environment played a key role in driving mobility or was majorly affected by population movements. The State of Environmental Migration 2017: A review of 2016, there- fore, quite intentionally includes such heterogeneity. As seen in previous editions, students’ freedom of choice resulted in a range of case studies representing only a sliver of the diversity of the environment-migration nexus. Authors analyse a range of environmental threats and subsequent 01-SEM2017_21nov.indd 7 21/11/2017 18:03 The State of Environmental Migration 2017: A review of 2016 mobility responses across the continents—from air pollution in China to earthquakes in Italy and hurricanes in the Caribbean. Importantly, authors do not stop at detailing the environmental event and describing mobility patterns. They incorporate, and often privilege, the projects, policies and programmes that pre-empt and/or follow. One chapter, for example, anal- yses the forced eviction of cocoa farmers in Côte d’Ivoire. The inclusion of politics and policies illuminates their essential role in shaping mobility (and immobility), not just as a response to environmental change or dis- aster (e.g. evacuation systems) but also as they drive displacement and migration (e.g. development policies and projects). Shedding light on the various contexts in which environmental change impacts migration and displacement patterns, while evaluating the as- sociated environmental and migration policies, this volume once again demonstrates the key role of political and social scientists in the domain. - 8 - 01-SEM2017_21nov.indd 8 21/11/2017 18:03 East Asia 01-SEM2017_21nov.indd 9 21/11/2017 18:03 01-SEM2017_21nov.indd 10 21/11/2017 18:03 ‘Airpocalypse’ Smog induced migrations in Beijing Yubai Wu n an early morning of December 2016, the residents of Beijing awoke Oto a world engulfed in a suffocating thick layer of nicotine-smelling haze hovering over the city’s skies. Looking out of a window in an apart- ment building located in one of the
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