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Distribution and Conservation Requirements of Notoreas Sp., an Unnamed Geometrid Moth on the Taranaki Coast, North Island, New Zealand

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Distribution and Conservation Requirements of Notoreas Sp., an Unnamed Geometrid Moth on the Taranaki Coast, North Island, New Zealand New Zealand Journal of Zoology ISSN: 0301-4223 (Print) 1175-8821 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzz20 Distribution and conservation requirements of Notoreas sp., an unnamed Geometrid moth on the Taranaki coast, North Island, New Zealand Lisa J. Sinclair To cite this article: Lisa J. Sinclair (2002) Distribution and conservation requirements of Notoreas sp., an unnamed Geometrid moth on the Taranaki coast, North Island, New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 29:4, 311-322, DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2002.9518315 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2002.9518315 Published online: 30 Mar 2010. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 100 View related articles Citing articles: 3 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tnzz20 Download by: [121.75.88.191] Date: 29 March 2017, At: 19:45 New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 2002, Vol. 29: 311-322 311 0301-4223/02/2904-0311 $7.00/0 © The Royal Society of New Zealand 2002 Distribution and conservation requirements of Notoreas sp., an unnamed Geometrid moth on the Taranaki coast, North Island, New Zealand LISA J. SINCLAIR the same moth was also discovered in north-west Department of Conservation Nelson (South Island) by Brian Patrick. It is one of P.O. Box 10 420 the many unnamed varieties within the Notoreas Wellington, New Zealand perornata complex that are awaiting description (B. email: [email protected] Patrick pers. comm.). (Hereafter, the Taranaki variety is referred to as Notoreas.) Notoreas caterpillars are active at night and feed Abstract Concern over a decline in habitat of an on leaves of a native daphne Pimelea prostrata var. unnamed, endemic species of Notoreas urvilleana (Thymelaeaceae). In Taranaki, this plant (Geometridae) moth from the Taranaki coast can be found among early-succession and turf- stimulated this study on its distribution and forming species on coastal cliffs adjacent to farmland conservation requirements. The caterpillars mine (Rogers 1999). Caterpillars are leaf miners until their leaves of Pimelea (cf.) urvilleana, a prostrate shrub first moult, and thereafter are external leaf feeders that can be found among other pioneer plants on (Patrick 1998). During the day they can be found coastal cliffs. Forty-seven patches of habitat were hiding under trailing branchlets. They pupate in leaf located along 50 km of coastal cliffs adjacent to litter under the food plant. Coastal species tend to farmland. Patches were clumped in distribution, and have two emergence periods from September to ¾ of the patches were "small", containing fewer than November then again from March to April. 15 host plants. Moths were detected in half the The Department of Conservation has ranked this patches. Occupied patches were usually large (>25 variety of Notoreas in the category of "serious plants), or if small, were usually within 200 m of decline" in the draft of the New Zealand Threat another occupied patch. Recommendations for Classification System (R. Hitchmough pers. comm). habitat management include weed control and A species in serious decline is defined as numbering reduction in damage from humans and stock. fewer than 5000 mature individuals, or predicted to Ongoing advocacy with land owners and the be at risk of a decline of 5-30% in the next 10 years community is important. due to existing threats. Patrick & Dugdale (2000) recommended that (1) management of the Taranaki populations is critical since the type locality is at risk, Keywords Lepidoptera; Geometridae; Notoreas; and (2) that this variety of Notoreas is important for Pimelea; host plant; distribution; conservation; understanding the evolution and radiation within this conservation grazing; patch occupation; coastal turfs group. Historically, Notoreas moths were collected from private land in several places along the Taranaki INTRODUCTION coast (F. Chambers pers. comm) and in 1986 the Notoreas (Geometridae) is an endemic genus of Conservation Authority recommended that two of brightly coloured, day flying moths. Dr Ken Fox first the collection sites become protected (Bayfield & collected the Taranaki variety in the 1970s from Benson 1986). At that time, both the Oeo and areas along the South Taranaki coast, and in 1996 Puketapu Recommended Areas for Protection (RAPs) contained good populations of Notoreas and were considered prime examples of coastal herbfield. Regular monitoring of the RAPs began in 1992, but by then both sites had been affected by stock and Z01039; published 27 November 2002 weed encroachment (Wildland Consultants Ltd 1996 Received 29 October 2001; accepted 26 April 2002 unpubl. survey sheets). 312 New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 2002, Vol. 29 Stony River • Taumarunui New Plymouth Stony River Ohakune Cape Egmont Moutoti Stream patch North Island 1 Taranaki 0 C 40°S- Arawhata Road patches Stanleys Farm patch 45' Puketapu Road RAP Otakeho Kaupokonui Goods Farm patches o Manaia Oeo RAP Lynskeys Farm Kaupokonui Qtamareji , Reserve patches / 10 h catp1y / // catp2 Ohawe Normanby Road Beach patches 10 km Fig. 1 Distribution of the 47 habitat patches of the Notoreas moth along the Taranaki coast. Moths were found in 22 patches, and caterpillars but not moths in a further two patches (catp 1, catp 2). Long black arrows indicate moths were detected, short open arrows indicate they were not detected. Inset: area searched for Notoreas (Stony River to Ohawe Beach, Taranaki coast, North Island, New Zealand). Sinclair—Conservation of a Geometrid moth 313 There has been little research on the Taranaki Farm, Stanleys Farm, Kaupokonui/Otamare Reserve, variety of Notoreas. Until this study, the distribution Shag Point. The RAPs are referred to as Puketapu of its habitat, occupation of habitat patches, and the RAP and Oeo RAP. Plants at Arawhata Rd end threats to habitat survival were unpublished or seemed large and vigorous and could be a different unknown. Literature on the moth primarily species, but for the purpose of this paper they are concerned its classification (Craw 1986), its considered to be Pimelea (cf.) urvilleana. For each identification (Dugdale 1988), and general biology patch the nature of the substrate was noted as (Patrick 1998). Studies on the habitat are limited. weathered bedrock or sand over bedrock. The Basic information on ecology and conservation of distance between each patch was estimated from coastal herbfields was included in Sinclair et al. their positions on the NZMS 260 maps. Patch size (1998) and Rogers (1999). There is also unpublished was estimated from the approximate number of host material on file recording the Taranaki vegetation, plants within each patch, the assumption being that suggestions for land management and threat each plant was comparable in its habitat value. amelioration, and basic recommendations for Moths were detected primarily by sighting of conservation of the moth and its habitat (DOC file adults flying during the day. At least half an hour was [INS 0005 (Insects, Notoreas)] held at Stratford Area spent looking over each patch and moving slowly Office). through while disturbing likely roost spots, and This study was undertaken to map the distribution looking for adults. Caterpillars were noted if found of the host plant and the moth, and assess the threats while lifting branchlets trailing over the ground, to the habitat. Recommendations are made about although this method was used infrequently since it their conservation requirements, extending those disturbed the litter layer beneath the host plants. made in the unpublished literature. Feeding damage made by Notoreas and other caterpillars was observed on branchlets taken from the field, to see whether feeding sign was distinctive enough to detect Notoreas in the absence of adult METHODS sightings. Other Lepidopteran caterpillars that were The coastline from Ohawe Beach north to Stony found feeding on the host plant were sent to B. River (Fig. 1 inset) was searched on foot between Patrick (Otago Museum) for identification. March 1996 and March 1997 to locate previous Records were kept of relative abundance of collection sites and additional patches of herbfield Notoreas moths and caterpillars, as well as instances that contained the host plant Pimelea (cf.) urvilleana. when oviposition was observed. Qualitative Adjacent patches were objectively separated if there observations of the threats to the habitat were made. was a "significant amount" (usually 20 m or more) Threats were considered to be factors that of non-herbfield vegetation between them, and the significantly damaged the host plants and had the likelihood of genetic exchange between patches was potential to reduce, or had already reduced, patch low. The locations of these habitat patches were size. marked on aerial photographs in the field, and later To investigate if there was a relationship between transferred to NZMS 260 topographical maps. Land patch size and presence of Notoreas, the patches ownership included private farms, Maori trusts, and were divided into size categories. Patch size was the Taranaki District Council. Permission was gained summarised into 1-5,6-15,16-25,26-50, and >50 before accessing properties. plants. Presence of Notoreas within patches of each The habitat patches were visited between March size category was recorded. 1996 and November 2000 to locate Notoreas and To investigate if there was a relationship between assess threats to patch survival. Twenty-four patches presence of Notoreas and the distance to a neighbouring had easy access and were visited between 16 and 24 patch, the patches were divided into categories based times encompassing 5 years worth of their flight on the distance to their nearest neighbour. Distance season. From mid November 1998 to late April was grouped into four categories: patches <100 m 1999, the easily accessed patches were visited to a neighbouring patch, patches 101-200 m apart, approximately fortnightly. The remaining 23 patches patches 201-1000 m apart, and patches more than were visited between 2 and 6 times.
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