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The Structure and Musculature of Male Terminalia in the Tribes

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The Structure and Musculature of Male Terminalia in the Tribes ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Spixiana, Zeitschrift für Zoologie Jahr/Year: 2014 Band/Volume: 037 Autor(en)/Author(s): Schmidt Olga Artikel/Article: The structure and musculature of male terminalia in the tribes Eupitheciini, Melanthiini, Perizomini and Rheumapterini: Gnathoi or Agnathoi, that is the question 267-281 ©Zoologische Staatssammlung München/Verlag Friedrich Pfeil; download www.pfeil-verlag.de SPIXIANA 37 2 267-281 München, Dezember 2014 ISSN 0341-8391 The structure and musculature of male terminalia in the tribes Eupitheciini, Melanthiini, Perizomini and Rheumapterini: Gnathoi or Agnathoi, that is the question (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) Olga Schmidt Schmidt, O. 2014. The structure and musculature of male terminalia in the tribes Eupitheciini, Melanthiini, Perizomini and Rheumapterini: Gnathoi or Agnathoi, that is the question (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Spixiana 37 (2): 267- 281. The skeleton and musculature of the male terminalia were examined and de- picted in seven Palaearctic species from the tribes Eupitheciini Pierce, Melanthiini Duponchel, Perizomini Herbulot and Rheumapterini Herbulot (Lepidoptera, Geo- metridae, Larentiinae) characterized by the presence of the eupitheciine labides in the male genitalia. Nine genital muscles, typical of the subfamily, were identified: m1, m2(10), m3(2), m4, m5(7), m6(5), m7(6), m8(3) and m21. The places of attach- ment of the muscles m3(2), m4 and m5(7) to the genital sclerites afford useful characters for the higher classification of this group. A few principal genital char- acters which previously received little attention are discussed, including fusion of the transtilla with parts of the labides and presence of the gnathos in several laren- tiine tribes. Olga Schmidt, SNSB – Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247 Munich, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] Introduction and Hausmann & Viidalepp (2012). However, the tribal placement of several genera differs in these The application of the characters based on the two studies. Also, modern molecular analyses did functional morphology of the male genitalia has not clarify the relationships within the group so far. provided a large amount of opportunities to solve the About a dozen of genera involved in the Eupitheciini phylogenetic problems in Lepidoptera, including the complex have been considered in numerous mo- geometrid moths (Kuznetzov & Stekolnikov 2001). lecular analyses provided phylogenies of the family Despite thorough taxonomic reviews of the genera Geometridae (Abraham et al. 2001, Snäll et al. 2007, assigned to the tribes Eupitheciini, Melanthiini, Yamamoto & Sota 2007, Strutzenberger et al. 2010, Perizomini and Rheumapterini (Pierce 1914, Prout Hausmann et al. 2011, Sihvonen et al. 2011, Regier et 1940, Forbes 1948, McGuffin 1958, Herbulot 1962, al. 2013). Unfortunately, the data concordance was Heitzman & Enns 1978, Ferguson 1983, Viidalepp not achieved concerning the subfamily Larentiinae. 1977, 1978, 1988, Bolte 1990, McQuillan & Edwards The morphological characters of the tribes are 1996, Holloway 1977, 1997, Scoble 1999, Xue & Zhu broadly presented by Mironov (2003), Viidalepp 1999, Holloway et al. 2000, Mironov 2000, 2003, (2011) and Hausmann & Viidalepp (2012), therefore Choi 2003, Hausmann & Parra 2009, Leraut 2009), the present paper deals mainly with the characters many questions are still not answered. Most recent which have received little attention so far. The pre- comprehensive taxonomic, faunistic and morpho- sent study continues the investigation of the male logical studies were completed by Viidalepp (2011) genital musculature of larentiine moths (see Ra- 267 ©Zoologische Staatssammlung München/Verlag Friedrich Pfeil; download www.pfeil-verlag.de zowskj & Wojtusiak 1981, Kuznetzov & Stekolnikov chols (1989) and Scoble (1995), with notes on the gnathos 2001, Beljaev 2008, Schmidt 2001, 2013, 2014) and is (see ‘Discussion’). The abbreviations for the sclerites are generally aimed to contribute to the discussion of as follows: the relationships among the larentiine moths that gna gnathos belong to a group of tribes, all of them characterized jux juxta lab labides by the presence of the eupitheciine labides in the soc socii male genitalia. The eupitheciine labides are defined teg tegumen as arising from the points of union of the transtilla tra transtilla with the costa valvae, having somewhat stalked unc uncus posterior labides arms partly fused apically, and anterior arms directed towards the lateral margins Notes on the nomenclature of the musculature are given of the juxta. The present study takes a step towards in Schmidt (2013). The abbreviations are as follows: m1 depressors of uncus clarifying the relationships within the eupitheciines m2(10) retractors of anal tube and alias based on newly established morphological m3(2) tergal extensors of valvae characters. It is not aimed to provide a full coverage m4 tergal flexors of valvae of relationships within the Eupitheciini complex. In m5(7) flexors of valvae (intravalval muscles) the tribes Operophterini Packard and Phileremini m6(5) protractors of aedeagus Pierce the labides look similar but completely fused m7(6) retractors of aedeagus to a ‘head’ apically, whereas in the tribe Asthenini m8(3) sternal extensors of valvae the labides apices are free. These tribes are apparently m21 retractors of aedeagal vesica (not illustrated) closely related to the Eupitheciini and alias and will be discussed in a further publication (Schmidt, in prep.). The present study should be considered as Results part of an integrative approach involving morphol- ogy, DNA sequences, ecology and biology which Tribe Eupitheciini will contribute to resolve the phylogenetic relation- ships within the subfamily Larentiinae. In addition, Eupithecia tantillaria the emphasis is placed on the drawing attention to Figs 1-2 some principal characters, such as the presence of the gnathos in the male genitalia of the larentiine The uncus is small and broadened at the base. The moths. narrow ventral band-like sclerotized processes are attached to the base of the uncus laterally, forming a broken medially ring. The band-like processes are Material and methods apparently homologous to the gnathos arms (see ‘Discussion’). The proximal area of the anal tube, A total of seven species assigned to four tribes were including the base of the subscaphium, is connected examined. The material has been collected by O. Schmidt to the gnathos. The thin muscles m1 extend from in the following localities: Eupithecia tantillaria (Boisdu- the medio-lateral portions of the tegumen to the val, 1840) (Germany, Baden-Wuerttemberg, near Stutt- lateral lobes at the uncus base. The muscles m2(10) gart-Rohr, Glemswald, May 2002); Gagitodes sagittata are attached to the tegumen, very close to the proxi- (Fabricius, 1787) (Russia, Primorsky Region, Verkhny mal end of the muscles m1, and run parallel to the Pereval, July 1990); Horisme vitalbata (Denis & Schiffer- subscaphium to the inner surface of the anal tube müller, 1775) (Russia, Primorsky Region, Verkhnij Pere- distally. The basal process of the costa valvae is val, July 1990); Melanthia procellata (Denis & Schiffermül- ler, 1775) (Russia, Primorsky Region, Khasansky district, developed and the muscles m3(2) run to its ventral Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, July 1988); Mesotype margin from the proximal portion of the tegumen. didymata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Russia, Leningradsky Regi- The labides arising from the base of the costa valvae on, 20 km NW of St. Petersburg, July 1989); Mesotype ventrally are present. They consist of thin posterior verberata (Scopoli, 1763) (Austria, Tirol, Fernau, Middle arms bearing setose papillae apically and rather short Station, July 2003); Rheumaptera subhastata (Nolcken, bent anterior arms with narrow finger-like setose 1870) (Germany, Bavaria, Bayerischer Wald NP, May ventral papillae curved towards the juxta laterally. 2007). The transtilla arising from the base of costa valvae The methods have been described in Schmidt (2013). dorsad of the labides is present as well. The muscles The images of adult moths are shown in several publi- m4, consisting of two almost inseparable bundles, cations including Xue & Zhu (1999), Ebert (2001), Miro- run from the proximal corner of the tegumen to the nov (2003) and Hausmann & Viidalepp (2012). Terminology for adult morphology and genitalia transtilla medially. The thin muscles m5(7) connect follows Pierce (1914), Forbes (1948), Klots (1970), Ni- the inner wall of the valva (close to the base of the 268 ©Zoologische Staatssammlung München/Verlag Friedrich Pfeil; download www.pfeil-verlag.de m2(10) m1 lab tra m4 gna m3(2) m5(7) m6(5) jux 1 m7(6) m8(3) 2 m7(6) m6(5) Figs 1-2. Eupithecia tantillaria, male genitalia and muscles: 1. Armature (proximal part of subscaphium and middle part of muscles m2(10) not shown). 2. Aedeagus. costa valvae) to the vinculum curve. The juxta is Tribe Melanthiini rather large, compound, broadest crosswise and placed between the sacculi of the valvae. The vo- Melanthia procellata luminous paired muscles m8(3) extend from the Figs 3-4 posterior margin of the saccus to the posterior area of the juxta. The aedeagus is large, broadest at the The uncus is much reduced, membranous and basis, with several long and short cornuti of different covered with setae. The gnathos arms are attached
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