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AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE INSTITUTE OF THE BROTHERS OF THE CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS 11M11111 THE ORIGINS 1651-1726 Brother Henri BEDEL, FSC Translated by Brother Allen Geppert, FSC Tipografa S.G.S. - Via Umbeitids, 11 - 00181 Roma Finito di stampare: Giugno 1996 LASALLIAN STUDIES 5 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE INSTITUTE OF THE BROTHERS OF THE CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS THE ORIGINS 1651-1726 Brother Henri Bede', FSC Translated by Brother Allen Geppert, FSC Brothers of the Christian Schools Via Aurelia, 476 - C.P. 9099 (Aurelio) 00100 Rome, Italy 1996 re 11111111111111i If ns1111111 Iii/ a eer-eWe land La. Fraaree. dG teutzy Leer- er cue. Chreaererzee et2teuteuee,it Jier knit Charzle. eters. Zeie ,paur de la Jezatemeprineil ;41' iv auvree ; a 'Veto en.tier abaa- eian.. a Z2 Itezricienced7e. quarattle, an" giat a deaneure avec Werei de .fort ..Trtoritat ;13 any &rated .f'ed' perned et ,ec'hc.Eienze it chfazi- ,areithat eerneatTheti Solt Belli Il eet more 2t. Ile,luireek,Pazizti de Zaltal. .919. arm . Crepy engraving, before 1730, based on the deathbed portrait. Photo E. Rousset, CL 49, 47. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Vii FOREWORD Viii PREFACE - THE SOURCES OF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE ORIGINS OF THE INSTITUTE X INTRODUCTION - HISTORICAL CONTEXT PART ONE - PREPARATIONS (1651-1680) • 8 1 Origins 8 Supplement — Family Background 13 2 Vocation to the Priesthood 17 Supplement — Some Characteristics of This Vocation 20 3 Initial Involvement with Schools (1678-1680) 23 Supplement — John Baptist de La Salle and Teaching the Poor 27 PART Two — BEGINNINGS (1681-1694) 32 4 Formation of a "Community" of Teachers (1681-1682) 32 Supplement — The Memoir on the Beginnings 41 5 Birth of a Kind of Religious Community (1683-1690) 46 a. Decisive choices (1683-1684) 46 Supplement — De La Salle Distributes His Goods to the Poor 52 b. The community of teachers becomes a community of Brothers (1684-1687) 57 Supplement — Brothers of the Christian Schools 63 c. New developments and the assertion of the particular character of the community (1687-1690) 68 Supplement — The Memoir on the Habit 73 6 Laying the Foundations of a Religious "Society" (1690-1694) 81 a. Reasons for constituting a religious "Society" (1690-1691) 82 Supplement — The Vow of 1691 87 b. Formation of a religious "Society" (1692-1694) 93 Supplement — The Vows of 1694 98 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PART THREE - CONSOLIDATION (1695-1714) 105 7 Progress in Spite of New Threats (1695-1703) 105 a. A favourable period for the new Society 106 Supplement — School Texts and Pedagogical Works 110 b. Serious threats to the cohesion of the new "Society" 116 Supplement — The Letter from the Parish Priest of Villiers le Bel 121 8 Opposition in Paris, Expansion in the Provinces (1704-1707) 128 a. Hostility of the teachers' guilds in Paris 128 Supplement — Gratuity in the Christian Schools 133 b. New opportunities to spread throughout France 141 Supplement — St Yon 145 9 The Benefits of Further Difficulties (1708-1714) 150 a. Further progress 150 Supplement — Schools for the Children of "New Converts" 157 b. A period of uncertainty 163 Supplement — The Letter from the Brothers in 1714 171 PART FOUR - COMPLETION (1714-1725) 175 10 The Brothers Take Charge of the Institute (1714-1719) 176 a. The gradual transfer of responsibility for the Institute to the Brothers (1714-1717) 176 Supplement — The Writing of the Common Rules 182 b. The Brothers take over complete responsibility for the Institute (1717-1719) 185 Supplement — Spiritual Writings 191 11 The Brothers Complete the "Establishment" of the Institute (1719-1726) 197 Supplement — The Bull of Approbation 206 GENERAL CONCLUSION 212 GLOSSARY (* in the text indicates a word that is explained) 215 BIBLIOGRAPHY 219 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Crapy engraving, before 1730, based on the deathbed portrait. Photo E. Rousset frontispiece First page of Bernard's manuscript xi Engraving of front view of the Hotel de La Cloche. Photo E. Rousset 12 General Hospitals founded between 1657 and 1690 16 Nicolas Roland. Photo E. Rousset 19 The Legendre Plan of Rheims. Photo L. Aroz 40 Nicolas Barre. Photo E. Rousset 51 Prices recorded at the market in Rheims 54 The Sorbonne 72 Plan of the St Sulpice district in Paris. Photo E. Rousset 80 House and property of the Brothers at Vaugirard 86 Signatures declaring the election of M. de La Salle as Superior. Photo E. Rousset 97 Signs permanently displayed in classrooms 115 Map showing Brothers' communities in France in 1719. Photo E. Rousset 152 Brother Barthelemy. Photo E. Rousset 181 The seal of the Bull In apostolicae dignitatis solio 205 FOREWORD The Origins 1651-1726 is the study of a period in the history of the Institute which the Lasallian Studies team is pleased to offer its readers in the three official languages of the Institute. A few lines will be sufficient to outline the characteristics of this new history of the Institute. It is not meant to be an exhaustive work: its aim is rather to stimulate readers to pursue their studies further. Brother Henri Bedel, the principal author of the work, is a trained historian. He be- came Visitor of Besancon when he was quite young, attended the 1967 General Chapter as a delegate, and was headmaster of a technical school. In order to improve the readability of his manuscript, he asked a group of experts and formators to read through his text and suggest improvements. I can vouch for the meticulous care with which he revised his text: he added new material, simplified certain sections and made it more accessible. The pro- cess followed calls to mind our predecessors who produced textbooks signed by "a group of teachers". This will be even more the case when a manual of the whole history of the Institute is published. This manual will be aimed in particular at young Brothers whose mother tongue is not perhaps French, English or Spanish. The present book is the work of an historian who is anxious to put his readers into contact with the founding documents as accurately as he can. We are confident that this work will be of interest to a wide circle of educated readers, in particular among the Brothers and their Lasallian colleagues. If readers are interested, the team is prepared to publish three other volumes like the present one. This volume, which begins with the birth of John Baptist de La Salle and ends with the granting of the Bull of Approbation, is not primarily a life of the Founder of the Brothers, even though it is mainly concerned with him. Its main purpose is to show, by telling his life, how the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools came into existence and developed its organisational structures. It is unfortunate perhaps that the description of the principal Brothers is fairly superficial, and that the history of the various houses is only alluded to. They figure in our story, of course, but only insofar as they contribute to the birth of the Institute, whose history is traced in the course of this volume. FOREWORD ix A consequence of this approach is that the material is both too abundant to be included in its entirety, and yet limited enough to be outlined in summary form. When the gradual development of a group of persons is involved, facts assume meaning only within the tem- poral framework of this development. Given this, we have organised chapters according to a fairly strict chronological order and, at certain points, have inserted more detailed supple- ments on topics which the committee thought needed fuller treatment. These supplements can be omitted at a first reading. The table of contents at the beginning of the volume indicates where they are to be found. Some readers may be surprised to find some interpretation of facts in our treatment of these historical documents. We believe that we have to show the same kind of critical judgment with regard to these documents as we do when reading a newspaper. The search for truth calls for the use of intelligence: it is not something that can be dispensed with. Our aim is to enable the reader to tackle the actual source documents by himself one day and not have to rely entirely on manuals which, by their nature, are obliged to adopt one or other point of view without giving sufficient reasons for their choice. By adopting this approach, we hope to encourage the critical judgment that is nec- essary. We are convinced, as the Rule says, that the Holy Spirit manifested himself in a special way in the life, work and writings of St John Baptist de La Salle and subsequently in the living tradition of the Institute (Rule, art. 4). BROTHER ALAIN HOURY DIRECTOR OF LASALLIAN STUDIES PREFACE THE SOURCES OF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE ORIGINS OF THE INSTITUIE Introduction Before beginning a study of the origins of the Institute, it is useful to ask ourselves on what our knowledge is based. Initially, the history of these origins is closely bound up with that of the Founder of the Institute, St John Baptist de La Salle. This explains the exceptional importance of the information provided after his death by those who knew him. The essen- tial elements of this information are to be found in the works of the first three biographers, hence their importance. The knowledge we gain from the first biographers is complemented and extended by the documents and various writings of John Baptist de La Salle, and by others relating to the origins of the Institute. These documents, which were used to a greater or lesser extent by the biographers, are a most valuable source of information.
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    LASALLIAN STUDIES NO. 18 The Fragile Hope of a Witness The Itinerary of Brother Michel Sauvage (1923-2001) Michel Sauvage, FSC and Miguel Campos, FSC With the collaboration of Robert Comte, FSC Paul Grass, FSC Diego Muñoz, FSC BROTHERS OF THE CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS ROME 2014 © Brothers of the Christian Schools International Council on Lasallian Research and Resources Lasallian Studies No. 18 Via Aurelia, 476 00165 Rome, Italy Translation: José Martínez, FSC Paul Grass, FSC Léon Lauraire, FSC Cover and illustration: José David Berbesí Botero, FSC Layout: Luigi Cerchi ISBN: 978-99920-70-08-6 DL: AND.173-2014 Published by: Publicacions Universitat Oberta La Salle Av. del Través 31, L A-2 AD400 La Massana, Andorra You can access the digital books published by La Universitat Oberta La Salle at: publications.uols.org The editor and publisher are not liable or responsible for the accuracy or completeness of any information provided in this book and we assume no liability or responsibility for any damages arising from the use of this book. By accessing the information in this book, you agree that the editor and publisher shall not be liable to you for any loss or injury caused in procuring, compiling, or delivering the information. The editor and publisher are not respon- sible for anything whatsoever on internet sites that the book links to or provides links to and its use is entirely responsibility of the user. This work is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–NoDerivatives International Public License 3.0. 300th anniversary of the Letter of the Principal Brothers to John Baptist de La Salle Paris, April 1, 1714 For the celebration of the 45th General Chapter of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools Rome, Generalate, May 2014 I was not attentive enough to those near me who were hungry, thirsty, imprisoned, and naked.