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The Crusading Culture of Berry, France In This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: • This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. • A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. • This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. • The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. • When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. HOLY WAR .A.N.D THE HOME FRONT: Th~ c~~~~di~g c~~t~~~ ~f B~~~y, F~~~~~ i~ th~ E~~~~~th Th~~~gh Thi~t~~~th c~~t~~i~~ L.it:.t:._ Th~s.is U~.i~~~s.it:.y ~f Ed.i~b~~gh 1993 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements Abbreviations 2 Chapter 1: Culture, Cultural History and Berry 3 Useful Models of Regional Studies Written in English Regional Studies of Berry in French Historiography Methodology and Purpose The Presentation of People, Places and Evidence Within this Study The Historical Context of Berry Before the Eleventh and After the Thirteenth Centuries Chapter 2: The Eleventh Century: The Imagery of Jerusalem, The Harbingers and The Heroes of the First Crusade 22 The Peace of God and the Peace League of Bourges The Influence of Pilgrimage Neuvy-St. -Sepulcre as a Passion Relic Church Patronage From the Laity Popular Preaching on the Eve of the First Crusade Prosopography of the First Crusade Concerning Berry, Including The Last Vicomte of Bourges Chapter 3: The Twelfth Century: Royal Berry Develops Crusading Traditions, Despite Intra-regional Wars Between The Capetians and the Plantagenets 61 Louis VII and Berry Prepare for the Second Crusade The Popular Element of the Crusades in Mid-Twelfth Century Berry Central France Becomes the Frontline of the Struggle Between the Capetians and the Plantagenets The Presence of the Military Orders Aftermath of the Third Crusade The Commencement of Rebuilding Programmes for Bourges and Its Cathedral Chapter 4: The Thirteenth Century: The Later and Albigensian Crusades, and The Shifting of Loyalties 96 Berry and the Fourth Crusade The Albigensian Crusades The Contributions of the Archbishops of Bourges to These Crusades St. Etienne as an Icon of Capetian Hegemony and Catholic Orthodoxy Berry and The Fifth Crusade Berry's Contributions To, and Rewards From, Louis IX's First Crusade The 'Pastoraux' In Bourges Louis's Second Crusade Conclusions Concerning Berry's Crusading Culture and How That Culture Changes in Subsequent Generations List of Plates 146 Plates (All photographs taken by the author) 147 Bibliography 152 AC.KNOWL.E.DG.EM.ENTS Firstly, I wish to thank my supervisor, Dr. Gary Dickson who offered me personal as well as academic advice during my two years at Edinburgh. His counsel and encouragement run throughout this work, especially as he encouraged me to go to the CESCM at the University of Poitiers and to the libraries in Bourges. He also introduced me to many people who assisted me with my work. While it would be impossible to note the specific instances, I am astutely aware of the debt I owe him. A number of other members of the faculty and staff at Edinburgh University also were generous with their time into helping me, especially with points of translation. Mr. Tony Goodman, Chair of the History Department, read a number of versions of this thesis, and willingly gave advice to improve the final copy. Mr. A.B.E. Hood of the Classics Department assisted me with some of the more tricky passages of Bemard of Clairvaux, and Dr. Phi lip Bennett offered advice both in understanding a rather convoluted French article and in offering a basic bibliography of the French crusading legends. Although I have not pursued that route very far here, it is something I hope to explore in the future. Also the main library staff, especially the rare books and manuscripts department, offered patience and assistance in finding material. Professor Jonathan Riley-Smith at the University of London also willingly gave his time, offering advice and information whenever I asked. I am particularly indebted to him for the prosopographical information from his database. The people in Bourges and Chateauroux, France were also quite accommodating and helpful. The knowledgeable librarians at the Bibliotheque Municipale de Bourges, and the assistant head, Jehan-Louis Roche, often offered bibliographic advice and also graciously sent photocopies of sources that I had missed to Edinburgh, saving me some time and much money. The staff of the Archives Departemental du Cher in Bourges provided their help as well. The people at the Service Departemental de 1' Architecture offer knowledgeable tours of the cathedral, and one of its members, Mr. Daniel Bambagioni, patiently answered many of my questions. Thanks also to Mr. Rene Pecherat of Deols, who gave me a personal and very informative tour of the remnants of the abbey there, and its history. Also, a number of my friends and colleagues in Edinburgh offered specific suggestions or related sources which I might consult, and while I have thanked some of them specifically in the text, a few deserve special mention here. Miss Anette Bieligk helped me with translating a study of the peace movement written in German. Mr. Matthew Bliss and Mr. Simon Coates, each candidates for the Ph.D. at Edinburgh, also willingly discussed my ideas and asked questions. A dear friend, Guillaume Blanchet, an Erasmus student visiting from the University of Poitiers, found sources for me at the CESCM library and always took an interest in this study. Of course the interpretations and decisions concerning the sources and these people's assistance are my own responsibility. Finally, I wish to give special thanks to my parents who have offered financial, personal and moral support long before I began this study. Their encouragement was the prime mover of my quest, and their support has been my foundation ever since. This is an original, work completed over the last three years at Edinburgh University. -1- A.B.B.R.EVIATIONS AHR. American Historical Review Bull. de Litt. Bulletin de Litterature Ecclesiastique C. d'A. & d'H. duB. Cahiers d' Archreologie et d'Histoire du Berry DHGE. Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Geographie Ecclesiastiques. (Son Eminence, le Cardinal A. Baudrillart, & Continue par A. De Meyer, & E. Van Cauwenbergh, eds.) (Paris: 1938) All citings are from Vol.10 History of the Crusades. A History of the Crusades. (K.M. Setton, ed.) 6 vols. (Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison: 1969-1989) JMH. Journal of Medieval History JW&CI. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institute Outremer. Kezar, B.D.; Mayer, H.E. & Smail, R.C. eds. (Jerusalem: 1982) RHC Occ. Recueil des Historiens des Croisades; Historiens Occidentaux. 5 vols. (Paris: 1844-1895) RHGF. Recueil des Historiens de Gaules et de la France. (M. Bouquet, et al eds.) 24 vols. (Paris: 1738-1904) Two Worlds. A Meeting of Two Worlds. (V.P. Goss, ed.) (Kalamazoo, Michigan: 1986) The Ampersand (&) is used to denote "and," "et," or "und" only in the titles listed in the endnotes and bibliography. -2- Cha.p-t:::.E3.r­ .:L: Cl.2..L-t:::.l.2.r-E3,. H.i£>-t:::.e>.r-y,. CL:r:ld .BE3.r-.r-y Le Berry, in the geographical centre of France, developed its own "crusading culture" that both affected the ideas of the people living there and effected new institutions and traditions in that society pertaining to the crusades. This culture evolved through the symbiotic influences of, for example, pilgrimage, church-building and crusade preaching. The interplay of such forces and events made itself felt throughout Latin Christendom, and sometimes Berry did not differ greatly from other areas. Often, however, it built churches, hosted councils or witnessed popular movements that marked it from these other regions. Both the ubiquitous and the specific manifestations of the crusading culture in central France are worth studying because culture is as much about the mundane as it is about the extraordinary. Culture is built upon "the very material of our daily lives, the bricks and mortar of our most commonplace understandings, feelings and responses. "1 The term "cultural history" is not used here as a nebulous incantation to allow the inclusion of any possible shred of evidence, but rather to define the diverse manifestations of the crusade as found in central France from the eleventh through the thirteenth centuries. The term "holy war" in the title is used to denote those expeditions which contemporaries felt were justified by divine sanction and which usually had some component of the older theme of pilgrimage. Norman Housley defines the "'pluralist' school of crusade historians" as those who, building upon the work of Jonathan Riley­ Smith, argue that popular movements and those not immediately directed toward Jerusalem still were understood by most contemporaries as crusades and should be called as such today. 2 I have enrolled in this school because contemporary references to participants from Berry in the Albigensian crusades describe them as taking part in an iter or peregrinatio, and Rome offered a full indulgence for them until 1213. 3 Most crusade histories tend to focus on the expeditions themselves as they leave the west, and on their activities in the Levant, Iberia or other theatres of war. When they look at the society that supported them, these studies usually talk only of have.
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