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Early Migrant Experiences of Second Generation Displaced Persons in Australia

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Early Migrant Experiences of Second Generation Displaced Persons in Australia Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute (CUSP) No Ordinary Life: Early migrant experiences of second generation displaced persons in Australia Ursula Cecylia Ladzinski This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University April 2016 ii Abstract The focus of this study is second generation displaced persons (2nd generation DPs) whose parents migrated to Australia through the International Refugee Organisation (IRO) post-World War Two. The study was restricted to 2nd generation DPs of German and/or Polish descent who were currently living in Western Australia. All but two of the cohort grew up in Western Australia. The cohort consisted of 11 males and 19 females between the ages of 45 and 70 at the time of interviews, which took place between December 2009 and May 2012. Methodology: The grounded theory approach was used to collect and analyse the data. Thirty in-depth interviews and two focus groups were carried out and data triangulated with migration documentation and archival research to ensure validity of the data. The constant comparative method of analysis was used, as per grounded theory. The interviews showed that many in the cohort had grown up with limited or absent social, economic, and cultural capital, in a period of assimilation, and, initially, were geographically isolated. Due to this they had to develop their own networks, leading to what I have termed “parallel lives” in which they operated until more inclusive policies, such as integration and multiculturalism emerged. Their lack of the different forms of capital, combined with living in families affected by war-induced trauma and dislocation, meant that some were given responsibilities beyond their age, resulting in the situation where older siblings took on pseudo-parenting roles in the family. Resilience, built on survival and adaptability was a factor noted in and explored within this cohort. The 2nd generation held an important role in the DP families, due to their Australian networks. The “circle of protection” demonstrates how the 2nd generation acted as filter, buffer, and liaison between their parents and outside resources, both in the early stages of migration and again as their parents aged. Key words: Second generation; child migrant; displaced person; DP; refugee; assimilation; belonging; resilience; adaptability; parallel lives; circle of protection i ii Acknowledgements I would like to sincerely thank all of my interviewees, for generously giving to me their time, their thoughts and memories, and their hospitality. I hope you approve of how your words have been interpreted and that, in spite of the pseudonyms, you recognise yourselves in this thesis. Many thanks to my supervisors, Dr Nonja Peters and Professor Dora Marinova, for taking this long, sometimes difficult yet exciting, journey with me. Your valuable advice, and your understanding of how difficult it is to explore something that is so personal, is much appreciated. I could not have carried out this research without the generous financial support of Curtin University and the Australian Government Education and Training who funded my studies with their scholarships and infrastructure support. Also, thanks go to ANU for funding my participation in their Biography course in Canberra. Many thanks to Jean (Jane) Hartz for her assistance in the early stages of this study and my dear friend Vivien Hewitt for her welcome help in formatting my thesis for examination. I am fortunate to have some truly inspiring friends travel on this road with me, my Melburnian PhD friends Dr Karen Schamberger, Andrea Cleland, and Jeannette Johanson, and Dr Silvia Lozeva from CUSP. I am especially indebted to my sister Annette, for her input during our conversations about family roles as this helped clarify my ideas about the role of the second generation in DP families. My appreciation to my beautiful daughters, Yvette, Fiona, and Vivienne, for always being proud of me and my efforts, whatever I do. Last but definitely not least, thank you to my wonderful partner David, for being my mainstay, my mentor, and my number one supporter. iii iv Contents DECLARATION I ABSTRACT I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III CONTENTS V LIST OF TABLES, IMAGES AND FIGURES VIII ABBREVIATIONS IX PREFACE – OR WHY AM I DOING THIS RESEARCH 1 INTRODUCTION 3 CONTEXT OF THE STUDY 3 STATEMENT OF THE ISSUE 6 AIM AND SCOPE 8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 9 OVERVIEW 10 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 12 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 12 MIGRANTS, REFUGEES, AND DISPLACED PERSONS 12 Migration theory 15 Refugee theory 20 Effect of migration on families 27 SECOND GENERATION 28 Assimilation 34 Forms of capital 38 Resilience 42 SUMMARY 43 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 45 RESEARCH PURPOSE 45 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 46 METHODS 51 RESEARCH PROCESS 54 Procedure - data collection and analysis 56 Recruitment 57 v Interviews 60 Focus groups 61 ANALYSIS 63 RESEARCH ISSUES 64 ETHICS 69 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 72 SUMMARY 72 CHAPTER 3: MIGRATION BACKGROUND 74 “To go forward you may first need to go back” 74 AUSTRALIA – IMMIGRATION NATION 74 THE SOURCE -DISPLACED PERSONS POST- WORLD WAR TWO 76 AUSTRALIA’S DPS 79 MENTAL HEALTH 93 SUMMARY 94 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 96 RESEARCH COHORT 96 EARLIEST MEMORIES 106 CAMP EUROPE TO CAMP AUSTRALIA 119 The journey - joys and fears 120 From ship to shore - arrival in the Promised Land 124 “Camp Australia” 132 EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT 151 Factors affecting education 158 Employment second generation 174 CULTURE AND TRADITIONS 181 FAMILY DYNAMICS 216 RESILIENCE, ADAPTABILITY, SURVIVAL AND VERSATILITY 231 SUMMARY 242 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION 243 SOCIAL CAPITAL 243 CULTURAL CAPITAL 252 ECONOMIC CAPITAL 259 PARALLEL LIVES 261 RESILIENCE 264 THE CIRCLE OF PROTECTION 272 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 280 vi FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS 283 CONCLUDING REMARKS 283 REFERENCES 285 APPENDIX 1 306 Appendix 1a 306 Appendix 1b: 307 Appendix 1c 310 Appendix 1d 312 APPENDIX 2 314 APPENDIX 3 316 COPYRIGHT PERMISSIONS 323 vii List of tables, images and figures Image 1: Map of cohort recruitment area in Southwestern Australia 58 Figures 1-3: DP arrivals at Australian ports, 1947-1952 85 Image 2a: Map of DP work camps in southwest WA 89 Image 2b: Geographical map of Australia 2011 90 Table 1: Interviewee location in Western Australia 96 Table 2: Cohort characteristics 98 Image 3: Map of Displaced Persons camps Europe Post World War Two 110 Image 4: Northam reception and training centres 127 Image 5: Family accommodation 133 Image 6: Home constructed Coolgardie Safe 135 Table 3: Education child migrants 3.5 years and over 152 Table 4: Education child migrants 0-3.5 years and Australian born 153 Table 5: Education level female 2nd generation 155 Table 6: Education level male 2nd generation 157 Table 7: Employment 2nd generation DPs 3.5 years and over on migration 176 Table 8: Employment: 2nd generation DPs 0-3.5 on migration and Australian born 177 Table 9: Language, out-marriage, and tradition 2nd generation 182 Table 10: Risk and protective factors for resilience in children 265 Figure 4: “The Middle” 274 Figure 5: The second generation 275 Figure 6: The outer circle 277 Figure 7: The circle of protection 277 viii Abbreviations Anglo-Australian Australian-born of English/British heritage Aussie Australian CBH Commonwealth Bulk Handling DP Displaced person IRO International Refugee Organisation NESB Non-English speaking background NSW New South Wales POW Prisoner of war SEC State Electricity Commission UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational and Scientific Cultural Organisation UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees US/USA United States/United States of America WA Western Australia WAGR West Australian Government Railways WWII World War Two ix Preface – or why am I doing this research This research is a historically-based study of a particular generation, namely second generation displaced persons. As I am from the same background as my research cohort, it is also, to some extent auto-biographical. Given this, the study cannot be, and is not objective, as in a scientific research study which doesn’t take into account human emotions and nuances of truth. This study is touched with emotion, so there is bias in the research but I acknowledge this where it occurs. Subjectivity in this study described as bias, lies in the fact that it is unlikely that a different researcher could repeat exactly my interpretation of the collected research data. I am part of the investigated research cohort and this thesis combines gathered information with personal insights and rigorous analysis. Our history is important as by accessing the experiences of the past, doors that have remained closed for many, whether in our minds, our hearts, or in our society, can be opened. This can be a painful process but it can also have many rewards. Historically, we humans do not seem to learn by our previous experiences. However, I believe that if something in the past touches us in some way, then we gain an understanding which infiltrates our consciousness and can thereby engender change. It takes only one person to begin the domino effect. While I do not purport to be a Gandhi, grassroots Messiah, or facilitator of major political shifts, I would like to think that through my research, others will come to understand the issues and challenges, as well as the advantages of being the child of refugee migrants in Australia. I hope this understanding can then somehow soften current attitudes within Australia toward our current refugee families who appear to face similar issues as did our families. The initial purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of assimilation on the 2nd generation migrants whose parents arrived in Australia post World War Two (WWII). This research has a strong personal reason. I believed that assimilation had robbed me, as one of this group of people, of my identity, that it had prevented me from knowing and acknowledging my roots.
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