All Continents Present in 1917

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

All Continents Present in 1917 ALL CONTINENTS PRESENT IN 1917 All continents present in 1917 – Contents Introduction 3 1. ARRIVAL OF THE CHINESE IN 1917 3 1.1 The facts 3 1.2 The Chinese in Poperinge 3 1.3 Places with Chinese connections in Flanders Fields 5 1.4 “China in Poperinge” events 6 2 THE CANADIANS AND THE BATTLE OF PASSCHENDAELE 6 2.1 The facts 6 2.2 Stories 8 2.3 Things to see related to the presence of the Canadians 9 3 AMERICA JOINS THE WAR 10 3.1 Declaration of war 10 3.2 American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in Belgium 12 3.3 Stories 13 3.4 Things to see 20 3.5 Did you know? 23 4 THE AUSTRALIANS 25 4.1 The facts 25 4.2 The Battle of Messines 26 4.3 The Battle of Passchendaele 26 5 THE NEW ZEALANDERS 30 5.1 The facts 30 5.2 The Battle of Messines 31 5.3 The Battle of Passchendaele 31 6 MORE INFORMATION 36 6.1 Websites 36 6.2 Pictures 36 6.3 Interviews 36 6.4 Visit Flanders contacts 37 6.5 Sources 38 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Pagina 2 van 38 INTRODUCTION The great colonial powers dragged just about the whole world into the Great War. All five continents found themselves involved in an unprecedented bloodbath. From all directions, peoples and cultures were brought to the battlefields of Europe. People from all over the world were deployed as workers, as shock troops, and as cannon fodder. The British recruited troops from their Dominions. Australian, New Zealand, Canadian, and Indian troops were sent to the Western Front. It was soldiers from the first three of those, above all, that were deployed at the Ypres Salient. The French recruited from their colonies in West Africa. In Flanders Fields, Africans were mainly to be seen in the early years of the war. In 1917, the United States of America also became involved in the First World War. President Wilson had avoided being sucked into the conflict for as long as possible, but events in 1917 forced the US to take a stand. In this pack, we take a more detailed look at the significance of the different population groups present in 1917. 1. ARRIVAL OF THE CHINESE IN 1917 1.1 The facts In sending workers to the Western Front, the Chinese Republic, founded in 1911, had two objectives in mind. It hoped that its participation would convince the European powers that China was, once and for all, on its way to becoming a modern nation and that it would in future abide by the international rules of the game and could be a reliable partner. In addition, the Chinese authorities hoped to secure a place at the post-war peace conference, at which the future of the German concessions in China would be decided. China’s rival Japan had already, at the outbreak of the war, invoked its military alliance with the United Kingdom and occupied the strategically important German concessions on the northern Chinese peninsula of Shandong. As early as June 1915, the Chinese government had offered to send Chinese workers to Europe to help the Allies. The British government originally rejected the proposal, but changed its mind in the autumn of 1916, when the heavy losses at the Somme led to an acute shortage of labour. Practical considerations led the British to concentrate their recruiting for the Chinese Labour Corps in Weihaiwei and, later, Qingdao, two concessions on the northern peninsula of Shandong. The conditions were attractive enough to motivate many tens of thousands, most of them poor peasants, to travel to Europe. 1.2 The Chinese in Poperinge //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Pagina 3 van 38 In July 1917 the first Chinese arrived in Poperinge, the hub of the logistics sector, where they were housed in separate labour camps set up on the outskirts of the town. The Chinese were a specific group within the British Labour Corps. They were deployed for the loading of ammunition and goods trains in the sorting station, for the building of roads, and in ammunition depots. Their contracts were not terminated when the war came to an end: they would remain active in the Flanders Fields (Westhoek) district until 1919, helping to clear the battlefields, to dismantle railway lines, and to dig up and remove bodies. The arrival of the Chinese labourers was a culture shock for the inhabitants of Poperinge. The Chinese stayed in the camps but also came into town to do their shopping. The perception was negative. The Chinese were considered uncouth, dirty, and loud; they were seen as thieves and even murderers. The local accounts of the time were coloured by that perception: “The Chinks were nasty and dirty. You had to make sure to stay well away from them or the lice would jump onto you. They were full of lice, as big as peas, like pigs' lice. We were scared of the Chinks. When we mocked them, they chased us.” (André Room, a Poperinge local, in the book De Allerlaatste Getuigen, Philip Vanoutrive, 2010) “They are strange and very childish, no better than our 10- or 11-year-old boys. Their favourite activity is to stare at the shop windows, preferably sweet and fruit shops, and when they see something they like, they go into the shop, at least ten of them at the same time, ask the price of everything, and if they feel like buying something, they are very suspicious that they might be taken advantage of.” (Van Walleghem diary, August 1917) “The Chinese came after the war, to collect everything and to dismantle the railway. We called them the Chinks. When they had to lift a rail, they were all packed very closely together. Shouting. Making noise. You could hear them a mile away. They went through the region to collect anything they could get. There was a big Chink camp at the Busseboom. There was even a bloody female with them. They didn't know. A female who came along to be with her bloke, maybe. They still found her.” (Theofiel Boudry in Volksboek, p. 316) The Chinese Labour Corps counted 140,000 people. The last repatriation was in September 1920. In all, 1,834 Chinese died on the Western Front and 279 died during the sea crossing, while 32 Chinese were listed as missing. //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Pagina 4 van 38 In René Matton’s studio, photographs were taken of workers who were based in Proven. Here, Matton’s son Maurice is portrayed in a playful way. It is not clear what the text in front of Maurice means. The board to the right, in semi-literary Chinese, identifies the man as No. 19693 Song Xiufeng.. @ René Matton 1.3 Places with Chinese connections in Flanders Fields 1.3.1 Chinese graves A total of 85 Chinese workers are buried in the WWI Commonwealth cemeteries in Flanders. The largest concentration of Chinese graves in Flanders is at Lijssenthoek cemetery, where 35 members of the Chinese Labour Corps are buried. The cemetery was situated next to the hospital at Remy Siding. Chinese workers were also treated in this hospital. Their numbers increased in the spring of 1919 and at certain times the numbers of Chinese patients peaked at 150, most of whom were suffering from the Spanish flu. www.lijssenthoek.be Other cemeteries where Chinese labourers were buried are: Reninghelst New Military Cemetery: 7 graves Mendighem Military Cemetery: 8 graves Haringhe (Bandaghem) Military Cemetery: 4 graves Gwalia Cemetery: 4 graves Poperinge New Military Cemetery: 1 grave Poperinge Old Military Cemetery: 1 grave 1.3.2 The thirteen of Busseboom memorial On 15 November 1917, thirteen Chinese labourers lost their lives in a direct shell hit on the camp in Busseboom (Poperinge). They were buried near the Roobaertbeek stream; later, their bodies were exhumed and transferred to Bailleul. Research into those thirteen Chinese workers has yielded not only their names, but also contact with the families in China. On 15 November 2017, a memorial will be unveiled at Busseboom to remember the fallen labourers. //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Pagina 5 van 38 Location: at the corner of St-Jansstraat and Visserijmolenstraat 1.4 “China in Poperinge” events 1.4.1 Exhibition: “Hail to the work” China in Poperinge’ tells the story of the Chinese presence in Poperinge from 1917 onwards, recounting how the presence of the Chinese was met with prejudice and revealing how people interacted with a foreign culture. In 2017, the world has become globalised – but has our perception changed? Contemporary artists (Stephan Vanfleteren, Sanne Dewilde, Lieselotte Vandamme) try to find an answer to this question. A special app takes you to several places that feature a Chinese tale. www.poperinge14-18.be Location: the Hospital Chapel, Poperinge Dates: 1 July 2017 – 17 September 2017 1.4.2 “China Back in Town” Festival In the first weekend of September 2017, Poperinge will be completely immersed in a Chinese atmosphere. “China Back in Town” is a festival that encourages a positive perception: dragons in the streets of Poperinge, a real Chinese buffet, lanterns and tea houses, music, song and dance, calligraphy workshops, and more. Poperinge is cooperating on this programme with the Bruges-based Howest Confuciusinstituut, Centre for Chinese Language and Culture. 2 THE CANADIANS AND THE BATTLE OF PASSCHENDAELE 2.1 The facts 2.1.1 Canada as a British Dominion On 1 July 1867, the British Parliament approved the Canadian Confederation. As a result, Canada became a Dominion of the British Commonwealth. Newfoundland became a British Dominion in 1907. Dominions independently managed all their domestic affairs. For matters involving foreign affairs and defence, they remained dependent on the British motherland.
Recommended publications
  • The Night Operation on the Passchendaele Ridge, 2Nd December 1917
    Centre for First World War Studies A Moonlight Massacre: The Night Operation on the Passchendaele Ridge, 2nd December 1917 by Michael Stephen LoCicero Thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of History and Cultures College of Arts & Law June 2011 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract The Third Battle of Ypres was officially terminated by Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig with the opening of the Battle of Cambrai on 20 November 1917. Nevertheless, a comparatively unknown set-piece attack – the only large-scale night operation carried out on the Flanders front during the campaign – was launched twelve days later on 2 December. This thesis, a necessary corrective to published campaign narratives of what has become popularly known as „Passchendaele‟, examines the course of events from the mid-November decision to sanction further offensive activity in the vicinity of Passchendaele village to the barren operational outcome that forced British GHQ to halt the attack within ten hours of Zero. A litany of unfortunate decisions and circumstances contributed to the profitless result.
    [Show full text]
  • The Western Front the First World War Battlefield Guide: World War Battlefield First the the Westernthe Front
    Ed 2 June 2015 2 June Ed The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 1 The Western Front The First Battlefield War World Guide: The Western Front The Western Creative Media Design ADR003970 Edition 2 June 2015 The Somme Battlefield: Newfoundland Memorial Park at Beaumont Hamel Mike St. Maur Sheil/FieldsofBattle1418.org The Somme Battlefield: Lochnagar Crater. It was blown at 0728 hours on 1 July 1916. Mike St. Maur Sheil/FieldsofBattle1418.org The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 1 The Western Front 2nd Edition June 2015 ii | THE WESTERN FRONT OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR ISBN: 978-1-874346-45-6 First published in August 2014 by Creative Media Design, Army Headquarters, Andover. Printed by Earle & Ludlow through Williams Lea Ltd, Norwich. Revised and expanded second edition published in June 2015. Text Copyright © Mungo Melvin, Editor, and the Authors listed in the List of Contributors, 2014 & 2015. Sketch Maps Crown Copyright © UK MOD, 2014 & 2015. Images Copyright © Imperial War Museum (IWM), National Army Museum (NAM), Mike St. Maur Sheil/Fields of Battle 14-18, Barbara Taylor and others so captioned. No part of this publication, except for short quotations, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the permission of the Editor and SO1 Commemoration, Army Headquarters, IDL 26, Blenheim Building, Marlborough Lines, Andover, Hampshire, SP11 8HJ. The First World War sketch maps have been produced by the Defence Geographic Centre (DGC), Joint Force Intelligence Group (JFIG), Ministry of Defence, Elmwood Avenue, Feltham, Middlesex, TW13 7AH. United Kingdom.
    [Show full text]
  • The Portuguese Expeditionary Corps in World War I: from Inception To
    THE PORTUGUESE EXPEDITIONARY CORPS IN WORLD WAR I: FROM INCEPTION TO COMBAT DESTRUCTION, 1914-1918 Jesse Pyles, B.A. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2012 APPROVED: Geoffrey Wawro, Major Professor Robert Citino, Committee Member Walter Roberts, Committee Member Richard McCaslin, Chair of the Department of History James D. Meernik, Acting Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Pyles, Jesse, The Portuguese Expeditionary Corps in World War I: From Inception to Destruction, 1914-1918. Master of Arts (History), May 2012, 130 pp., references, 86. The Portuguese Expeditionary Force fought in the trenches of northern France from April 1917 to April 1918. On 9 April 1918 the sledgehammer blow of Operation Georgette fell upon the exhausted Portuguese troops. British accounts of the Portuguese Corps’ participation in combat on the Western Front are terse. Many are dismissive. In fact, Portuguese units experienced heavy combat and successfully held their ground against all attacks. Regarding Georgette, the standard British narrative holds that most of the Portuguese soldiers threw their weapons aside and ran. The account is incontrovertibly false. Most of the Portuguese combat troops held their ground against the German assault. This thesis details the history of the Portuguese Expeditionary Force. Copyright 2012 by Jesse Pyles ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The love of my life, my wife Izabella, encouraged me to pursue graduate education in history. This thesis would not have been possible without her support. Professor Geoffrey Wawro directed my thesis. He provided helpful feedback regarding content and structure. Professor Robert Citino offered equal measures of instruction and encouragement.
    [Show full text]
  • The Republics of France and the United States: 240 Years of Friendship September 19-22, 2019 Paris, France
    The Republics of France and the United States: 240 Years of Friendship September 19-22, 2019 Paris, France THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 19 7:00 p.m. Welcome Dinner Location: Hôtel de Soubise - French National Archives (Business Attire) 60 Rue des Francs Bourgeois, 75004 Paris • Doug Bradburn, George Washington’s Mount Vernon • Annick Allaigre, President, Université de Paris 8 (Vincennes Saint-Denis) • Jean-Michel Blanquer, French Minister of National Education* FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 20 Location: Automobile Club de France (Private club: coat and tie required) 6 Place de la Concorde, 75008 Paris, France 9:00 a.m. Session I: The Legacies of 1763 Scholars from France and the United States examine the larger context of the French-American relationship in the period before American Independence, with a focus on the British and French Atlantics, the slave trade, and the important geopolitical role of Native Americans. • CHAIR: Kevin Butterfield, George Washington’s Mount Vernon • Manuel Covo, University of California, Santa Barbara • Edmond Dziembowski, Université de Franche-Comté • David Preston, The Citadel 10:30 a.m. Session II: French Armies and Navies at War in America How did the military and naval forces of the United States and France overcome their social and cultural differences in order to work together to defeat Great Britain and secure American independence? 1 • CHAIR: Julia Osman, Mississippi State University • Olivier Chaline, Université Paris IV • Larrie D. Ferreiro, George Mason University • Joseph Stoltz, George Washington’s Mount Vernon 12:00 p.m. Lunch Program: François-Jean de Chastellux, the Unsung Hero Who was the Marquis de Chastellux? Based on a previously unexamined archive still privately held by the Chastellux family, new research sheds light on a heretofore unknown pivotal figure in the American Revolution who served alongside George Washington and became one of his dearest friends.
    [Show full text]
  • Barthé, Darryl G. Jr.Pdf
    A University of Sussex PhD thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details Becoming American in Creole New Orleans: Family, Community, Labor and Schooling, 1896-1949 Darryl G. Barthé, Jr. Doctorate of Philosophy in History University of Sussex Submitted May 2015 University of Sussex Darryl G. Barthé, Jr. (Doctorate of Philosophy in History) Becoming American in Creole New Orleans: Family, Community, Labor and Schooling, 1896-1949 Summary: The Louisiana Creole community in New Orleans went through profound changes in the first half of the 20th-century. This work examines Creole ethnic identity, focusing particularly on the transition from Creole to American. In "becoming American," Creoles adapted to a binary, racialized caste system prevalent in the Jim Crow American South (and transformed from a primarily Francophone/Creolophone community (where a tripartite although permissive caste system long existed) to a primarily Anglophone community (marked by stricter black-white binaries). These adaptations and transformations were facilitated through Creole participation in fraternal societies, the organized labor movement and public and parochial schools that provided English-only instruction.
    [Show full text]
  • Passchendaele Archives
    Research workshop Passchendaele Archives This workshop is based on the "Passchendaele Archives", a project of the Memorial Museum Passchendaele 1917 that tries to give the many names in the cemeteries and monuments a story and a face. To make a visit to CWGC Tyne Cot Cemetery tangible for students, during this workshop they conduct their own research in the education room of the MMP1917 starting with a photo, name and date of death. They try to reconstruct and map what happened on the fatal day of “their” fallen soldier. After the workshop, students can find the grave or memorial of the soldier at CWGC Tyne Cot Cemetery. They now possess a personal story behind the endless rows of names, in the cemetery. This bundle provides practical information about this educational package that enriches a classroom visit to the museum and Tyne Cot Cemetery. Content of this information bundle: - Connection with curricula – p. 1 - Practical information – p. 2 - The research workshop – p. 3 - Personal records – p. 5 - In the area – p. 8 Connection with curricula: The Passchendaele Archives research workshop and the accompanying educational package mainly focus on the following subjects: • History, in particular WWI (theme) • English (source material) The content of this package is consistent with multiple history program curricula. It places personal stories related to WWI in a wider context as the full educational package interfaces with ideas, imperialism, norms and values that were present in the wider 19th and early 20th century British Empire. In addition, mathematics and geography skills are also used the workshop, giving it a multidisciplinary approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying the Dead of Tyne Cot by Peter Hodgkinson
    The Western Front Association Stand To! No. 114 Identifying the Dead of Tyne Cot by Peter Hodgkinson The process of clearing the dead from the battlefields of the Western Front began on 18 November 1918, conducted by Labour Companies and Department of Grave Registration and Enquiries (DGR&E) personnel. It was a huge endeavour. By April 1919 over 18,000 men were engaged in the task and more were needed – between six and nine men were required to exhume a body, transport it and re–bury it in the cemeteries being constructed by the Imperial War Graves Commission. In August 1921, when 204,654 remains had been concentrated, the Army declared the task to be finished, and responsibility was transferred to the IWGC. The task, of course, was far from over – approximately 300,000 of the dead remained Searching the battlefields for human remains and isolated graves. Courtesy Ivan L Bawtree Collection, unaccounted for. Between 1921 and 1928, a © Jeremy Gordon–Smith, IWM Q100910 further 28,036 remains were recovered, with approximately 10,000 more up to 1937.(1) The process of exhumation was as follows.(2) knowing where to dig. Indeed, the IWGC noted A Survey Officer selected 500 yard squares to that: ‘Unless previously experienced men are Process and experience be searched, indicating to the Burial Officer employed … 80% of the bodies which remain There can be few battlefield tourists of the Great the anticipated number of remains based on to be picked up would never be found’.(5) War who have not visited Tyne Cot Cemetery. the records of DGR&E.
    [Show full text]
  • Bull Brothers – Robert and Henry
    EMU PARK SOLDIERS OF WORLD WAR I – THE GREAT WAR FROM EMU PARK and SHIRE OF LIVINGSTONE The Bull Brothers – Robert and Henry Sergeant Robert Charles Bull (Service No. 268) of the 15th Infantry Battalion and 1st Battalion Imperial Camel Brigade Robert was born on 17th May 1895 in a railway camp at Boolburra, the 9th child and 3rd son to Henry and Maria (née Ferguson) Bull, both immigrants from the United Kingdom. Henry from Whaplode, Lincolnshire, arrived in Rockhampton in 1879 at the age of 19. Maria was from Cookstown, Tyrone, North Ireland, arrived in Maryborough, also in 1879 and also aged 19. Robert spent his early years at Bajool before joining the Railway Service as a locomotive cleaner. He enlisted in the Australian Imperial Forces (AIF) on 16 September 1914 at Emerald where he gave his age as 21 years & 4 months, when in fact he was only 19 years & 4 months. Private Bull joined ‘B’ Company of the 15th Infantry Battalion, 4th Brigade which formed the Australian and New Zealand Division when they arrived in Egypt. The 15th Infantry Battalion consisted on average of 29 Officers and 1007 Other Ranks (OR’s) and was broken up into the following sub units: Section Platoon Company Battalion Rifle section:- Platoon Headquarters Company Battalion 10 OR’s (1 Officer & 4 OR’s) Headquarters (2 Headquarters (5 Officers & 57 Officers & 75 OR’s) Lewis Gun Section:- 10 3 Rifle Sections and OR’s) OR’s and 1 Lewis gun Section 4 Companies 1 Light Machine Gun 4 Platoons He sailed for Egypt aboard the HMAT (A40) Ceramic on 22nd December 1914.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Victoria Cross Recipients by New South Wales State Electorate
    Index of Victoria Cross Recipients by New South Wales State Electorate INDEX OF VICTORIA CROSS RECIPIENTS BY NEW SOUTH WALES STATE ELECTORATE COMPILED BY YVONNE WILCOX NSW Parliamentary Research Service Index of Victoria Cross recipients by New South Wales electorate (includes recipients who were born in the electorate or resided in the electorate on date of enlistment) Ballina Patrick Joseph Bugden (WWI) resided on enlistment ............................................. 36 Balmain William Mathew Currey (WWI) resided on enlistment ............................................. 92 John Bernard Mackey (WWII) born ......................................................................... 3 Joseph Maxwell (WWII) born .................................................................................. 5 Barwon Alexander Henry Buckley (WWI) born, resided on enlistment ................................. 8 Arthur Charles Hall (WWI) resided on enlistment .................................................... 26 Reginald Roy Inwood (WWI) resided on enlistment ................................................ 33 Bathurst Blair Anderson Wark (WWI) born ............................................................................ 10 John Bernard Mackey (WWII) resided on enlistment .............................................. ..3 Cessnock Clarence Smith Jeffries (WWI) resided on enlistment ............................................. 95 Clarence Frank John Partridge (WWII) born........................................................................... 13
    [Show full text]
  • Tyne Cot Cemetery Beschrijving
    Tyne Cot Cemetery Beschrijving Beschrijving Locatie Gelegen tussen de Tynecotstraat en de Vijfwegenstraat, op de W-zijde van een heuvelrug, ca. 2,5km ten ZW van het dorp Passendale. Het omliggende landbouwgebied is heuvelachtig. De begraafplaats bevat verschillende bunkers, waaronder 1 vooraan links (bunker 2) en 1 vooraan rechts (bunker 1). De 'Cross of Sacrifice', midden achteraan, is gebouwd op een bunker (bunker 3) en draagt een gedenkplaat voor de '3rd Australian Division'. Achter dit kruis en de 'Stone of Remembrance' staat over de breedte van de begraafplaats het 'Tyne Cot Memorial'. Beschrijving Relict 'Tyne Cot Cemetery' is ontworpen door Sir Herbert Baker, met medewerking van J.R. Truelove. Het grondplan is rechthoekig met apsis in het O. Het heeft een oppervlakte van 34941 m². De aanleg gebeurde in verschillende niveaus; het terrein helt licht af. De begraafplaats is afgesloten door een muur van zwarte silexkeien ('flintstones'), afgedekt met witte natuursteen. Het toegangsgebouw is een poortgebouw eveneens uit zwarte silexkeien, afgewerkt met witte natuursteen. Op de architraaf boven de rondboog 'Tyne Cot Cemetery'. Daarboven een tentdakje. In de 2 zijmuren, uitgewerkt in een halve cirkel, met centraal het toegangsgebouw, en afgedekt door een zadeldakje, zijn 2 landplaten aangebracht. In het toegangsgebouw bevindt zich de derde landplaat (Engelstalig), en ook de metalen CWGC-plaat en het registerkastje. Er zijn ook zitbanken in witte natuursteen, waardoor het ook als schuilgebouwtje fungeert. De aanleg gebeurde in 66 perken. De voorste helft van de begraafplaats, in het W (het 'Concentration Cemetery') is rechtlijnig en symmetrisch aangelegd in een rechthoek, de achterste helft van de begraafplaats in het O, in een halve cirkel-vorm, waaiervormig en in kruisgangen.
    [Show full text]
  • The Divorce of Americans in France
    THE DIVORCE OF AMERICANS IN FRANCE LINDYLL T. BATEs* The first French law authorizing divorce a vinculo matrimonii by judgment was enacted in 1792, the very day of the fall of the Bourbon Monarchy. Prior thereto, separation a mensa et thoro alone was countenanced by the strongly clerical King- dom. The rush to divorce under the new liberty was such that in the Year VI of the Republic the number of divorces exceeded that of marriages. The Code Napollon of. x8o3 established divorce for cause and even by mutual consent; though Napoleon's own divorce fron Josephine is the only known instance of the use of a. consent method under the Code. Divorce was abolished in x86 at the reestablishment of the Kingdom, and separation only could be had in France from that time until the Third Republic. The articles of the Civil Coda for divorce based upon cause were reEnacted by Law of July 27, 1884, the articles for divorce by mutual consent remain- ing abolished. With some amendments, this is the law that now governs the insti- tution. Today, divorce.is again frequent in France; separations are but a quarter as numerous. In i885, 4,277 divorces were recorded; in 1913 the figure had risen to 15,372; in 1921, to 2,o33. Now the figure exceeds 30,0o0. The ratio of divorce to population was 70 per hundred thousand in x92; in America it was then x35. About 85 per cent of the divorce petitions are granted. The wife is plaintiff in 65 per cent of the divorce suits.
    [Show full text]
  • Americans Refer to France As Rance
    Americans Refer To France As Rance Jerri remains transvestite: she fallen her pelages forelock too incessantly? Tetrahedral and thoroughbred Gallagher reallot her tranquility shoot-outs while Reza prying some irenicons infinitesimally. Is Jodi whilom or unseasonable after camphoraceous Sarge stones so uxoriously? We cannot offer insight from wheat research fellow American public reactions to the Sept 11 2001. Does france as you. What was France called in young Middle Ages Studycom. America's Children Resources from family government and the economy. Kieu Chinh Ming-Na Wen Tamlyn Tomita Tsai Chin France Nuyen Lauren Tom Lisa Lu and. US to France Power Adapter What vacation Do in Need 2020. What income a excuse of France called? In to americans residing in france as biting as employees, as can damage during rush hour away! Shopping in France hours chains and general guidance. In france as in most americans were taught at regular basis of information refers to refer to make a cross reference vehicle may represent the rance river. What are states called in France? This refers to refer specifically targeted in? Again if a valid passport, official document you do you consider yourself a time, arrival city also a stronger armies against. Gens de programmes on the offices all the current musical events are in regions villagers had a later backed out, has traditionally much of people. Samsung Global Newsroom All the latest news key facts. Independent Offices Appropriation Bill for 1944 Hearings. Transmission of americans to refer also put an incompetent and poitiers incarcerated all items and west berlin, great school or executed for reference by laws there.
    [Show full text]