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Review of the Fauna of the Marquesas Islands and Discussion of Its Origin

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Review of the Fauna of the Marquesas Islands and Discussion of Its Origin REVIEW OF THE FAUNA OF THE MARQUESAS ISLANDS AND DISCUSSION OF ITS ORIGIN BY A. M. ADAMSON PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGICAL SURVEY PUBLICATION10 HONOLULU, HAWAII Submitted April 21, 1938 PUBLISHEDBY THE MUSEUM May 24, 1939 The Pacific Entomlogical Survey was organized by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association and Bernice P. Bishop Museum for a five-year period ending December 31, 1932, and administered by a Committee representing the institutions concerned. The scope, personnel, and activities of the Survey are recorded in the reports of the Director of Bernice P. Bishop Museum for the years 1926-33, 35. Publications have been issued by the Museum as follows 1. Marquesan Insects-I, Bulletin 98, 1932. 2. Check list of Tipulidae of Oceania, by Charles P. Alexander, Occasional Papers, vol. 9, no. 21, 1932. 3. Check list of the Elateridae of Oceania, by R. H. Van Zwaluwenburg, Occasional Papers, vol. 9, no. 23, 1932. 4. Fresh-water fishes from the Marquesas and Society Islands, by Henry W. Fowler, Occasional Papers, vol. 9, no. 35, 1932. 5. The lizards of the Marquesas Islands, by Karl P. Schmidt and Walter L. Necker, Occasional Papers, vol. 10, no. 2, 1933. 6. Society Islands Insects, Bulletin 113, 1935. 7. Marquesan Insects-11, Bulletin 114, 1935. 8. Marquesan Insects-111, Bulletin 142, 1939. 9. Marquesan Insects : Environment, Bulletin 139, 1936. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Foreword ........................................................................................................................... :................ 3 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 4 The Pacific and ~ts. ~slands. ...................................................................................................... 4 Extent of biological exploration on central Pacific islands .............................................. 7 Marquesas Islands ............................................................................................................ 7 Society, Austral, and Cook Islands and Rapa ............................................................ 8 Samoa .................................................................................................................................. 9 Hawaiian islands .............................................................................................................. 9 Means of dispersal for Pacific insular faunas and floras.................................................. 9 Land connections .............................................................................................................. I0 Transoceanic dispersal ...................................................................................................... 12 Biogeographic theories about Pacific islands ...................................................................... 15 Zoological theories ............................................................................................................ 15 Botanical theories .............................................................................................................. 19 Summary of biogeographical theories.................................................................. 20 The Marquesas as an environment for a fauna .......................................................................... 20 Geography .................................................................................................................................. 21 Geological history .................................................................................................................... 22 climate ........................................................................................................................................ 23 Flora ............................................................................................................................................ 24 General features ................................................................................................................ 24 Food plants of Marquesan insects .................................................................................. 25 Influence of man on the fauna and flora ................................................................................ 26 Systematic review of the Marquesan fauna .................................................................................. 27 Tabular review of Marquesan non-marine fauna and its probable anities................ 28 Endmism and age of the Marquesan fauna ................................................................................ 68 Endemism in the Marquesas .................................................................................................... 68 Age of the Marquesan fauna.................................................................................................. 70 Faunal ahities .................................................................................................................................. 70 Relations to other Pacific islands ............................................................................................ 70 Society,.Austral, and Cook Islands ................................................................................ 71 Samoa .................................................................................................................................. 72 Hawaii .................................................................................................................................. 72 '6 Mid-Pacific"- faunal element.................................................................................................. 73 Indo-Malayan affinities ............................................................................................................ 74 Australian and. New . Zealand affinities.................................................................................. 74 American affinities .................................................................................................................... 75 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................................... 75 Origin of the Marquesan fauna on the assumption of past land connections................ 76 Origin of the Maxquesan fauna on the assumption of transoceanic dispersal ............ 78 Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 79 B~bl~ography. ........................................................................................................................................ 80 Index .................................................................................................................................................... 91 Figures 1-2 in text . Review of the Fauna of the Marquesas Islands and Discussion of its Origin FOREWORD In 1929 and 1930 it was my good fortune to spenl fifteen months in the Marquesas Islands collecting insects and other invertebrates on seven of the ten islamds in the group. This was a very interesting experience because the islands, which are of extraordinary beauty and romantic charm, were at that time an almost virgin field for most kinds of scientific exploration. The literature on the faunas and floras of the central Pacific islands is very extensive and many biologists and geologists have written on the problem of their origin. Scarcely any writer, however, has attempted to solve the problem, even for a single archipelago, by a comprehensive and detailed examination of all the evidence-biological, geographical and geological. Most of the theories proposed are based on a study of individual groups of animals and plants, and often without reference to conflicting evidence from other sources. The most comprehensive early works were those of Guppy (109)l on Pacific floras and of Perkins (182) on the Hawaiian fauna. Most of our knowledge of the biology of central Pacific islands, other than Hawaii, has been acquired within the last twenty years. With this information at his disposal Buxton (31, 32) has considered carefully and in detail most of the evidence bearing on the origin of the fauna of Samoa. His papers have done more to extend our understanding of the biogeography of the central Pacific than any other publication since Perkins' classic "Introduction" to the "Fauna Hawaiiensis", written in 1913 (182). The main contribution attempted here is a review of the land and fresh- water fauna of the Marquesas Islands. A discussion of the origin of the fauna has been included, in spite of the complexity of the problem, and an attempt has been made to consider all the available evidence in as much detail as space has allowed. Many of the opinions expressed here are offered ten- tatively. Indeed, it must be admitted that a decision has not been reached on what is perhaps the most important question of all: whether the islands could have acquired their fauna and flora by transoceanic dispersal alone or whether it is necessary to assume the existence of former land connections across the central Pacific. Numbers in parentheses refer to Bibliography, p. 80. 6 Bernice P. Bishop Museum-Bulletin 159 authors divert the line eastward to include Samoa in the marginal area ; how- ever general opinion leaves Samoa well to the east of the line. Within the Pacific depression are
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