DOCSLIB.ORG

Court Sanctioned Mediation in Cases of Acquaintance Rape: a Beneficial Alternative to Traditional Prosecution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Court Sanctioned Mediation in Cases of Acquaintance Rape: a Beneficial Alternative to Traditional Prosecution Court Sanctioned Mediation in Cases of Acquaintance Rape: A Beneficial Alternative to Traditional Prosecution KERRY M. HODAK* I. INTRODUCTION Short of homicide, [rape] is the "ultimate violation of self "1 Unfortunately, rape is an issue that still pervades American society.2 In the United States, a person is sexually assaulted every two minutes.3 Rape leaves a woman with short-term and long-term psychological harm. 4 Although the problem of rape is prevalent, the criminal justice system is not equipped to manage the problem effectively. Even in the rare case that a rape is reported, prosecution is rarely successful. 5 Incorporating mediation into * B.A. Wittenberg University, 1999; J.D. Candidate, The Ohio State University Mortiz College of Law, 2004. I would like to thank my family for all their support and encouragement. My sincere appreciation to the JDR staff members and editors for their helpful comments. Any errors are my own. 1 Florida Star v. B.J.F. 491 U.S. 524, 542 (1989) (White, J., dissenting) (disagreeing with the plurality that the names of rape victims could be released in the media if the government did so erroneously) (citing Coker v. Georgia, 433 U.S. 584, 597 (1977) (White, J.) (ruling that the death penalty in rape cases violates the Eighth Amendment)). 2 GREGORY M. MATOESIAN, REPRODUCING RAPE: DOMINATION THROUGH TALK IN THE COURTROOM 5 (1993) ("Rape is a widely prevalent and highly systematic aspect of American social life-a social fact."). While acknowledging that males are victims of rape, this Note will focus on women because over ninety percent of rape victims are women. Callie Marie Rennison, Rape and Sexual Assault: Reporting to Police and Medical Attention, 1992-2000, BUREAU OF JUSTICE STATISTICS: SELECTED FINDINGS, Aug. 2002, at 1, available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/rsarpOO.pdf (last visited Jan. 26, 2004) (stating that ninety-four percent of completed rape victims were women and ninety-one percent of attempted rape victims were women). 3 Christina Stephens, Justice of the Accused, but not the Rape Victim, THE REVEILLE, Nov. 28, 2001 (via University Wire) (citing the Rape and Incest National Network). 4 See PAT GILMARTIN, RAPE, INCEST, AND CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE: CONSEQUENCES AND RECOVERY 157-270 (1994) (discussing the consequences of suffering from rape and the issues involved in treating the victim); see also United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598, 628-37 (2000) (discussing the impact of rape on women). 5 Oftentimes a jury will not convict because of the "he said, she said" problem of evidence in acquaintance rapes. See Deborah Gartzke Goolsby, Note, Using Mediation in Cases of Simple Rape, 47 WASH. & LEE L. REv. 1183, 1192 (1990) ("In this circumstance, a jury generally will acquit or, if allowed to do so, convict the defendant of 1089 OHIO STATE JOURNAL ON DISPUTE RESOLUTION [Vol. 19:3 20041 the criminal justice system for cases of rape will lead to more victims reporting the crime and more perpetrators being brought to justice and receiving rehabilitative care. Society addresses rape through the criminal justice system, and society's approach to rape in this context has evolved over time. For example, defining rape as a component of sexual assault was an important development in the process. 6 However, the current system of justice is not effectively dealing with the issues of rape and does not enable women to reap the benefits of the criminal justice system.7 This Note proposes that victim-offender mediation is a reasonable alternative to the traditional approach to criminal prosecution 8 in certain types of rape cases. Part IIof this Note will explore the issues of rape, detailing the statistics associated with rape in the United States and the way in which rape has been defined including the traditional legal definition. Additionally, Part II will explain the evolution of the law regarding rape and its implications for victims. Part I of this Note explains restorative justice and one of its most common applications, victim-offender mediation. Following the explanation of restorative justice and the operation of victim-offender mediation, Part IV will explain how cases of acquaintance rape are best handled through a a lesser charge than rape. In fact, one study revealed a jury conviction rate for simple rape [acquaintance rape] of only three out of forty-two cases."). 6 STEPHEN J. SCHULHOFER, UNWANTED SEX: THE CULTURE OF INTIMIDATION AND THE FAILURE OF LAW 104-05 (1998) (explaining issues involved in the terminology of rape). The question immediately arises whether a criminal offense for violating sexual autonomy should be called "rape," "sexual assault," or something else entirely. Usually the judgment about how to name our offense categories is of little practical interest. In property crimes the labels used are neither uniform nor important. In sexual crimes, however, the labeling decision may be very important. A persistent pitfall of rape reform has been the tenacity of common culture and its influence over the interpretation of ambitious reforms. Rape reformers have paid close attention to labels but have disagreed sharply over the best approach. Id. at 104 (citations omitted). For purposes of this Note, rape and sexual assault will be considered synonymous. 7 See infra Part II. 8 Mediation may be used in addition to tradition criminal prosecution, in lieu of criminal prosecution, or in conjunction with criminal prosecution. Mediation in conjunction with prosecution is operationalized as mediation between the victim and prosecutor with the defendant and his attorney. Mediation is rarely used in rape cases in the ways proposed by this Note. See Tom Witosky, Pierce Deal: Positive Step for Victims?, DES MOINES REGISTER, Nov. 11, 2002, at 5A ("'Mediation is used in some criminal cases but not very often, and I know of no case in which it was used in a sexual- assault case in this way,' said Andrea Charlow, a mediation expert at the Drake University Law School."). 1090 RAPE MEDIATION process of mediation based on the theory of restorative justice. In the first instance that mediation is proposed, the victim and the offender would mediate a plea bargain with the aid of the prosecutor and defense attorney. In the second instance, mediation is an alternative that entirely replaces a criminal trial process. Part IV answers challenges leveled at restorative justice in the context of using restorative justice methods in cases of rape. Mediation in the cases of acquaintance rape will empower victims and address the needs of the offenders. II. RAPE AND SEXUAL ASSAULT TODAY Since the 1940s, the instances of rape have substantially increased. 9 To understand the issue of rape and the ways in which this Note recommends that the criminal justice system evolve to properly address the issue of acquaintance rape, it is important to understand the prevalence of the problem and how the justice system currently handles the situation. Most rapes go unreported, and those that are reported are unsuccessfully managed 10 by the justice system. A. The Statistics and Definitions The statistics regarding rape illustrate the need to effectively deal with the problem as a society. The Rape Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) reported that one out of every six women in the United States has been a victim of rape or attempted rape.1 Based on the 2000 National Crime Victimization Survey conducted by the Department of Justice, RAINN reported that there were 261,000 victims of rape, attempted rape, and sexual 9 GILMARTIN, supra note 4, at 23-25 (1994). According to official crime statistics from the FBI, rapes increased from 5.2 per 100,000 persons in 1940 to 41.2 per 100,000 persons in 1990. Id. Based on surveys and other data showing the substantial underreporting of rape, Gilmartin concludes that "the calculated rate of rape is at least double that of the FBI UCR." Id. at 50. From 2001 to 2002, the number of reported rapes increased by four percent while total violent crime decreased by 0.2 percent. UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS (Jan.-Dec. 2002), available at http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_02/02 prelimannual.pdf (last visited Jan. 26, 2004). 10 See infta PartII.A-C. 11 RAINN Statistics, Women are victims ... , available at http://www.rainn.org/ statistics.html#womenarevictims (last visited Jan. 26, 2004); Sally F. Goldfarb, Violence Against Women and the Persistence of Privacy, 61 OHIO ST. L.J. 1, 12 (2000) ("More than half of these women were assaulted before the age of eighteen. Almost 900,000 attempted and completed rapes are perpetrated against adult women each year.") (citing statistics from the Surgeon General). 1091 OHIO STATE JOURNAL ON DISPUTE RESOLUTION [Vol. 19:3 2004] assault in 2000.12 In sixty-two percent of the rape cases, an individual she knew, such as a friend or an acquaintance, assaulted the victim. 13 Of all types of rape, the majority went unreported. 14 The implications for women are far- reaching and detrimental to their future. 15 12 RAINN Statistics, Dept of Justice Study Shows Rape Down, available at http://www.rainn.org/stat.html (last visited Jan. 26, 2004). 13 Id. 14 Id. ("Forty-eight percent of victims said that they reported the crime to police, up dramatically from last year's 28%. However, the BJS [Bureau of Justice Statistics] researchers cautioned that this subsample was too small to be reliable."). In a study from 1992-2000 conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the results indicated that only 36% of rapes and 34% of attempted rapes are reported. Rennison, supra note 2, at 1; see also GARY LAFREE, RAPE AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE: THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF SEXUAL ASSAULT 63-65 (1989) (indicating that women typically will not contact police regarding sexual assault without outside influences encouraging them to do so); Judith E.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Campus Sexual Assault (CSA) Study Author(S): Christopher P
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: The Campus Sexual Assault (CSA) Study Author(s): Christopher P. Krebs, Ph.D. ; Christine H. Lindquist, Ph.D. ; Tara D. Warner, M.A. ; Bonnie S. Fisher, Ph.D. ; Sandra L. Martin, Ph.D. Document No.: 221153 Date Received: December 2007 Award Number: 2004-WG-BX-0010 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. October 2007 The Campus Sexual Assault (CSA) Study Final Report NIJ Grant No. 2004-WG-BX-0010 Performance Period: January 2005 through December 2007 Prepared for National Institute of Justice 810 Seventh Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 Prepared by Christopher P. Krebs, Ph.D. Christine H. Lindquist, Ph.D. Tara D. Warner, M.A. RTI International 3040 Cornwallis Road Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Bonnie S. Fisher, Ph.D. University of Cincinnati Sandra L.
    [Show full text]
  • Acquaintance Rape Is a Sexual Assault Crime Committed by Someone Who Knows the Victim
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. ~ ___________________________________ -L~~D WHEN THE RAPIST IS SOMEONE YOU KNOW 146610 U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the Natlonallnstilute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this copyrighted material has been granted by Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permission of the copyright owner. • Published by the Illinois Coalition Against Sexual Assault Updated 1993 "I " , illinoiS Coalillon Agaiml Sexual Assault (J123 South Seventh Streel, Swto 500 Sprlngfiald. IL 62701-1302 (217) 753-41~7 TERMS Victim - The words "victim" and "survivor" are both commonly used to describe a person who is raped. In this booklet, the word "victim" is used, as it is more often associated with a person who • was recently assaulted. Attacker - In this booklet, the person who raped the victim is referred to as the "attacker." "She" - In this booklet, the sexual assault victim is referred to as "she" because women are most commonly the victims of sexual assault. Men are also sexual assault victims, and this booklet is for both male and female victims. Sexual Assault and Rape - The terms "sexual assault" and "rape" are used interchangeably in this booklet. Photos by Ginny Lee ILLINOIS CRlMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION AUTHORITY Funding for the printing of this booklet was provided through the Victims of Crime Act of 1984 by the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority.
    [Show full text]
  • Acquaintance and Marital Rape Juror Decision Making in Acquaintance
    Acquaintance and marital rape Juror decision making in acquaintance and marital rape: The influence of clothing, alcohol and pre-existing stereotypical attitudes Kirsty Osborn, 1 Josh P Davis, 1 Susan Button, 2 & John Foster 1 1 Department of Psychology, Social Work and Counselling, University of Greenwich, London UK 2 Adult Nursing and Paramedic Practice, University of Greenwich, London, UK Correspondence should be directed to: Dr Josh P Davis Reader in Applied Psychology Department of Psychology, Social Work and Counselling University of Greenwich London, UK, [email protected] The authors would like to thank Luiza-Diandra Bretfelean, Hava Sokoli, Donata Andriuskeviciute, and Monika Durova for help with data collection, as well as two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on an early draft of this manuscript. This research was partly funded by an internal University of Greenwich Research Excellence Framework Grant (2015-2016) awarded to the second, third and fourth authors. Both experiments received University of Greenwich, Department of Psychology and Counselling Research Ethics Panel ethical approval. Keywords: Juries, marital rape; acquaintance rape; victim clothing; rape myths. 1 Acquaintance and marital rape Abstract Stereotypical biases about women’s roles in intimate relationships including their marital status and lifestyle choices such as clothing and alcohol use influence juror attributions of rape case defendant guilt, potentially reducing access to justice for victims. Across two mock-juror decision making experiments, participants read identical fictitious sexual assault vignettes varying in intoxicated defendant-complainant relationship (married vs. acquaintance), accompanied by photographs of complainant clothing at the crime (body revealing vs. plain) and in court (smart vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Types of Sexual Assault
    TYPES OF SEXUAL ASSAULT What is Rape? Rape is non-consensual sexual contact. The law makes many distinctions among the types of sexual contact and the level of force used to obligate a victim to have sexual contact. There are many types of sexual abuse and assault. Acquaintance Rape (Links to place on the page below) Marital or Spousal Rape Stranger Rape Multiple Assailant / “Gang” Rape Drug-Facilitate Rape Child Sexual Abuse and Assault Incest Often, survivors of any type of sexual assault experience similar reactions to the trauma. This collection of reactions is called Rape Trauma Syndrome. Acquaintance Rape Acquaintance rape is a sexual assault crime committed by someone who knows the victim. Here are some facts about acquaintance rape: · It can happen any time and any place · The rapist may be a date, neighbor, boss, colleague, delivery person, repair worker, spouse or anyone else you know. Rapists are not usually strangers. Studies show: Over 80% of rape survivors were assaulted by someone they knew. 47% were raped by dates. · One in four college women were victims of rape or attempted rape while they were students. Eight-four percent of them knew the rapist. Fifty-seven percent of the rapes happened during a date. (Dr. Mary Koss, researcher at Kent State University) · Acquaintance rape is rarely reported to police. Less than 2% of acquaintance rape victims reported the assault; 21% of women raped by strangers report the crime to police. · Twelve percent of college men reported that they had physically restrained a woman to gain sexual advantage. REMEMBER: Date rape can occur despite all precautions.
    [Show full text]
  • IOWA FINAL FOUR TEAMS Iowa History
    2010 IOWA BASKETBALL MEDIA GUIDE 2010 IOWA BASKETBALL MEDIA GUIDE IOWA FINAL FOUR TEAMS Iowa History 1954-55 (19-7 OVERALL, 11-3 BIG TEN) This years team won the Big Ten Championship and was Iowa’s first NCAA tourna- ment squad won an outright conference title (11-3) before finishing fourth in the national tournament. Coach Bucky O’Connor’s team became the first in Iowa history to average more than 80 points per game. Bill Logan led the Hawkeyes in scoring (15.9) and rebounding (11.0). Front (l to r): Augie Martel, Bill Seaberg, Les Hawthorne. Middle (l to r): Sharm Scheuerman, McKinley Davis, Doug Duncan, Bill Logan, Bill Schoof, Carl Cain, Roy Johnson. Back (l to r): Coach Bucky O’Connor, Tom Choules, Frank Sebolt, John Liston, Richard Ritter, Bob George, Jerry Ridley, Carter Crookham, Mgr. Bill Holman. 1955-56 (20-6 OVERALL, 13-1 BIG TEN) The “Fabulous Five” ‑‑ Carl Cain, Bill Logan, Sharm Scheuerman, Bill Schoof and Bill Seaburg ‑‑ were NCAA runners-up, dropping an 83-71 decision to No. 1-ranked San Francisco. Iowa lost its Big Ten opener before winning 13 consecutive games to take a second straight conference title. Cain was a first team all-American and Logan led the team in scoring and rebounding. Front (l to r): Norman Paul, Gene Pitts, Tom Payne, Bob George, Bill Logan, Bill Schoof, Carl Cain, Sharm Scheuerman, Bill Seaberg. Back (l to r): Tom Rohovit, Augie Martel, Jim McConnell, Gregg Schroeder, Paul Rausch, Frank Sebolt, Carter Crookham, Les Hawthorne, Coach Bucky O’Connor.
    [Show full text]
  • Acquaintance Rape for Victims
    What Do I Do Now? a survival guide for victims of acquaintance rape What is acquaintance rape? Acquaintance rape is when somebody you know—a boyfriend or girlfriend, a friend, a classmate, or even someone you just met—uses coercion (including drugs or alcohol), violence, or threats to force unwanted oral, vaginal, or anal sex. When this happens in a dating relationship, it is commonly known as date rape. Did you know? Should I call 911? 28% of rape victims are Yes. Rape is a serious crime and you should report it. Do not worry about assaulted by their getting into trouble if you were partying, drinking, taking drugs, or violating boyfriends and curfew. The police are concerned with your health and your safety. And 35% are sexually remember, calling the police and filing a report does not mean that you assaulted by have to press charges. relatives.1 Do I need a medical exam? Yes. Call someone you trust—an adult or friend---and ask him or her to take you to the hospital. Do not shower, eat or drink anything, brush your teeth, go to the bathroom, or change your clothes before you go. The medical team and law enforcement need to find out whether you are hurt and need to collect evidence from your clothing and your body during the medical exam. You may also receive emergency contraception to prevent pregnancy. While the medical exam may be uncomfortable and embarrassing, it will not be painful. Should I see a counselor? Yes. You may find it difficult to cope with what has happened to you.
    [Show full text]
  • The Criminal Justice and Community Response to Rape
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. .-; .( '\ U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice The Criminal Justice and Community Response to Rape • About the National Institute of Justice The National Institute of Justice (NiJ), a component of the The research and development program that resulted in Office of Justice Programs, is the research and development the creation of police body armor that has meant the agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. NIJ was estab­ difference between life and death to hundreds of police lished to prevent and reduce crime and to improve the officers. criminal justice system. Specific mandates established by Congress in the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act Pioneering scientific advances such as the research and of 1968, as amended, and the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 development of DNA analysis to positively identify direct the National Institute of Justice to: suspects and eliminate the innocent from suspicion. Sponsor special projects, and research and develop­ The evaluation of innovative justice programs to deter­ ment programs that will improve and strengthen the mine what works, including drug enforcement, commu­ criminal justice system and reduce or prevent crime. nity policing, community anti-drug initiatives, prosecu­ tion of complex drug cases, drug testing throughout the Conduct national demonstration projects that employ criminal justice system, and user accountability pro­ f I innovative or promising approaches for improving crimi­ grams. nal justice. Creation of a corrections information-sharing system Develop new technologies to fight crime and improve that enables State and local officials to exchange more criminal justice.
    [Show full text]
  • FAQ on Sexual Violence
    FAQ on Sexual Violence What is sexual violence? Sexual violence violates a person’s trust and feeling of safety. It occurs any time a person is forced, coerced, and/or manipulated into any unwanted sexual activity. The continuum of sexual violence includes rape, incest, child sexual assault, ritual abuse, date and acquaintance rape, statutory rape, marital or partner rape, sexual exploitations, sexual contact, sexual harassment, exposure, and voyeurism. - Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape (www.pcar.org) The continuum of sexual violence includes suggestive looks, sexist comments/jokes, verbal, obscene phone calls, peeping, exposure, frottage, sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, and sexual assault/murder. The common denominator for this continuum is lack of respect. - Office of the Texas Attorney General, Sexual Assault Prevention and Crisis Services Sexual assault includes a wide range of victimizations, distinct from rape or attempted rape. These crimes include completed or attempted attacks generally involving unwanted sexual contact between the victim and offender. Sexual assaults may or may not involve force and include such things as grabbing or fondling. Sexual assault also includes verbal threats. - Violent Victimization and Race, 1993-98, (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/vvr98.pdf), Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice Sexual violence is a sex act completed or attempted against a victim's will or when a victim is unable to consent due to age, illness, disability, or the influence of alcohol or other drugs. It may involve actual or threatened physical force, use of guns or other weapons, coercion, intimidation, or pressure. Sexual violence also includes intentional touching of the genitals, anus, groin, or breast against a victim's will or when a victim is unable to consent, as well as voyeurism, exposure to exhibitionism, or undesired exposure to pornography.
    [Show full text]
  • Cards Trump Both Aces Months, but the Two-Time MVP Isn't Paying Any Attention to Their Prognosis
    Board will hear Pierce appeal, 5C • Tonight's prep football matchups, 6C Sibley on the American crow, 8C • The Gazette Spectacular season Friday A splendid summer October 4, 2002 of bass fishing c: coming to a close, 8C SPORTS www.gazetteonline.com PREPS COLLEGES PROS Voila! Kennedy like a new team ton scoreboard. Cougars block, tackle, A Cougar defense that had been riddled for 1,518 yards and 148 points in kick ... get first win its first four games disappeared into the soupy sky and the defense that ap­ By Jeff Dahn peared in its place came within 9 The Gazette CEDAR RAPIDS — There was a minutes of posting a shutout. touch of magic in the air at fog-shroud­ And reserve tailback Mike Russell ed Kingston Stadium Thursday night. popped out of a hat like a white rabbit to rush for 58 yards and Kennedy's lone touchdown in the third quarter, sending A Cedar Rapids Kennedy offense that Waterloo West back on its heels. AP photo Taken as a whole, the dash of magic C.R. KENNEDY 10 produced a 10-6 Kennedy win over Winning form WATERLOO WEST 6 West, the Cougars' first of the 2002 Yang Wei of China performs hadn't scored a point in 12 straight Mississippi Valley Conference season. Gazette photo by Kevin Wolf parallel bars Thursday In the quarters coming in watched as — poof! "We're starting the season over right Cedar Rapids Kennedy's Blake Fisher returns a punt against Waterloo West's Asian Games men's gymnas­ — 10 points materialized on the Kings­ • Turn to 5C: Kennedy Courtney Henry (33) and Dustin Schildgen Thursday at Kingston Stadium.
    [Show full text]
  • INDIA a Guide to Keep You Safe Abroad Provided by Sexual Assault Support and Help for Americans Abroad (SASHAA)
    Know Before You Go INDIA A Guide to Keep You Safe Abroad Provided by Sexual Assault Support and Help for Americans Abroad (SASHAA) Updated June 2017 KNOW BEFORE YOU GO: INDIA 2 Let’s be perfectly clear, the number one way to prevent sexual assault is to not rape. While the responsibility of ending sexual gender-based violence is on the perpetrators, this guide will offer general safety tips, country-specific information, and resources to help prevent and prepare travelers for the possibility of sexual assault abroad. GENERAL SAFETY TIPS: 1. Use the buddy system and travel with friends! 3 out of 4 2. Be aware of social and cultural norms. For example, looking rapes are at someone in the eyes when you speak to them is perfectly committed normal in the U.S., but in another country that could signify by someone you’re interested in the person. known to the 3. Recognize controlling behavior when entering a relationship. victim1 Most rape survivors recall feeling “uncomfortable” about some of their partner’s behaviors such as degrading jokes/language or refusal to accept “no” as an answer, whether in a sexual context or otherwise.2 4. Avoid secluded places where you could be more vulnerable. Meet new people in public spaces and let a trusted friend know where you’ll be beforehand. 5. Trust your gut. Many victims have a “bad feeling” right before an assault takes place. ALCOHOL AND DRUG AWARENESS: • Always watch your drink being poured and carry it yourself, even to the bathroom. • “Drug-facilitated sexual assault drugs,” also referred to as club drugs or roofies may turn your drink slightly salty, bright blue, or cloudy.
    [Show full text]
  • An Evidence-Based Review of Sexual Assault Prevention Intervention
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: An Evidence-Based Review of Sexual Assault Preventive Intervention Programs Author(s): Shannon Morrison, Jennifer Hardison, Anita Mathew, Joyce O’Neil Document No.: 207262 Date Received: October 2004 Award Number: 2002-WG-BX-0006 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. September 2004 An Evidence-Based Review of Sexual Assault Preventive Intervention Programs Technical Report Prepared for National Institute of Justice 810 Seventh Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20531 Prepared by Shannon Morrison, Ph.D. Jennifer Hardison, M.S.W. Anita Mathew, M.P.H. Joyce O’Neil, M.A. RTI International Health, Social, and Economics Research Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 NIJ Grant Number: 2002-WG-BX-0006 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department.
    [Show full text]
  • ADVICE to REPORT RAPE in INDIA Note That This Is a Version of a Manuscript That Has Been Accepted at Violence Against Women
    1 Running Head: ADVICE TO REPORT RAPE IN INDIA Note that this is a version of a manuscript that has been accepted at Violence against Women. There might be slight variations in the published version. You may cite this as Puthillam, A., Parekh, A., & Kapoor, H. (in press). Who are you to me? Relational distance to victims and perpetrators affects advising to report rape. Violence against Women WHO ARE YOU TO ME? RELATIONAL DISTANCE TO VICTIMS AND PERPETRATORS AFFECTS ADVISING TO REPORT RAPE Arathy Puthillam1, Aneree Parekh1, and Hansika Kapoor 1 1Monk Prayogshala Arathy Puthillam, Department of Psychology, Monk Prayogshala, [email protected] Aneree Parekh, Department of Psychology, Monk Prayogshala, [email protected] Hansika Kapoor, Department of Psychology, Monk Prayogshala, [email protected] Correspondence for this manuscript should be directed to Arathy Puthillam, Department of Psychology, Monk Prayogshala, 4114, C-Wing, Oberoi Garden Estates, Powai, Mumbai, 400072, +91-22-28477699 (fax) [email protected] Acknowledgements We thank Garima Bisoi for her earlier contribution and Sampada Karandikar for comments on previous versions of this manuscript. Funding This project was not funded by any particular grant. 2 ADVICE TO REPORT RAPE IN INDIA Abstract The victim’s decision to report a crime is generally dependent on the advice received from a confidant. The effects of a confidant’s relationship to victims and perpetrators on the advice given to report rape were investigated. Indian participants (N = 418) read one of seven scenarios of acquaintance rape as a confidant; the scenarios depicted different relationships between the victim and perpetrator (family versus friend versus stranger).
    [Show full text]