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Cryptococcus Gattii Isolatesᰔ PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/124334 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-09-23 and may be subject to change. ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Dec. 2010, p. 5139–5145 Vol. 54, No. 12 0066-4804/10/$12.00 doi:10.1128/AAC.00746-10 Copyright © 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibilities and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Genotyping of a Worldwide Collection of 350 Clinical, Veterinary, and Environmental Cryptococcus gattii Isolatesᰔ Ferry Hagen,1,2 Maria-Teresa Illnait-Zaragozi,3 Karen H. Bartlett,4 Danie¨lle Swinne,5 Erik Geertsen,6 Downloaded from Corne´H. W. Klaassen,6 Teun Boekhout,1,2 and Jacques F. Meis6* CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Department of Yeast and Basidiomycete Research, Utrecht, Netherlands1; University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Eijkman Winkler Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands2; Tropical Medicine Institute Pedro Kouri, Department of Mycology and Bacteriology, Havana, Cuba3; University of British Columbia, School of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada4; Scientific Institute of Public Health, Mycology Section, Brussels, Belgium5; and Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Department of Medical Microbiology and 6 Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, Netherlands http://aac.asm.org/ Received 2 June 2010/Returned for modification 15 August 2010/Accepted 10 September 2010 The in vitro susceptibilities of a worldwide collection of 350 Cryptococcus gattii isolates to seven antifungal drugs, including the new triazole isavuconazole, were tested. With amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting, human, veterinary, and environmental C. gattii isolates were subdivided into seven ؍ AFLP genotypes, including the interspecies hybrids AFLP8 and AFLP9. The majority of clinical isolates (n The clinical AFLP6 isolates had significantly .(103 ؍ and AFLP6 (n (76 ؍ comprised genotypes AFLP4 (n (215 higher geometric mean MICs for flucytosine and fluconazole than the clinical AFLP4 isolates. Of the seven on May 1, 2017 by RADBOUD UNIVERSITEIT NIJMEGEN ␮ antifungal compounds examined in this study, isavuconazole had the lowest MIC90 (0.125 g/ml) for all C. ␮ gattii isolates, followed bya1log2 dilution step increase (MIC90, 0.25 g/ml) for itraconazole, voriconazole, and ␮ posaconazole. Amphotericin B had an acceptable MIC90 of 0.5 g/ml, but fluconazole and flucytosine had ␮ relatively high MIC90sof8 g/ml. The basidiomycetous yeast Cryptococcus gattii is responsible With the increasing use of molecular techniques, such as PCR for life-threatening invasive disease in apparently healthy hu- fingerprinting, restriction fragment length polymorphism mans and animals (7, 19). A typical C. gattii infection is ac- (RFLP) analysis of the PLB1 and URA5 loci, and amplified quired through the respiratory tract, from which it can further fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprint analysis, as disseminate to the central nervous system, resulting in fatal well as several multilocus sequence typing (MLST) ap- meningitis (7, 19, 32). Cryptococcosis caused by the primary proaches, it became clear that C. gattii could be divided into pathogenic yeast C. gattii was, until a decade ago, a rarely five distinct genotypes, named AFLP4/VGI, AFLP5/VGIII, encountered infection outside tropical and subtropical regions AFLP6/VGII, AFLP7/VGIV, and AFLP10 (the last one of (17, 26, 27). However, this changed due to an unprecedented which is a recently observed novel genotype) (2, 6, 7, 13, 16, 20, outbreak that emerged in the temperate climate of Vancouver 21, 23). Until recently, a serotype agglutination assay was Island (British Columbia, Canada) that subsequently expanded widely used to distinguish C. neoformans (serotypes A and D) farther into the Pacific Northwest (1, 8, 10, 16). Its sibling from C. gattii (serotypes B and C) (7, 27). In general, serotype species, Cryptococcus neoformans, differs ecologically and epi- B strains are found in each of the five C. gattii AFLP genotypes, demiologically from C. gattii since it occurs on a global scale but it seems that C. gattii serotype C strains are restricted to and is linked with disease occurring in immunocompromised genotypes AFLP5/VGIII and AFLP7/VGIV (2, 6, 16, 21, 27). individuals, such as HIV-positive patients and transplant pa- In addition, it was found that C. gattii and C. neoformans can tients who receive immune-suppressive medicines (7, 10, 18, form interspecies hybrids, named genotype AFLP8 (C. neofor- 19, 31). mans var. neoformans AFLP2/VNIII serotype D ϫ C. gattii Cryptococcus gattii can be discerned from C. neoformans AFLP4/VGI serotype B) and AFLP9 (C. neoformans var. grubii using a wide range of microbiological and molecular tech- AFLP1/VNI serotype A ϫ C. gattii AFLP4/VGI serotype B). niques (7, 20). A convenient method is the use of canavanine- These interspecies hybrids have, until now, been isolated only glycine-bromothymol blue (CGB) medium, which allows C. from clinical samples, and they might have a higher virulence gattii but not C. neoformans to grow and which changes the pH potential than regular C. gattii or C. neoformans isolates (4, 5; indicator in the medium from green-yellowish to blue (18). F. Hagen, K. Tintelnot, and T. Boekhout, unpublished data). Treatment of cryptococcosis depends on, besides the im- mune status of the patient, the severity and localization of the * Corresponding author. Mailing address: Canisius Wilhelmina infection (11). Severe cases of cryptococcosis in immunocom- Hospital, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Dis- eases, Weg door Jonkerbos 100, Nijmegen, 6532 SZ Netherlands. petent and -compromised patients are treated according to the Phone: 31243657514. Fax: 31243657516. E-mail: [email protected]. guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, ac- ᰔ Published ahead of print on 20 September 2010. cording to which treatment consists of an induction therapy for 5139 5140 HAGEN ET AL. ANTIMICROB.AGENTS CHEMOTHER. TABLE 1. Distribution of Cryptococcus gattii strains on the basis of AFLP genotype profiles, geographical origin, and clinical, veterinary, or environmental source No. (%) of strainsa AFLP Geographical origin Source of isolation genotype profile North South Total Africa Asia Australia Europe Unknown Clinical Veterinary Environmental Unknown America America AFLP4 16 (11.7) 14 (10.2) 8 (5.8) 74 (54.0) 9 (6.6) 15 (10.9) 1 (0.7) 76 (55.5) 29 (21.2) 30 (21.9) 2 (1.5) 137 (39.1) AFLP5 1 (4.5) 2 (9.1) 10 (45.5) 7 (31.8) 2 (9.1) 15 (68.2) 5 (22.7) 2 (9.1) 22 (6.3) Downloaded from AFLP6 3 (1.8) 6 (3.6) 11 (6.5) 19 (11.2) 75 (44.4) 55 (32.5) 103 (60.9) 27 (16.0) 38 (22.5) 1 (0.6) 169 (48.3) AFLP6A 4 (5.5)* 1 (1.4)* 5 (6.8)* 56 (76.7)* 7 (9.6)* 36 (49.3)* 18 (24.7)* 18 (24.7)* 1 (1.4)* 73 (43.2)* AFLP6B 3 (3.4)* 2 (2.3)* 10 (11.4)* 14 (15.9)* 11 (12.5)* 48 (54.5)* 61 (69.3)* 7 (8.0)* 20 (22.7)* 88 (52.1)* AFLP6C 8 (100)* 6 (75.0)* 2 (25.0)* 8 (4.7)* AFLP7 7 (63.6) 2 (18.2) 2 (18.2) 10 (90.9) 1 (9.1) 11 (3.1) AFLP8 2 (33.3) 2 (33.3) 2 (33.3) 6 (100) 6 (1.7) AFLP9 2 (66.7) 1 (33.3) 3 (100) 3 (0.9) AFLP10 2 (100) 2 (100) 2 (0.6) Total 28 (8.0) 22 (6.3) 20 (5.7) 101 (28.9) 95 (27.1) 81 (23.1) 3 (0.9) 215 (61.4) 73 (20.9) 57 (16.3) 5 (1.4) 350 (100) http://aac.asm.org/ a An asterisk indicates strains that belong to one of the subgenotypes within AFLP6, namely, AFLP6A, AFLP6B, or AFLP6C; these strains are the cumulative number of strains in the main genotype AFLP6 group. 2 weeks with a combination of amphotericin B and flucytosine, mation of a polysaccharide capsule. Approximately 150 ␮lofC. gattii cells was followed by a 10-week consolidation therapy with fluconazole incubated for3hin1.6mlurea solution (10.7 M) at room temperature. After ϫ ␮ (11, 24). centrifugation at 4,000 g for 2 min, the pellet was resuspended in 750 l of lysis buffer (10% [wt/vol] sodium dodecyl sulfate, 10% [wt/vol] sodium Sarkosyl in TE Cryptococcus neoformans has been extensively studied for its ␮ [Tris-EDTA] buffer, pH 8.0) and 750 l phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol on May 1, 2017 by RADBOUD UNIVERSITEIT NIJMEGEN in vitro susceptibility to a wide variety of antifungal com- (25:24:1, pH 8.0). The cells were disrupted by bead beating at full speed pounds, including the new triazoles posaconazole, voricon- (TissueLyser; Qiagen, Venlo, Netherlands) for 5 min. After centrifugation at azole, ravuconazole, and isavuconazole (12, 14, 28, 29, 33). 17,000 ϫ g for 15 min at 4°C, approximately 750 ␮l supernatant was added to an ␮ Despite the ongoing C. gattii outbreak, only a few studies using equal volume of ice-cold 96.2% ethanol and 100 l ice-cold 3.0 M sodium acetate. Precipitation of genomic DNA was accelerated by incubating the solu- relatively small sets of C. gattii isolates have been performed to tion at Ϫ20°C for 1 h. Genomic DNA was precipitated by centrifugation at investigate their in vitro susceptibilities to amphotericin B, 17,000 ϫ g for 15 min at 4°C, the pellet obtained was dissolved in 100 ␮l flucytosine, fluconazole, and the new triazole antifungals (12, Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 8.0), and 1 ␮l RNase (Invitrogen, Breda, Netherlands) 15, 28–30). A few studies divided the C. gattii isolates into was added, followed by an incubation step at 37°C to degrade any remaining groups according to their serotype or genotype (15, 29).
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