Index

1984, novel by George Orwell, 274 ALOHAnet, 293 2001:A Space Odyssey , film by Stanley , 225–231 Kubrick, 93–94, 308 Amdahl Corporation, 164 Aberdeen Proving Ground. See U.S. Amdahl, Gene, 148, 156, 249–250 Army, Ballistic Research Laboratory American Management Systems Aberdeen Relay , 18. See also (AMS), 168 IBM, Pluggable Sequence Relay American Totalisator Company, 26 Calculator Anderson, Harlan, 127 , in computer processor, Andreessen, Marc, 303 59–60. See also Architecture, APL (A Programming Language), 233, computer 235, 248 Addressing, computer, 61, 62, 132. See Apollo Guidance Computer, 188–190 also Architecture, computer; Apollo, Project, 124, 188–189 Indirect addressing; Modes Apollo (workstation manufacturer), ADP. See Automatic Data Processing 281, 285 Adventure, computer game, 210 Apple Computer Company, 264 AESOP (Advanced Experimental AppleTalk, 275 System for On-line Planning), Apple II computer, 264–268, 311 252–253 disk drive development, 266 Aiken, Howard H., 13, 51, 81–82, 212 Lisa computer, 273–275 Air Force, U.S., 31–31, 51, 55, 65, 71, computer, 273–276, 140, 179. See also Minuteman ballistic 294 missile Applications of computing and development of integrated finite element analysis, 147 circuit, 187 payrolls, 33–34 need for reliable circuits, 179–182 for personal , 230 Wright-Patterson AFB, 32, 55 , 109 Air Material Command, 32 wind tunnel data reduction, 117 Aldus Corporation, 276 Architecture, computer, 57–64. See also ALGOL programming language, 94, Accumulator; Addressing; Index 98 registers; Interrupt capability; ALGOL-68 programming language, Microprogramming; von Neumann 101, 106–107 architecture; Word length Algorithm, 103 , 125 Allen, Paul, 233–235, 237 Parallel, 21, 24, 196–197 432 Index

Armstrong, Lancelot, 44 Automatic programming. See Army, U.S., 56 Compilers Ballistic Research Laboratory, Automatic teller machine (ATM), Aberdeen, Maryland, 18–19 80–81 Signal Corps, 180, 224 Automation, 32 ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Autonetics. See North American Agency), 117, 140, 194, 259–261 Aviation IPTO (Information Processing Auto-Sembly, 180 Techniques Office), 260 and PDP-10, 286 B programming language, 106 support for internet, 295 Backus-Naur Form (BNF), 95 ARPANET Backus, John, 79, 91 initial impetus for, 296 Ballistic Missile Early Warning System programs available on, 298 (BMEWS), 71 at -PARC, 291–292 Ballistic Research Laboratory, Arthur Anderson & Co., 32 Aberdeen, Md., 18–19 Artificial Intelligence (AI), 10 , 55 Art of Computer Programming, the, BASIC programming language 103 for the Altair, 232–236 Artwick, Bruce, 278 for the Apple II, 264–265 A.S.C.C. See Harvard Mark I at Dartmouth, 203–205 ASCII (American Standard Code for BASIC. See Microsoft Information Interchange). See also minicomputer adaptations of, EBCDIC 205–206, 235–236 IBM and, 193–194, 268 on a read-only memory (ROM), 240, and, 152, 226, 251 264–265 origins, 133 Batch processing, 74, 77–78, Assabet Mills (DEC headquarters), 122–123 127, 129, 137–139, 141, 312 BBN (Bolt Beranek and Newman), Assemblers, 85, 87–88 128, 259 Association for Computing Machinery Bechtolsheim, Andy, 282 (ACM), 102 Bell Laboratories, 64–65, 155–156, AT&T, 65, 66, 172, 282. See also Bell 203, 282 Laboratories Model V computer, 18 Atanasoff, J. V., 38 Model VI computer, 149 Atlas computer (ERA). See TRADIC computer, 65 Engineering Research Associates, Bell, C. Gordon, 198–199, 211, 246 1101 Bendix, 42–43, 165 Atlas computer (Manchester). See G-15 computer, 42–43, 132 Ferranti, Atlas Bennett, Edward, 253 Atlas missile, 67 Berkeley Computer Corporation Atomic Energy Commission, 30 (BCC), 259 Atomic Energy of Canada, 128–129 Berkeley . See UNIX AUTOCODE programming language, Berkeley, Edmund C., 27 113 Berkeley, University of at, Automatic Data Processing (ADP), 168 140, 259 Automatic payrolls, 168 Berners-Lee, Tim, 302 Index 433

Bina, Eric, 303 Callow, Theodore, 33 BINAC computer, 23 Canion, Rod, 277 BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), Cannon, Edward, 13 239, 271, 277 Carnegie-Mellon University, 259 -mapped display, 262 Carter, Jimmy, 255–256 BITNET, 299 Casio, calculator manufacturer, 213 Bloch, Eric, 51 CCC. See Computer Controls Boehm, Barry, 82, 170 Corporation Boggs, David, 291–292 CDC. See Bonneville Power Administration, 235 Census Bureau, U.S., 26–27, 29, 31 Bowmar Brain calculator, 213 Centrallab. See Globe Union Bradshaw, Charles, 167 CERN, 301–302 Bramhall, Mark, 236 Channels, input/output, 62–63, 128. Brand, Stewart, 207, 221, 258, 260, 280 See also Architecture, computer Bricklin, Daniel, 267 Charactron, display tube, 38 Brooks, Fred, 101, 148, 156, 164 CICS (Customer Information Control Browser, for hypertext, 302 System), 106, 201 Buchholz, Werner, 151 City University of New York, 299 Bull, Machines (French computer Clark, Jim, 303 company), 172 Clark, Wes, 130 Bulletin Board Systems (BBS), for Clean rooms, for microelectronics personal computers, 298 assembly, 181 BUNCH (Burroughs, UNIVAC, NCR, Clones. See Compatibility Control Data, ), 143, 171– COBOL programming language, 91– 173, 248 93, 113, 163 Burks, Arthur, 44 Cocke, John, 288, 290 , 41, 51, 66–67, Cold War, 7–8, 11, 140, 169–170 213 Colton Manufacturing Company, 53 adding machines and , 119 Columbia University, 18 E-101 computer, 67 Commercial Credit, 172 Bus, computer, 199, 228–229 Commodore, PET computer, 264 Bush, Vannevar, 301 , 277 Busicom, 218, 220–221 Compatibility, computer. See also Plug- magazine, 310 compatible manufacturers Byte (grouping of ), 151, 193–194 with Altair, 231, 239–240 IBM mainframe, 161–163 C-Cubed (Computer Center IBM PC (‘‘clones’’), 277–278, 294 Corporation), 211, 235 Compilers, 85 Cþþ programming language, 79 A-0, A-1, A-2, 85 C programming language, 91, 106, 283 FLOW-MATIC, MATH-MATIC, CADAC computer, 40. See also 92–93 Computer Research Corporation Comptometer, 47–48 CADET. See IBM 1620 computer Computer Controls Corporation CalComp, 164 (CCC), 194 Calculators, programmable pocket, Computer leasing companies, 159 214–216. See also individual brands Computer Lib/Dream Machines, 216, under manufacturers 301 434 Index

Computer memory. See Magnetic core; Curriculum ’68, 102–103 Magnetic tape; RAM Computer networking, 120. See also DARPA (Defense Advanced Research ARPANET; Ethernet; IBM Systems Projects Agency). See ARPA Network Architecture; Internet Dartmouth College, 55, 70 Computer Research Corporation time sharing at, 200, 250 (CRC), 38, 40, 66 DASD(Direct Access Storage Device), 200 Computer science, 101–103, 201–203 Corporation, 195, 246, Computer Sciences Corporation 305–306. See also Soul of a New (CSC), 92, 168 Machine, The Corporation, 221 computers at Xerox-PARC, 291 Computer Usage Company, 167 influence on designs of other Computerworld Magazine, 121 computers, 265, 305 Consolidated Engineering, 41, 67 Nova, 195, 199, 227, 273 Control Data Corporation (CDC), 43, Super Nova, 195–197 125–126, 161, 172. See also Norris, Datamation magazine, 68 William; , Seymour Corporation, 221 CDC 160, 160A computers, 59, 126, 2200 terminal, 251 129, 132 Data processing, definition, 48 CDC 1604 computer, 126 Davidoff, Monte, 235 CDC 6600 computer, 161 dBase III database program, 293 service bureau, 167 DEC. See Digital Equipment Convair (Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation Corporation), 38 DeCastro, Edson, 130, 195 Conversational Monitoring System Defense calculator. See IBM 701 (CMS), 157, 200 computer Core dump, 97, 99–100 Defense Department, U.S., support for Core memory. See Magnetic core computing, 91, 112, 258, 289. See also memory individual services CP/M-86 , 268 Democracy, and computing, 9 CP/M operating system, 232, 238–240, Diebold, John, 32 262, 270 Digital at Work, 140 and Microsoft, 265 Digital Equipment Corporation CPT, 255 (DEC), 88, 101, 110, 128, 159, 191, Crabtree, Bob, 124 243. See also Assabet Mills; Bell, C. Crawford, Perry O., 38 Gordon; Olsen, Kenneth Cray Research, 173 and BASIC, 236 Cray, Seymour, 37, 125–126, 161, culture, 136–139 172–173 DECUS (users group), 88 CRC. See Computer Research financial losses, 305–306 Corporation founding, 127 Cromemco , 270 operating systems, 238–240 Cross-compiling, 223, 238 revenue growth, 136–137 CSAW (Communications and UNIX, 247, 284 Supplementary Activity— Digital Equipment Corporation Washington), 36 computers CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing DECsystem 10, DECsystem 20. See System), 155–156, 203, 208 PDP-10 Index 435

PDP-1, 127–128, 204, 255 Eckert, J. Presper, 13, 18, 22, 25–27, 69, PDP-5, 130 179. See also Eckert-Mauchly PDP-6, 139, 208, 209 Computer Corporation PDP-7, 106, 157, 283 Eckert, Wallace, 18 PDP-8, 110, 129–137, 194, 218, 228 Eckert-Mauchly Computer PDP 8A, 135, 244 Corporation, 13–16, 22–23, PDP-10, 139, 157, 166, 208, 210, 215, 25–27, 45, 89. See also Remington 235, 286 Rand PDP-11, 157, 198–200, 204, 205, 243– Edelstein, David, 249 244, 275, 283, 287 EDSAC, 23, 84 PDP-11/20, 205 EDVAC, 18, 21, 25, 89 PDP-11/45, 205 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 31–32, 258 PDP-X, 195 Eisler, Paul, 180 peripheral equipment, 132, 208, 212, Electrodata, 67 247, 251, 286 Electronic Computer Corporation, 41 personal computers, 245, 287 (EDS), 169 Rainbow, 287 Electronic Frontier Foundation, 312 VAX, 101, 243–247, 284–287 Electronic mail, origins on ARPANET, Digital Research, 270 298 Dijksterhuis, E. J., 308 Electronics Diversified, 135 Dijkstra, Edsger, 104 Electronics magazine, 309 DIP (Dual In-line Package), 192 Elkind, Jerome, 259 Direct memory access, 93. See also Emulation, of one computer by Architecture, computer another, 149, 151 Disk Operating System. See DOS, Engelbart, Doug, 207, 259–260. See also MS-DOS Mouse, NLS Disk storage, 69. See also and hypertext, 301, 303 Domain operating system, 281 Engineering Research Associates Doriot, George, 127, 140 (ERA), 36–39, 45 DOS (Disk Operating System), origin 1101 computer, 37 of term, 237 1103 computer, 38 Dr. Dobb’s Journal of Computer English, Bill, 260 Calisthenics and Orthodontia, 238–239 Engstrom, Howard, 36 Draper Labs. See MIT Instrumentation ENIAC, 7, 15, 18, 20–21 Laboratory EPROM (erasable programmable read Draper, Charles Stark, Engineering only memory), 220 Prize, 79 ERA. See Engineering Research Dumb terminals, 251 Associates Dump. See Core dump ERMA (Electronic Method of Dynaco kits, 229 Accounting), 55 Dynamic address translation, 155. See Ethernet, 261, 263 also Architecture, computer and Internet, 297 Dynamic RAM (DRAM). See RAM invention of, 291–292 license to DEC, , and Xerox, EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded 292 Decimal Interchange Code), 152, Evans, Bob O., 247 193, 251 Evans, David, 285 436 Index

Everett, Robert, 140 Frohman, Dov, 220 Ewing, Glen, 240 FTP (file transfer protocol), 298 ‘‘Expensive typewriter,’’ 255 , 165 Fulbright, J. William, 258 Fabs (fabrication plants), for electronic circuits, 181 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 141 FACT compiler, 92, 168 Galler, Bernie, 96, 104 Faggin, Federico, 220 Gardner-Denver Corporation, 133 Fairchild Camera and Instrument, 186 Gates, William III (Bill), 211, 233–237, , 179, 185– 270. See also BASIC; Microsoft 188, 196 Corporation; MS-DOS SYMBOL computer, 193 experience with PDP-10, 211, 235, Fairchild, Sherman, 186 286 Fairclough, John, 148 General Accounting Office (GAO), Federal Aviation Administration, 165 121 Federal Technical University (ETH), Corporation, 54–55, Zurich, 83–84 157–158 Felsenstein, Lee, 226 as customer for UNIVAC, 30, 32–33 Felt and Tarrant, 47 GE-Calma, 281 Ferguson, Eugene, 186 GE 635 computer, 155 Ferranti, Ltd., 245 OARAC, 55 Atlas computer, 245–246 time-sharing system, 155, 203–204, Fifth generation, Japanese computing 235, 250 initiative, 11 General Mills Corporation, 53 File Server, origin of term, 294 Generations, of computers, 6 ‘‘First Draft of a Report on the Germanium, material for circuit, 183 EDVAC,’’ 21–22. See also von Glass TTY (Glass Teletype), 251 Neumann, John Glenn, John, 123 Flexowriter, 42, 133 Globe-Union Company, 180, 182, 193 Flight Simulator, program, 278 Go-go years (ca. 1966–1968), 159, 199 Flip-Chip modules, 179–180 ‘‘Go-To Statement Considered Floating point arithmetic, 63–64, 213 Harmful,’’ 104 Floppy disk storage, 158, 231–232 Goldman, Jacob, 258 for the Apple II, 266–267 Goldstine, Herman, 21, 44 for personal computers, 236 Gopher, software for the Internet, FLOW-MATIC. See Compilers 299–300 Ford Motor Company, 32, 66 Graham, J. Wesley, 202–203 Ford, Henry, 214 Graphical User Interface (GUI). See Forest, Robert, 68 GEM, Top View, , Forrester, Jay, 140 X-Windows Forsythe, George, 102 Great Society, computing needs for, , 64, 69, 79, 90–91, 113, 200 110 FORTRAN Monitor System, 100 Grosch, Herbert, 177–178 for personal computers, 232–233 Grosch’s Law, 177–178, 263, 291 Frankston, Robert, 267 Grove, Andrew, 198, 297 Fredkin, Edward, 129 Grove’s Law, 297 Friden calculators, 119, 212 Gurley, Ben, 127 Index 437

Haddad, Jerrier, 34 IAS computer. See Institute for HAL, fictional computer in 2001:A Advanced Study Space Odyssey, 93–94, 208 IBM Corporation, 8, 14, 67–69 Hall, Eldon, 188, 190 antitrust suits against, 160, 164, 170– Harris, Jim, 277 171, 248–250 Harvard University, 236 leasing policies, 124, 128, 159 Business School, 127, 267 magnetic tape development, 36 Mark I Calculator, 13, 81–82, 199 market , revenues, 36, 110–111, Mark III Calculator, 82–83 143, 145, 256, 304–305 Mark IV Calculator, 51 research laboratories, 160 HASP (Houston Automatic Spooling separate lines of machine for Priority), 124 business and science, 43 Heathkits, 229–230 as supplier of I/O equipment to Hendrie, Gardner, 194 other manufacturers, 40–41 Hennessy, John, 289–290 System/360 series, 64, 100, 113, 119, Hewlett-Packard Corporation, 211 144, 157, 160 HP-35 calculator, 213 announcement, 144 HP-65 calculator, 189, 213–215, 226 architecture, 145–149, 157, 287 HP-2000 minicomputer, 205 circuits, 183, 190–191 HP-9000 workstation, 281 model 44, 248 HP-9100A calculator, 212 model 50, 117, 150 Hi-Rel (High Reliability). See model 65, 146 Minuteman model 67, 117, 156–157 Hoeltzer, Helmut, 167 model 75, 124, 202–203 Hoerni, Jean, 186 model 91, 162 Hoff, Marcian E. (), 218–221 System/370 series, 200, 205, 232 Holberton, Frances E., 89–90 plans to replace, 161, 252 Hollerith, Herman, 26 in, 246 Homebrew Computer Club, 216, 264 Thomas J. Watson Computing Honeywell Corporation, 54, 56, 157, Bureau, 18 172, 194 Token Ring networking, 292 DDP-516, 194–195 unbundling decision, 105, 168 H-200, 119, 151 and UNIVAC, 34 H-800, 116 IBM computers and tabulators. (See time sharing systems, 204 also System/360 series; System/370 Hopper, Grace Murray, 27, 29, 81–82, series) 85, 93–94 601, 603, 604, 605 multiplying House, Chuck, 211 punches, 19 HTML (hypertext markup language), 604 multiplier, 43 302 650 computer, 43–44, 70, 76, 101, HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol), 113, 119 302 701 computer, 30, 34–36, 38, 45 Huskey, Harry, 42–43 702 computer, 36–37, 58 Hyatt, Gil, 218, 220 704 computer, 64, 68, 88, 91, 122 Hypercard, software for Macintosh, 801 computer, 288 302 1401 computer, 59, 73–76, 116, 119, Hypertext, origins, 301 132, 147, 151 438 Index

IBM computers and tabulators Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), 34, (continued ) 44 1620 computer, 75–76, 147, 218 (IC) 3030 series, 161 first use in computers, 163–166, 191 4300 series, 161 invention of, 179, 182–187 5100 personal computer, 248 in minicomputers, 178 7030 (See STRETCH) MSI, LSI, VLSI (medium, large, very 7040 computer, 116 large scale integration), 195 7070 computer, 109, 112–113, 119, Intel Corporation 147 1103 memory chip, 197–198 7090 computer, 71, 116, 123, 127, 4004 , 219–220 147, 155 8008 microprocessor, 221–222 7094 computer, 71–74, 116, 155 8080 microprocessor, 219, 222, 226, 9020 computer, 150 228, 233, 235 AS/400 series, 161, 250, 252 8086 processor, 270, 279 Card Programmed Calculator, 18–20, 8088 microprocessor, 277 22, 45 80386 microprocessor, 294 Direct Couple System, 116–118 founding, 198, 217–221 Future System (FS), 252 Intellec Development systems, 222– Personal Computer (PC), 217, 268– 224 269, 272–275, 294 Interface Manager, graphical R/6000 workstation, 290 interface, 276. See also Microsoft RT, 288 Corporation, Windows SCAMP, 233 Interface message processors (IMP), STRETCH, 151 291. See also Honeywell DDP-516 System/3, 158 Internal Revenue Service, 109, 118– System/23 Datamaster, 269 122 System/38, 250 Internet, 128. See also ARPANET, XT, 298 World Wide Web origins, 295–297 IBM peripherals and other equipment internet appliance, need for, 304 027 keypunch, 109 Interrupt capability, 38. See also 029 keypunch, 145 Architecture, computer 350 Disk Storage Unit, 70, 200 IPTO. See ARPA 1403 chain printer, 77, 147 Issigonis, Alec, 135 3270 terminal, 251 ITS (Incompatible Time Sharing MTST (Magnetic Tape Selectric System), 208 Typewriter), 255 ITT Corporation, 129 Selectric Typewriter, 146, 153 Iverson, Kenneth, 233, 248 ICL (International Computers, Ltd.), 249 Japan, computer developments in, 11. IFIP (International Federation of See also Fujitsu Jet Propulsion Information Processing), 107 Laboratory, 168 Illiac-IV, 196–197 Jobs, Steven, 264, 274 IMSAI, 231, 240 Johnniac computer, 45 Index Medicus, 250 Jones, Fletcher, 168 Index Registers, 61, 151. See also JOVIAL, 95 Architecture, computer Joy, Bill, 282–284, 289 Index 439

Justice Department, U.S., 164, 169– LISTSERV program, 299 170, 248–250 Load and go compilers, 96, 98 202 Local area networking (LAN), 294 Kahle, Brewster, 300 Los Alamos [New Mexico] Scientific , for data storage, Laboratory, 34 231 Lotus 1-2-3. See Lotus Development Kapor, Mitch, 312 Corporation Katzenbach, Nicholas, 249 Lotus Development Corporation, 268 Kay, Alan, 259 Lotus 1-2-3 software, 268–269, 276, Kemeney, John G., 203 278, 293 Kenbak-1, 225 LS-8 theatrical controller, 135–136 Kennedy, John F., 110, 113 LSI. See Integrated Circuits Kholsa, Vinod, 282 Lubkin, Samuel, 41 Kidder, Tracy, 246, 305 Lynx, software for the World Wide Kilby, Jack, 179, 182–185 Web, 302 Kildall, Gary, 223, 233, 236–239, 270– Lyons, J. & Company, 10. See also LEO 271 Kim, Scott, 81 Machine language programming, 200 Knuth, Donald, 86, 90, 103 MAD programming language, 96, 98, Kurtz, Thomas E., 203 202 Magnetic core memory, 49–51, 153, Lampson, Butler, 259 177, 288 Lancaster, Don, 226–231 invention, 51 Lanier, word processing company, at IBM, 51, 53–54, 153 255–256 Magnetic , 38–40, 69 Laning, J. H., 86 Magnetic tape memory, 36, 74, 146, Lanzarotta, Santo, 68 231 Lautenberg, Frank, 168 , definition, 63, Lawrence Livermore [California] 75, 125 National Laboratory, 31, 128, 161 Manchester University computers, 61, Lear-Siegler ADM 33 ‘‘dumb 148, 245. See also Ferranti Atlas terminal,’’ 251, 284 computer Leary, Timothy, 309, 311 Mansfield, Mike, 258 Leasco, 159 Marchant calculators, 212 LEO (Lyons Electronic Office) Mark-8 computer, 226–227 computer, 10 Massachusetts Blue Cross, computing, LGP-30. See Librascope/General 112–113 Precision MATH-MATIC. See Compilers Liberator (Honeywell program for Mauchly, John, 13, 18, 24–27, 85. See H-200), 151 also Eckert-Mauchly Computer Librascope/General Precision, 42 Corporation LGP-30, 42, 101, 132 MAXC (Multiple Access Xerox Licklider, J. C. R., 259, 306 Computer), 210, 291 LINC, 130, 132, 212 Mazor, Stan, 220–221 Linear Programming, 31 McCarthy, John, 154 Linked lists, 90 McDonnell-Douglas, 211 Linotype machine, 109 McEwen, Dorothy, 239 440 Index

McFarland, Harold, 198 MIPS, Project, 289–290 Mechanization of the World Picture, The, MIT (Massachusetts Institute of 308 Technology), 38, 129, 133, 140–141, Medicare, 113, 169 158, 259. See also LINC; TX-0; TX-2; MEDLIN, 250 Whirlwind Instrumentation Memorex, 164 Laboratory, 188 Memory, computer. See RAM; Lincoln Laboratory, 53, 127 Magnetic core memory; Magnetic Project MAC, 155, 158, 203–204, 208 drum memory; Semiconductor Radiation Laboratory, 141 memory Tech Model Railroad Club, 129, Mentor Graphics, 281 208 Mercury, Project, 123 MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Mercury Monitor, operating system, Telemetry Systems), 227–231, 245 123 Modes, addressing, 199. See also Metcalfe, Robert, 259, 291–292 Architecture, computer MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Moers, Calvin, 104–105 Recognition), 55 Molecular Electronics, 181 , 222 Moore, Gordon, 217 Micro-Module, 183 Moore School of Electrical Microprocessor, 217. See also specific Engineering. See Pennsylvania, devices under Intel; MOS University of Technologies, Moore’s Law, 217, 297 Microprogramming, 80, 148–149. See Morris Mini-Minor, 135 also Architecture, computer MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor), for IBM System/370, 232 217, 253 Microsoft Corporation, 105 MOS Technologies, 264 and Apple, 265 Mosaic, software, 300–304 founding, 235–237 Motorola and IBM, 279 68000 microprocessor, 275, 281 Microsoft BASIC, 233–236 Power PC microprocessor, 290 SoftCard, 265 Mouse, computer, 260–261, 303 Windows graphical interface, 276, MS-DOS, operating system, 269–271, 285, 294 285, 293 Military, U.S., 7, 188. See also Defense MSI. See Integrated circuits Department operating system, 156–157, Mill, Digital Equipment Corporation 267, 283, 285 headquarters. See Assabet Mills Multiprogramming, 100 Millennium bug. See Year-2000 bug Murto, Bill, 277 Mims, Forrest, 227 Mythical Man-Month, The, 101, 169 Minicomputer, development, 124–136, 191–193. See also Architecture, NACA. See National Advisory computer definition, 124, 134 Committee for Aeronautics Minnesota, University of, 299 NAS. See National Advanced Systems Minuteman ballistic missile, 181–182, NASA (National Aeronautics and 187–188, 221 Space Administration). See also Hi-Rel (high reliability) standard, National Advisory Committee for 181–182 Aeronautics Index 441

Ames Research Center, 113–114, 116– Nixie tubes, 213 118 Nixon, Richard M., 121 computing at, 122, 154, 159 NLS (On Line System), 301 Goddard Space Flight Center, 123, Noble, David L., 232 168 Norris, William, 36, 172 Manned space program, 123, 124 North American Aviation, 2, 6, 187 Marshall Space Flight Center, Northrop Aircraft, 19–20, 26 Huntsville, Alabama, 166–167 Norton, John, 235 Mission Control, 123–124 Novell, 278, 294 National Academy of Engineering, 79 Noyce, Robert, 179, 184–188, 198, 220, National Advanced Systems (NAS), 258 165 Nutt, Roy, 168 National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), 38 O’Brien, J. A., 140 National Bureau of Standards, 13, Odhner calculators, 212 25–26, 69, 180 OEM (original equipment National Library of Medicine, 250 manufacturer), 135–136, 206 National Physical Laboratory, 43 Office automation, emergence, 255– National Research Council, 26 256 National Science Foundation, 258, Olivetti, 172 295 Programma 101 calculator, 212–213 National Security Agency, 51, 65, 161 Olsen, Kenneth H., 127, 135, 140, 195, National Semiconductor Corporation, 255 165 and UNIX, 247 NATO, 105 Olsen, Stan, 129 Navy, U.S., 140 OLTP (on line transaction Naval Research Laboratory, 122 processing), 251 Naval Postgraduate School, 223, 239 Operating systems, 74, 96–101. See also NBI, word processing company, 255 CP/M; Microsoft Windows; NCR (National Cash Register MS-DOS; Multics Load-and-go, 96, Corporation), 66–67, 171 98, 202 accounting machines, 119 ORDVAC, 18 acquired by AT&T, 171–172 Organization Man, The, 141 acquisition of CRC, 40–41 OS/MVS operating system, 206 NCSA (National Center for Osborn, Roddy F., 32 Supercomputing Applications), 303 NEC (Nippon Electric Company), 172 Packard-Bell, 166 Nelson, Theodor, 216, 301 PageMaker, 276 Netscape Communications Pake, George, 258 Corporation, 303 Palevsky, Max, 165, 210, 249–250 Networks. See ARPANET; Computer Palmer, Robert B., 139 networking; Ethernet; IBM Systems Parallel processing. See Architecture, Network Architecture computer Newell, Allen, 102 PARC. See Xerox Corporation, Xerox- New York Stock Exchange, 126 Parc NIH (National Institutes of Health), Parker, John E., 37 212 Pascal programming language, 106 442 Index

Paterson, Tim, 270 computing with, 16–17, 47, 77, 109 Patterson, David, 288–290 as input medium, 111, 119, 123 PC-DOS. See MS-DOS Pennsylvania, University of, 22, 25 QST magazine, 224–225 Moore School of Electrical Quotron II, 126 Engineering, 23, 25, 45 Pentagon (building), 170 Radiation Lab. See MIT, Radiation Lab Peripherals, for computers, 153 Radio Row, in lower Manhattan, 224 Perlis, Alan, 24, 102 Radio Shack, 263–264 Perot, H. Ross, 169 TRS 80, Model 1 personal computer, Personal computers, 293. See Apple; 263–264 Altair; IBM Personal Computer TRS-80, Model 100 laptop, 279 Pertec Corporation, 236 Radio-Electronics magazine, 224–226 Philco Corporation, 65, 111, 188 Railway Express Agency, 228 S-1000, S-2000 computers, 66, 130 RAM (random access memory), 49 Phoenix Technologies, 277 dynamic (DRAM), 198 PL/I programming language, 101, RAMAC. See IBM Model 350 Disk 106–108, 223, 233 Storage unit PL/M programming language, 223, Ramo-Woldridge. See TRW 238 RAND Corporation, 45, 88, 169 Plan preparation machine, 83–84 Random access memory. See RAM Planar process, 185–186 Raskin, Jef, 273 PLATO, 173–174 RAYDAC computer, 54 Plug-compatible manufacturers, 164– RCA Corporation, 44–45, 54, 163, 187, 165 191 Poduska, Bill, 281 501 computer, 92, 162–163 magazine, 225–228, BIZMAC Computer, 56–57 233 Spectra 70 series, 163 Poseidon missile, 188 Reagan, Ronald, 55, 170, 289 POTS (‘‘plain old time sharing’’), 251 Register, in computer processor, 59– Power PC microprocessor. See 60. See also Architecture, computer Motorola Remington Rand, 13, 54, 45. See also Pratt & Whitney, 24 UNIVAC (Company) Prime, computer company, 281 Eckert-Mauchly Computer Division, Printed circuit, 193, 195 27 Processor Technology, 231 Resource One, 211 Programma 101. See Olivetti RISC (reduced instruction set Programming languages, computer. computer), 287–290 See also individual languages, e.g., Ritchie, Dennis, 106, 157, 283 BASIC, Cþþ, etc. Roberts, H. Edward, 226–230, 235–236 definition, 87, 94–95 Rochester, Nat, 34 and software, 9 Rockford Research Institute, 104 Programming, origin of term, 20–21 Rockwell International, 221 Proximity Fuze, 180 Rolling Stone magazine, 207, 210–211, PSRC (Pluggable sequence relay 258 calculator), 18 ROM (read only memory), 220, 240 Punched cards Rosin, Bob, 96, 98 96-column, 158 Route 128, technology region in Index 443

Massachusetts, 140 Social Security Act, 113 RPG programming language, 95 Sociology of Work, The,33 RSTS-11 operating system, for PDP-11, Software, definition of term, 9, 80–81 204–205, 236 Software engineering, 105, 170 RT-11 operating system, for PDP-11, Solid Logic Technology. See IBM, 238–240 System/360 Rutishauser, Heinz, 84 SOLO computer, 66–67 Sorting, 88–90, 152 SABRE (semiautomatic business SOS (SHARE operating system), 100 research environment), 250 Soul of a New Machine, The, 246, 305. SAGE (semiautomatic ground See also Data General environment), 51, 53, 67, 95, 127, Spacewar, computer game, 207–208, 140, 154, 250, 260 210 San Diego, University of California at, SPARC architecture, 290 268 Speiser, Ambros P., 83 Sandia National Laboratories, 181 Sperry Rand, 57. See also Remington Scantlin Electronics, Inc., 126 Rand; UNIVAC (company) Scelbi-8H computer, 225 Spielberg, Arnold, 56 Scientific American magazine, 225 SPOOL (simultaneous peripheral Scientific Data Systems (SDS), 165, operations on line), 124 167, 191, 248. See also Palevsky, Max SPREAD Committee, 146–148 SDS 910, 920 computers, 166 Spreadsheets, software, 267 SDS 940 computer (later XDS 940), Stack, architecture, 62, 218 166, 210, 221, 246 Standard modular system, packaging, SDS Model 92 computer, 166 179 SCOOP (scientific computation of , 140, 207, 216 optimum problems), 31 Stanford Artificial Intelligence SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Laboratory, 207 Computer), 31 Stanford Research Institute, 259 Seattle Computer Products, 270 Stanford University networked Selectron memory tube, 44–45 workstations, 282 Semiconductor memory, 195–198, 288 Stibitz, George R., 70 SHARE, 88, 100 Storage Technology, 164 Sharp, calculators, 213 Stored program principle, 20–22. See Shima, Masatoshi, 220 also Architecture, computer; von Shugart, Alan, 232 Neumann, John Siegel, Joseph, 253 Structured programming, 103–104 Silicon, circuits made of, 183 Subroutines, 84–85, 218 , Inc., 172, 285, 290, , 172 303 founding, 281–282 , technology region in strategy, 286, 290, 297 California, 140, 166, 258 , 172. See also Control Simon, Herbert, 102 Data Corporation; Cray, Seymour; Simpson, Tom, 124 Illiac-IV Singer, maker of point-of-sale Sutherland, Ivan, 285 terminals, 249 System Development Corporation SNOBOL programming language, 95 (SDC), 169 Social construction of technology, 4–5 Systems network architecture. See IBM 444 Index

Tandy Radio Shack. See Radio Shack UCLA, 259 Taub, Henry, 168 U.K., computer developments in, 10 Tax Administration System (TAS), Underwood Corporation, 41 121–122. See also Internal Revenue , 171. See also Burroughs; Service Remington Rand; UNIVAC Taylor, Robert, 259 United Shoe Machinery, 53 TCP/IP (transmission control UNIVAC (company), 126, 163, 171. See protocol/internet protocol), also Remington Rand; Sperry Rand; 295–296 Unisys Tech Model Railroad Club. See MIT NTDS computer, 126 Technological systems, 4 Solid State 80 computer, 66 Teletype Corporation, 227, 251 UNIVAC [I] computer, 13, 15–16, 45, Model ASR 33, 124, 133–134, 152 48, 89, 217 Model 37, 251 customers, 26–28 Telex, 164 description, 20, 27–29 Telnet, 298 and drum machines, 41–42 Instruments, 179, 182, 187–188, logical structure, 25 213, 215, 217 memory capacity, 23 TEXT-90, program for IBM 7090, 255 printers, 31 Thacker, Chuck, 259 in use, 30–34 Thinking Machines, Inc., 300 UNIVAC 1103 computer, 65 Thompson, Ken, 106, 157, 283 UNIVAC 1108 series, 165, 167 Thompson-Ramo-Woldridge. See UNIVAC File computer, 57 TRW UNIVAC II computer, 92 Thoreau, Henry David, 312 Universal Turing Machine, 149 Time sharing, definition, 154–155 University of California at Berkeley. See TIP (terminal interface processor), Berkeley 297 UNIX, 79, 106, 156, 171, 206 Titus, Jonathan, 225 Berkeley version (BSD), 283–284, 295 Token ring. See IBM creation, 282–283 TOPS-10 operating system, 208 and DEC PDP-11, 283 Top View, graphical interface, 276 and DEC PDP-7, 283 TRAC language, 104 difficulty for novice, 260 Transistors, in computers, 65, 130 and Digital Equipment Corporation, Travis, Irwin, 26 247, 283–284 Trilogy, 165 and MS-DOS, 271 Truoung, Thi T., 222 URL (uniform resource locator), 302 TRW, 82, 170, 235 Usenet, 298–299 TSO (), 251 User groups, 88, 215–216, 230, 264 TTL (transistor-transistor logic), 192– U.S.S.R., computer developments in, 193, 217, 225–226 11 Turing, A. M., 42–43, 149 Utah, University of, 259, 285 TV-typewriter, 226, 231 Utopia, brought on through TX-0 computer, 56, 127, 243 computers, 33, 237, 309–311 TX-2 computer, 262 , 250 Vanguard, Project, 122 , 166, 211, 259 Veterans Administration, 137 Index 445

VHSIC (very high speed integrated Whirlwind, Project, 14, 140 circuit), 172 Whirlwind computer, 59, 86 Viatron, 252–254 Whole Earth Catalog, 207 model 21, 253–254 WYSIWYG computer interface, 262 Viet Nam War, 159, 258 Whyte, William, 141 Viola, software for Web, 303 Wiedenhammer, James, 36 Virtual memory, 245–246. See also DEC Wilkes, Maurice, 23, 148–149 VAX; Ferranti Atlas; IBM System/ Williams memory tubes, 34–35, 44–45 370 Williams, F. C., 34–35 Virus, computer, 284 WIMP interface, 261 VisiCalc, 267–268, 276 Winchester disk storage, 200 VisiOn, graphical interface, 276 Windows, graphical interface. See Visual Basic, 79. See also BASIC Microsoft VLSI. See Integrated circuits Wire-wrap, 72–73, 132, 179 VMS operating system, 246 Wooden Wheel, 43. See also IBM 650 von Braun, Wernher, 167 Worcester Telegram and Gazette, von Neumann architecture, 6, 23–24, computerized typesetting, 109 42, 178, 216. See also Architecture, Word length, computer, 58, 125, 151. computer See also Architecture, computer von Neumann, John, 21, 34, 44, 57, 59, minicomputer, 194 89 PDP-10, 208 Word processing, for personal WAIS (Wide Area Information computers, 268 Service), 299–300 World Wide Web, 300–303 , 212, 254–257, 263 Wozniak, Steven, 264 LOCI calculator, 212 Model 1200 , 255 X-Windows, 294 Model 2200 computing calculator, Xanadu, hypertext software, 301–302 255 Xerox Corporation, 167 WPS word processing system, 256– Alto, 261–262 257 8010 Star Information System, 262– Wang word processing, and personal 263 computers, 293 XDS 940 computer, 222. See also SDS Wang, An, 51, 212, 255 940 Waterloo University, computer science XDS division, 167 dept., 202–203 Xerox-PARC (Palo Alto Research WATFOR, WATFIV, WATBOL, 203 Center), 257–261, 273–275, 291– Watson, Thomas, Jr., 44, 70, 288, 290 292, 297 Watson, Thomas, Sr., 67 Wave-soldering, for assembling circuit Yale University, 299 boards, 193 Yates, William, 227 Wayne State University, 43 Year-2000 bug, 93, 151 West Coast computer design, 40 Western Electric, 65 Z4 Computer, 83 Westinghouse, 181, 187 Zierler, N., 86 Wheeler Jump, 84 Zilog, 220 Wheeler, D. J., 84 Zuse, Konrad, 11, 64, 83–84