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Jasmina Gržinić SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHLY TOURISTIC REGION OF ISTRIA Associate professor PhD Jasmina GRZINIC University Jurja Dobrile, Croatia Abstract: As the scale of tourism grows, the resource use threatens to become unsustainable. Withought environmental responsibility the levels of cheaper mass tourism will increase, forcing more “nature-based” tourism to move on to new destinations. This scenario is opposite to the “Croatian Tourism Development by 2010” strategy. With a favourable geographic position, almost at the heart of Europe, Istria has always represented a bridge connecting the Middle European continental area with the Mediterranean. This area is the most visited Croatian tourist region with 27% of all visitors and 35% of time spent in all of Croatia. The Croatian National Bank’s preliminary figures for 2007 show that international tourism generated 18.4% of Croatian GDP. For these reasons the Istrian tourism industry can not ignore environmental issues in its management and requires the informed participation of all relevant stakeholders (according to the Agenda 21 for tourism industry). Properly planned tourism development, combined with environmental protection, produces the concept of sustainable tourism. Environmentally sustainable form of tourism represents a step forward from "sea and sun" mass tourism developed at the coastal part of Istria. There are a myriad of definitions for Sustainable Tourism, including eco-tourism, green travel, environmentally and culturally responsible tourism, fair trade and ethical travel. Mentioned selective tourism forms are adopted as the concept of the present and future Istrian destination development. Key words: sustainability, Istria, tourism development Introduction consumers (visitors), the industry, the The wide range of potential environment and local communities. information must be reduced to a set of Figure 1. presents positive and negative useable and meaningful measures effects in linkages between tourism and important to the decision maker in sustainable development. tourism industry. In Croatian/Istrian case of the The main feature of the environmental sustainability, it is Croatian/Istrian tourism development is necessary to develop the network of environmentally sustainable form in the cooperation and interdependencies. rural, central part of Istria (Šergo, Z. Substantial efforts are made by the Bošković, D. & Tomčić, Z., 1998). There institute and the university in Istria as an are a number of articles and studies for initial step forward to the hotels in the rural sustainable development of Istria County. but with no research results concerned Responsible tourism is an of hotel tourism development (according approach to tourism that delivers to the sustainable tourism indicators benefits to tourists, host populations and tourism trends). and government. Obviously, tourism Tourism is an activity which takes other forms of development but involves a special relationship between still has a long way to go before it can claim to be sustainable (Conrady, R. and D) Identification and evaluation of Buck, M. 2007). problems; According to Manning E.W. E) Analysis of key factors; building block for sustainable tourism F) Basic information and data. means: But still, there are a number of A) Long term sustainability by the possible barriers to the sustainable tourism sector and the resource base tourism along with the types of on which it depends; questions one would ask tourism B) Modification of the decision management – which may only benefit processes affecting the development form indicators as part of monitoring and management of tourism resources; programs. C) Practical and strategical solutions; Figure 1. Linkages between Tourism and Sustainable Development * + indicates positive influence (i.e. improvement), - indicates a negative influence (i.e. deterioration, exacerbation). Source: Markandya, A., Taylor, T. and Pedroso, S. (2005). Tourism and Sustainable Development: Lessons from recent World Bank Experience, in: Lanza, A., Markandya, A., Pigliaru, F. (eds.), The Economic of Tourism and Sustainable Development, FEEM Series on Economics and the Environment, Edward Elgar, p. 226. Frequently tourism managers and operations. There are many instances in administrators are overwhelmed with which members or sectors are trying to data about tourism operations. For this avoid negative effects on the reason, it may be unable to discern environment. So, the indicators should which trends are relevant to the be based on clear information, practical management of sustainable tourism to obtain, current, and for sure, 58 understandable for users. Also, good development concept. Almost 42% of sustainable indicators in tourism sector German tourists insisted on eco-friendly must present changes over time and relations in the hotel of staying, and between destinations. 19% of them preferred catalogues with Specific indicators of sustainability eco standards. Furthermore, according prescribed by WTO in the form of to Pearce (1993), it is important to note specific measures for every destination that since economic valuation of benefit and stakeholders in Croatian tourism is based on the concept of willingness are still not recognized. Besides to pay, the shaded area measures introducing those specific indicators, people’s ‘preferences’ for changes in Istrian/Croatian touristic companies the state of their environment. should developed the integral system of The Mediterranean is the world’s environmental accounting based on number one tourist destination. relevant, feasible, credible, clear and Traditionally, in the market comparable information to serve in segmentation of the Mediterranean function of sustainable development. region, leader position belongs to Spain (40,8%), then Italy, (30%) Greece Sustainable Development in (11,8%) and Croatia (3,8%). In the last Croatia 10 years Croatia became popular Tourism is a consumer of natural Mediterranean destination, promoting environments, historic buildings, urban the sustainable development concept. spaces and local culture, which are Croatia has 8.658.876 foreign tourism facing the danger of being abandoned if visits and 47.021.944 tourism nights, the destinations become overcrowded from above mentioned, considering and overdeveloped (Dumont, E., Ruelle, emitive markets, German tourists make C. and Teller, J. 2005.). 18% and Italian 14%. According to the CoastLearn programme EUCC project, sustainable Sustainable Development in tourism is an industry that involves Istrian Region social responsibility, a strong In the Istrian tourism structure, commitment to nature and the hotels are the dominant strategy with integration of local people in any tourist the largest number of units. Large operation or development. In order to hotels in Istria take a part of 11472 achieve continuous and sustainable rooms disposable on the market, while development of tourism, three 6% (676 rooms) belong to small and interrelated aspects should be taken family hotels. into consideration: economic, social, According to the Istrian Tourism and environmental (Perez, 2006). Association, the highest percentage of WTO researches (2005) prove that investments is in the category of large a great number of tourism visitors hotel companies and new projects (almost 87% of German and 65% of UK (23,89%, 37,58%) as it is shown in the tourists) are interested in destinations table 1. and trips that are involved in sustainable Table 1 Structure of Istrian County Tourism Sector ISTRIAN Subjects Number of units Number of beds COUNTY Hotels 84 13449 26118 Aparthotels 1 176 391 Apartments 19 1983 5716 T. Villages 18 7119 14959 Source: Croatian Ministry of Tourism (data -18.08.2008.) 59 There’s a question arising: In what Because of the dynamics and ways touristic companies in Istria growth of the sector, tourism gives contribute to the sustainable major contribution to the Croatian development of the local community, economy and local destinations. considering threats to sustainability in Tourism revenues in Croatia cover the long-term? about 64% of the balance payment deficit. Table 2 Tourism Investments in Istria Subject Investments Share (%) (private and public sector) (in 000 kn) New projects 1.036.000,0 37,58 Large hotels 658.600,0 23,89 Towns and counties 395.200,0 14,33 MSE 355.200,0 12,88 restaurateurs 200.000,0 7,25 Private apartments 50.000,0 1,81 Tourist Association 37.000,0 1,34 Agrotourism and rural tourism 25.000,0 0,91 Total: 2.757.000,0 100,00 Source: Preparation for Tourist Season in Istria, January-August 2007. Istrian County, Department of Tourism, Poreč, February 2008. On the other hand, we have to be provide: the right facilities, the best aware of the fact that, for example, the location, the right time and people at estimated carrying capacity is not fixed. acceptable costs. Istrian tourism region That means that Croatian tourism sector is successfully implementing the Ten does not determine the maximum Year Plan’s tourism development number of tourists in the regional bringing the new image and identity in a destinations (cf. The Example of Carring new and sustainable way. This Capacity Assessment, in Jurinčič, 2005 document looks at the process of – Slovenian case study). developing a tourism strategy that Istria is a small Croatian county embraces sustainability and identifies largely influenced by tourism and there some of the strategic choices that need is a risk of loosing destinations’ values if to be made (Torkildsen, G. 1993). replaced
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