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Permafrost Distribution in Peatlands of West-Central Canada During The Document generated on 10/07/2021 9:29 p.m. Géographie physique et Quaternaire Permafrost Distribution in Peatlands of West-Central Canada During the Holocene Warm Period 6000 Years BP La répartition du pergélisol dans les tourbières du centre-ouest du Canada il y a 6000 ans, au cours de la période chaude de l’Holocène Permafrost-Verteilung in Torfmooren von Zentral-West-Kanada während der warmen Holozän-Periode vor 6000 Jahren Stephen C. Zoltai La paléogéographie et la paléoécologie d’il y a 6000 ans BP au Canada Article abstract Paleogeography and Paleoecology of 6000 yr BP in Canada The extent and distribution of permafrost in peatlands 6000 years ago was Volume 49, Number 1, 1995 investigated in the present discontinuous and continuous permafrost zones of west-central Canada. Permafrost peatlands were cored at 161 locations and the URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/033029ar floristic composition of the peat was determined from macrofossil analysis. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/033029ar The reconstructed paleoenvironments were used to indicate the presence or absence of permafrost at the time of peat formation. Chronological control was provided by radiocarbon dating of substantial changes in the peat sequences See table of contents and by dates of basal peat deposits. Peatland formation began after glacial ice disappeared from the land surface of west-central Canada. Macrofossils indicate that most peatlands were fens without permafrost at 6 ka, except in Publisher(s) the far north. Permafrost was already present in many areas of the Arctic, and peat accumulation occurred under permafrost conditions. In the southern Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal area, permafrost development in peatlands began about 4 ka as the middle Holocene warm period came to a close. Permafrost development in the fens ISSN was associated with the development of a Sphagnum-dominated surface on the 0705-7199 (print) fens, caused by the onset of a cooler and moister climate. The insulation 1492-143X (digital) provided by the surface peat layer and by the associated tree cover initiated permafrost development in small lenses that coalesced into large permafrost bodies according to the prevailing climatic conditions. At the target date, 6 ka, Explore this journal permafrost was present in some peatlands, but the distribution zones shifted 300 to 500 km to the north, relative to the present zonation. It is estimated that this corresponds to a mean annual temperature that was about 5°C warmer Cite this article than at present. Zoltai, S. C. (1995). Permafrost Distribution in Peatlands of West-Central Canada During the Holocene Warm Period 6000 Years BP. Géographie physique et Quaternaire, 49(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.7202/033029ar Tous droits réservés © Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1995 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ Géographie physique et Quaternaire, 1995, vol. 49, n° 1, p. 45-54, 3 fig., 4 tabl. PERMAFROST DISTRIBUTION IN PEATLANDS OF WEST-CENTRAL CANADA DURING THE HOLOCENE WARM PERIOD 6000 YEARS BP Stephen C. ZOLTAI, Canadian Forest Service, 5320 - 122 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 3S5. ABSTRACT The extent and distribution of RÉSUMÉ La répartition du pergélisol dans ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Permafrost- permafrost in peatlands 6000 years ago was les tourbières du centre-ouest du Canada il Verteilung in Torfmooren von Zentral-West- investigated in the present discontinuous y a 6000 ans, au cours de la période chaude Kanada wàhrend der warmen Holozàn- and continuous permafrost zones of west- de l'Holocène. Des carottes ont été Periode vor 6000 Jahren. Die Ausdehnung central Canada. Permafrost peatlands were prélevées dans 161 sites de tourbières und Verteilung von Permafrost in Torfmooren cored at 161 locations and the floristic com­ pergélisolées et la composition floristique vor 6000 Jahren wurden in den heutigen position of the peat was determined from de la tourbe a été déterminée à partir de diskontinuierlichen und kontinuierlichen macrofossil analysis. The reconstructed l'analyse macrofossile. Les paléo­ Permafrost-Zonen von Zentral-West-Kanada paleoenvironments were used to indicate environnements ainsi reconstitués ont servi untersucht. An 161 Plàtzen hat man Kern- the presence or absence of permafrost at à révéler la présence ou l'absence de bohrungen in den Permafrost-Torfmooren the time of peat formation. Chronological pergélisol au moment de la formation de la durchgefùhrt und mittels der makrofossilen control was provided by radiocarbon dating tourbe. La chronologie a été établie par Analyse die Flora-Kompositon des Torfs of substantial changes in the peat se­ radiodatation des changements majeurs bestimmt. Man erhielt eine chronologische quences and by dates of basal peat depos­ survenus dans les séquences de tourbe et Kontrolle mittels Radiokarbondatierung von its. Peatland formation began after glacial par datation des dépôts de la tourbe basale. gewichtigen Verànderungen in den ice disappeared from the land surface of La formation des tourbières a commencé Torfsequenzen und mittels der Daten von west-central Canada. Macrofossils indicate après la disparition des glaciers de la région. Torfablagerungen an der Basis. Die that most peatlands were fens without per­ Les macrofossiles démontrent que la plupart Torfbildung begann, nachdem das glaziale mafrost at 6 ka, except in the far north. des tourbières étaient de nature Eis von der Landoberflâche von Zentral- Permafrost was already present in many minérotrophe et non pergélisolées à 6 ka, West-Kanada verschwunden war. Die areas of the Arctic, and peat accumulation sauf dans le Grand Nord. Le pergélisol était Makrofossile zeigen, daB die meisten occurred under permafrost conditions. In déjà présent dans beaucoup de secteurs Torfmoore um 6 ka Moore ohne Permafrost the southern area, permafrost development de l'Arctique et l'accumulation de la tourbe waren, auBer im hohen Norden. Permafrost in peatlands began about 4 ka as the mid­ s'est faite concurremment avec la forma­ gab es schon in vielen Gebieten der Arktis, dle Holocene warm period came to a close. tion du pergélisol. Dans la partie und die Torfakkumulation geschah unter Permafrost development in the fens was méridionale, le développement du pergélisol Permafrost-Bedingungen. Im sud- lichen associated with the development of a dans les tourbières a commencé vers 4 ka, Teil begann die Permafrost-Entwicklung in Sphagnum-dominated surface on the fens, à la fin de la période chaude de l'Holocène den Torfmooren um etwa 4 ka, als die caused by the onset of a cooler and moister moyen. Le développement du pergélisol mittlere warme Holozàn-Periode dem Ende climate. The insulation provided by the sur­ dans les tourbières minérotrophes était zuging. Die Permafrost-Entwicklung in den face peat layer and by the associated tree associé à la prédominance de Sphagnum Mooren war mit der Entwicklung einer von cover initiated permafrost development in en surface, suscitée par l'avènement d'un Sphagnum dominierten Oberflàche der small lenses that coalesced into large per­ climat plus froid et plus humide. L'isolation Moore verbunden, hervorgerufen durch den mafrost bodies according to the prevailing procurée par la couche de tourbe en sur­ Beginn eines kùhleren und feuchteren climatic conditions. At the target date, 6 ka, face et par la couverture d'arbres qui lui Klimas. Die Isolierung, die durch die permafrost was present in some peatlands, était associée a entraîné le développement Oberflàchenschicht und durch die damit but the distribution zones shifted 300 to de petites lentilles de pergélisol qui ont verbundene Baumbedeckung hervorgerufen 500 km to the north, relative to the present évolué par coalescence en grands ensem­ wurde, erzeugte Permafrost-Entwicklung in zonation. It is estimated that this corre­ bles en accord avec les conditions kleinen Linsen, welche sich zu breiten Per- sponds to a mean annual temperature that climatiques qui prévalaient. À 6 ka, le mafrost-Einheiten vereinigten, entsprechend was about 5°C warmer than at present. pergélisol était présent dans certaines den vorherrschenden klimatischen tourbières, mais la zone de répartition était Bedingungen. Um 6 ka gab es Permafrost de 300 à 500 km plus au nord que in einigen Torfmooren, aber die maintenant. On estime que la température Verteilungszonen waren 300 bis 500 km devait être de 5°C plus chaude nôrdlicher als heute. Man schàtzt, daB dies qu'actuellement. einer durch-schnittlichen Jahrestemperatur entspricht, die um etwa 5°C warmer als heute war. Manuscrit reçu le 4 février 1994; manuscrit révisé accepté le 25 octobre 1994 46 S.C. ZOLTAI INTRODUCTION lowed later. The events leading to permafrost aggradation may have been in direct response to a change in climate, or Paleoecological studies and climatic reconstructions it may have been an indirect response to a cooler and showed that the general warm period that followed the moister climate that led to the development of Sphagnum- disappearance of glacial ice from North America continued dominated peatlands. well into the middle Holocene (COHMAP Members, 1988). This warm, dry period, often referred to as the Hypsithermal Observations in the discontinuous permafrost zone show (altithermal, xerothermic, thermal maximum, Deevey and that permafrost formation is initiated in peatlands mainly as Flint, 1957), began about 10 ka ('000 years before present) particular conditions are created by the vegetation. The in western Canada and peaked from 9 to 6 ka in the Great most common sequence is where small Sphagnum cush­ ions develop on the surface of fens (Zoltai and Tarnocai, Plains (Anderson et al., 1989). In the continental parts of 1975).
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