The Great Depression in canada

n, rnd.rlinJ h,r\ rlirD$rr\ronrd r})o. cinada, irs.!trarand ..n5rqr.trrrs, r trunloninr r! 3 Tlr.r( n risn r.dr po|ri.,lIri E# EE i,rn 1,as added 3 rirr i. ftditionar 3 panf rh:r h3d lareelv trrn..ndcd lud rlaeued !a.:da sn(e beror @ :rd 3nli .o.sc\ri..isr la(Lons R.,'ie.! Unio. colcnn!nr.ould ffi r ir\h J-xtricfs dca(hin 19le, ard r (iJ.l..r drar dr. !oliri.rl lai{i5.ar. naJ qoil! (.hi.g! F.r Ioresix rsr how !snilL.intthis

Ern):r rlrt! rorld L(llr in\ oi rLr r\rer rb i..ompanied the .rd ol rhr,fir. rirc (rominLtrran n bnrlpanies had nr rjnd ro, lLeieb Thtr ryi\ erpe.rllf deh.are Id rhe Liberak Nor onry erla.e an i.o. or pohri.s n.ll aanadnr r bed r. nitdb ihe r!nr ba.l rb rlre F.Flrh and rr.ndr

:nd rhe.ou.rt! rbe r.ibcralr Willian Lyon Mackenzie King OsTa-rero) rv ?n Mekenze (ru scndsor or !pPe, Labo!r lor rhn rol. trnd he, like c:nidi Rebeion sderw rrm Lyon Ma.keDi3 hjr pi.d...$or Lr.uld d.mn c nlr 3d.onomc ii ahnaso aic Batord aic borl hnlirn1 ird.ountrl i(r roora j.basDepulyr!4ninfl olL3bouin reoo Eghrye.6 ddhe edered the Hose ol aDmmofr * ai e eded memb.r.ic w6 appo rted w fied hu e/s M i ner of L.bou( After a rn.' rai.l n rb. t.$\ar !cda P., 4s B.idcir sol(tror "" "do " Gr.cd, or rhe Libe6 Pa yn r9r9ancasa.hbecmeP,meriinerol v.i,h.. l,id brLn nrrrunenhl od udir re26 Arlg the bdPren ai, ,r d$cl0pu'! rl,c wrr iucisures tme olr or ofi.e, he setoed again i r926 :r0.nc )935-.13 n o Do..-6 1"d icepefaei.e wor oi rr,e b:deleds ol Erope ;h s wr av den:ei il

r926 n dom.n. po.ies heroola curous app:oadi. He y€s ford oI apPo is.ommssotr to nldr pDb eff be.Drc bking aiy pe p rous adioi rh! pololed rhe G orrhor yJho rhoushr rhe Depresion md The p.ln'.:L siruri.n m:! h3!. Dlher sues a.h r the Mrrime Rer$ Mdeneor €q! Ed dci. dnd setrLed d.nr inro.qabrisr,. u5 rorc gn po q ..u6e i the yeds eadi.3 !p ro and durlis lhe se.onC tr,o,d war fs ippoeh b rhe se.ond .ona,prioi osn p6 enbledd.a yapt€d by the mzsied! y nrn..:rns Jr!rL au(Lr. rhc .mbsrous so8an "aoE.'ipr oi rne. .\L\ f.Ldnil.l,otr{\ Ior loreL a iemarkable nnge,. ihe popuhrny ol n.n mdnionalpanier rhonas crerar, a rorner Minisrcr oI^g.cuhure tro'n Manl.ba hamc$ed a gtuLrj.g seose ol$e!ef pranierlL..arionrnd Iorrcd rlt NarionalProgr.$ivc Pany wilhorhor dnaffed.d w.rcn nedticrs oI pa irrenr in l9l9 They would lorn the olficialopFosition

dir..nrcnr was dre.hjello(e rhar prop.llrd rlic ncw U.i.cd Farnier ol Onrario itr.. govcrodcnr !r in Arbcira. n re2r, wheD Lhe Unrcd Famre( otAlbcira ro.nicd rhc gov.rnncnr aJrcrrhc Droun.ial clc.rLon. Throushout the 1920s, the Frdgres,ver aere divided. Modemr€

an.rwerenolsoi..|i'Ed3nd n.m.r canadian Porni6. h rlr. , d.on."p,p. v" .,b,,o,t no,.. r,,, h, pr naDcdJ s. tvoods*onhrosc r! rhc lotu oI drc rro!.csives lrcl.hi.r hx rclonnlbar shnrcd rhc Iax budcn ro business and rhe wcallhy, LIr. drv(lopncnt ol lcdrral unon,ploymem inluranc€ and

Resional dn.onrent sp.€rd b rh eLoped in dlee:rll r910s. srgdi'13 ime provi'x.sa.d lariJk rc prorcd wh.n rlr.r Lrb.ral !4 0t hc{ den,a.ds M.or-fu'n.d yorca nrn.d r. rhc co.scrva'ivcs in nre re25 redcral(l(.r or. Mr.kcrzrc (rr3, and his Iibcrik n.vc(hclc$ won rh. (Lcdjon o! rhcnrcnlt, olrh.( suppo( in rl,c rN or rh..o0.rf Alrholsh rlni lridurcd pdln,.ll landr.ap. xas shon-livcd, ncur(rcd,d lalle pirt b' lhe piscernerl lomprofiscs olP no i' b. ,'rl-1., . d:p,r'dd' , , 'r '\ prolin.i3lrlario.5 ideas.lEr

Economic fragility Discussion pojnt anada and rhe rn or dle worrd, can be raced ro rhe economic.hanse\ rharrorrowed tbe a.nisnce.r o 3 ,e l dd lecc"-d , o n r ,.ro ,,l .'J o'or" ^r ..rdlrc ro'dFn..!-to1 \i t,^ world wari. aposnio! ol relaijve economc nrenSth. Ar ndr, )nuch ol rlre world owed money ro the Us This posilion oI nr.n8rh spread Us economic inJluen.e .hro!3hour th. world 1o rn even

I. msnyw:ys Cansda Lv:s nodllLrcnr rhc c.onodn. t,ooni thar w:sgarhen.g pa.ei. rh. Unircd Srarcs rlrodgho!r rlr! carl! 1920\ eventual\ draglcd rh€ carudian e.onomy orr oI ir poswar dump The su.sins dcmand 1or .onslncr goods such as auronobiles and eledronio. i. (r., deared: lor ninerak nr.h as zinc 'lenand a.d coFpe. a denand suppliedbyihe ca.adian niningindujry. nr, .dn , -,plo'. Ie r'-" "1 tnrerens, nany conrolled by us i!ve$or. Pulp and Fperalsobedne a viral new exlron us.debrndtor print ncwi sa s skyrocketing a n d ir be.ame ecoronical lor u s Dar.r .onpanies ro enablsh b.anch planrs aao$ canada to leed rhe appetireolrh.usnew5laperinduiry.ae&een t920and t92e canada had uipled herprodrcrion ol newsprinr

The enblcmari. .onsuner produd ot the rt20s was lne alioDoLile and ns rrodudion sas an imponrant ninltN ro rhe canadjan e.on.my By rhe niddle ol Ihe decrde, .he naj.r us camakc^ nad prans in canada able ro produ.e hatra Dittion aubnobiles a yeri rhe growirt! car .urrure spa*ed de connru.rioD ot sone 57,000 kn .fpavcd roads i. ihe hn nve yea ot rhc 1920s. This, deDne rhe ,acr tnar onl] a quaner ol$e Canadian populadoD war linancialry

Bt r-l"'ve4 0t l -dr ddec3 .Ll' - w4 d.! ,r o\c.i.3 ton a po$var slunp. ?ri.es had re.overed 3nd itr 1923 Gnadia. larneE rook otf a bunrer crop oI record nroponions {.tose ro 600 nilrion bushels). while on rbe surtuce. rhis seened like Sood ners. ir conccalcda rroublinS derelopnenr. canadat aSricuxurrl sedor was nor rhe onl' oDe rhar w3s recovcnn! inlhe mid l9l0s clobal.onp€inion in whear prcduclion kon souih Amernd and Aunralia was a..elerai.sand woildpur.hsen could now n,Nonh Anencan Srain produ.rB. su.h dramar.rlly increas.d supplycoutd nor su*in

A similar nor! rvas beginnins io llat our in oihere.ononic seao6. Pulp, papcr and nininS production rvft. beginninS ro oudri], denardbv t923 Teniary indun er n,.h as citroadsrlso besan ro fcel rhe effed otde.lininsradc volune. As econoxu! adivny rlowedand world prices droppcd,lne shon boon or me re20s scemed ro be .onins ro an end why did theboon end in

rnseased rarills a.ros rhe wortd meant a decliro in rade Sulp\ oi.onnodiric and m:n.la.n&d Froduds crceeded denand leading ro a dedin€ i. wodd pri.es lor comoddes over dependence on napn prodDds overdeFendencc on rhe economy ot the unircd staies Heart deblburden caded by goveinmcnr and individuak.

Th€ crash of t929 ponanr elene.r in rh€ discu$ion olthe.iusesoldrecrcarD€pra$ion.Thee.ononicd€vet.pnr.nrs rhar would brirg abour rhe Depre$ion were we undeMay Dcro( l92e rhe( were itucrural poblcms rnthe scoromi' boom rhr it inh.rcnrly un$able, borh in crnada and the unjr'd madc 'n srates Th€problen was conFounded bY rhe wo ds Flidc on rh.heahhoflhe us e.onomv us cariraLpern€a(cd neanl:r rorcnlo sro.r Er.hai3e oi h? econohv canada vulnerable to as..c$ oI thc canrdirn 'nakinS in;abihvm rhc us rhs sbwins in{abi vwas dratraticall} the New Yort sbd a.hiruel ac.el.rardbv rhe {ock rarker cradr olo.robei I929. A\hough (ale fie Toronb srock Ex.bangc did noL sufier a ctrlaniq lh' 'I lhar whichhefcll rs New York .ounrcroai, rhc van anounr ot us .aDital invened i. rhe crnrdian econo'nv n€ant.har ihe crrc't or rhe NewYorkcfsh w.re soon lelt nonh ol the 4eih parallcl lun r! iey weR iroDnd the w.nd

The economic impact of the Depression rhe Deo*$ion oltherelos was not the IiIn e..nomic slunp ro hn canada.h rs7r,tbei obalrdrodi.{rsnartonhadhunCanadi Junpnorioand immediately alkr Ilt Fjrn world wa. cdDda eirenen.ed shorr, sharp e.omnicdow.ruh whnr wourd n1 rhe Grear Dep.e$,o. apan fton dre orltr Junps was ns seventl, scope and lensih. Thc rad that it wa5 couplcd with dne or rhe non scvere d-ughts in ct.adian hnlorv .nlv sncd b spFad thc miseryand nakere.ovcry mo.e difiicult h the verr b.rween

. wlcr trices lell bY 7t% u.enployrncr reehed 27 /d . 20% ol canadians were on rome rorm ol rcliea The Depression nanil€ncd iLselI nt different wavs a.osr dte coun!rv lnrurtl canada, collapsinspi.cs were ndlna&hedbv oI Ag' kl r"qi'" ' '|'ri'so"d'frf' r. rs'.iL'.1 ","i*u""rm. and nannfa.rurins produas lron .c.rtal canrda w€r€ ncr bv +"lred'JJrp, .l'r_ n i.d'J'"rw" \'ab"'_d ! e.n.onic polioes around rhe*o d Many nisquided 'ounrnes' rike ih.L.iied staksand Cantrda, had al.eadv $ated building ever hisher rarirl walls bctorc re2t This novcnent spread i6und lfieglobe allcrthe to.l!narkd crash.Italn Gena.n a Fran.e all inaeased{an'sin an €l1on to protedtheirdwn indundes, blockingpoienrial ior canadian asiculruFl and 'narker r0J sF ooro/lJ,l'n'l' 'lF eo;omk djend or rhe Dep.e$ion' was.onpounded b! e.olosr.al dna$ei as in rhc United Srares. The devanarins drouslr! that grpped ihe Draines ton r9r0to l9rT lunredihe re lclandinro3Dun Bowl scorsotrarmr were simply sbaMontd, rh. ramjlie5rhar omed riem lcavi.g r. beone pan or the stuwi.3lcgio.s oI 0nemployed in rhe cnie!.Tbose thar did remain la.d rhc same .on'nodity as rll lanren h saskaich.wan, ,hr 'lepresed Drices Ltl roral provinoaln,.onc icllbt .losc ro e0or, and rwo.hird5or!hc popularjor w.. on s..ial wclfsrc Th. pidlre pai.red by rhe Depre .omplex Facrory lvorr€6 were I rheirjobs en then sases na5he r:3eefiL..| .ounu!, br! rh. SrovinS labor p in one dnedion-dorn Burrhe mid'lle.l:$ and drose in the helped the d sk? Wlid @uLd prole$io.s who ranaeed ro nraiDGi. a nable sou(e ot incone duri4 ihe Depre$ron ew dre * lili rE n: ndards inprove on rheback ol i lallms.on oI living. This was, howcver ror rhe.ase lor rhe

The social impact oI the Depression lvhile on lhe surlacc rhc Dcpr.ssion ras af .conomi. .risk, fie Fahy islh.r ir iru.kdcep i o.v(ry aspecr oI lile i. rer0s canada.Thar ir was.ourJled wnh thewo*r doushtin nen.ry meam lhar lhe lanily farn, onen a sour.e oI r€liel duins induiial do*ntnm' suilered alons wnh rh€ ren ol rhe econony.In a .ounrr!rhar-as buihlarsell on the pronise ol land owneship,

3n'l chsisder or we{em G.ada

BrtishDominion:ttheou6etoltheDerte$ion.sufieredsoaorely fron rhe decline or irs fi$eries lhar uenDloynenr reached 50% The niabjlnv ard ensuin! polirical scandak dissolv.d ns legishnre i.d n was lor.edro reven ro nr Ionner colomal narus dunn8

A.cutomed to sell- rrlian.e, lon8. i. m uncdploymcnr iruk ar rvorker' s ense ol s elf-wo flh. Maiiia8er w ere po np oned and bnlh rar€s declined o'.e-prcspcrous praiie rowns .ea$d ro exisr. Migrarion chansed the denosraphi.s olde.oumrl sisnilicantly as peolle noved in sear.h ol enllo hniSrarion nas shar]rl! cutailed and peopie lashed our d new caDadians n empuons of xen.phobra. such divisionsbir mro th. labor novenenr, prdnt Enghn{pe.king wo*e6 atii.n re.ent rmvaL lrod eaneft and nonhemlutupe in the Maritines and

The govenmenfs response The Depresion ser ulron canada durins Mac*enzie King: se.ond tem in otri.e. (ins. not unlike his ou

w4 tE rd otd'. &di5i Fadiamd e..n.ni.slumls had o.oired i. Kinst lirerine, burrhey had proven tenlorary Ki.g thedore amroached the eany $ages ol .he c'mdi. Ald4sh ai rd otbe siirj5h Depre$ion a5 b. approa.hcd poliric in wh.n Se.eiil

Richard Be.rord (r B.) Bernett 03rore47) Bori n Ne0 Btutrw.( sennen moveJ ro G 3.ry afta, gen i3 h6 ,w des,ee I'om D: hosia h ve6 ry fp,on eenion b rhe pro!Dod esisar!€in reoe ?id y€s eeded ro rhe fDUse of conmoi: duns $er9rrfedelae|edon'Altclsengbrclydlije min srer or rusr.e ii r9?r, and ekn morc brerr rh.l rre ans0ered by hand dnil d m n nel ot tji:n.e i 19?6, he trd eeftd rcrunedHh atorenf\€ do rb i rnm hr oii oo*el ,ri e seiErfur h:ve rorbeei.n our, for iire monpan he be evEd r Beinert 6mpd Bned on a pratrom or a$rc$velr atudngrhe 3'0tr'i3 e.ononi..,sis in the Isr0 .oned Gel Despre rh s leden eied on aid rhr rgunenl ctrsd rhe dtrl e$erra .onvdroi ira rsdin rhe mop curious M{reize ( i3. Lrnabe sennetlsNelroea,dthe re35ieie€ ete.on rodo much n rhe ia.e Dr rhe e.oiom. dts octon oon.d rwas iorarous:r 10 lidorir{ mairrcreE *w d tre yeaE.r tailuG dnd his rur1fl n3 cdndciaE the ra€er or the r mis.ry ind aid ie

hn llr.d i s dayr rhe .o!d nor:fiod rhe gas were dubbed "seinen i ui ted nngdom rir* he ,r 3ug3 6" dnd ihe shu.r}1o{6 rhd srew !p ourde

8€nnetfs response to the Depression on.c in offl... B(..rtrru..umbed r. .on!cNioril wndo.l and htr c.lp:jg. DoDr6 He raifh tri 50% andrLL..rr.d 'ncftased S20 nnllitr, t|r..lj{l prcsranx Alli on.c h.pushed pi.es hiehfr d,dsivepeople Dronevroopesrb rbe hi-qh. 'ri,b 'l!.raftl

Tlrc (l'er tlnen" rhr dcr.r({rcd n' rhe ca l r,rix.onsinrdotr pd.liwork of mu.j.irt3l. pr.LnOil, lcdeDl rnd pririic !flon\ sing]e crc dirtded to a,ork .inpr openredb!rhe D.panDlrnr ol NilonalDelen.e !.dlo.rted in rhe Mldemes, f:rrroir irb.. (nks. whilerhe!ro kdn dere a!{\ the!eamed 20 cenr: day rrd rhenickn3me rheRoviLT$,eni! cenrer rhe sl{cDr drrclicL ntrhasitwa' dons(r!d or rederal and pr.vin.jaltunds nikL.! rhotr 1!a! into nnnr.irJrl .olleE fr.m 1vh.r. rhel R.!rd h. (dtrtriLurcd roth 1lere "w.!k r..rcti.f (nemes otDubln *Drk, bu his eve.nrLLl eles.lederal ind rrori..Dl truxh e groljn3 nunbers of pe.rt. nnkthe rax b*eincnies rr.$ rt)c .oun'r d' 3nn2rr! d rlrr inc rime thar rhcn cons !vef h3ll..nri! anjes rikc Mookcarrrcd lomcer rhe needbf rdrns rxes, bur 0.. avrl rhe.irvdid r.rol,.nkrupr.yin re4o rh.Depresi.n ,- l h" - o,'^s o 1l-- borne dnpror.ni.n:r.r), t y lo.al gov€rnorens. en:blnhed a n!nrberol orl]crn,ranuc\ t! ILslf ir

The canadiaf wheat Board A mrrhenn! bdird dejigd!d ro FromliT. rhe mrrkeling ol grrin on rh.,rond narker !.d rro.de i nersure of nrelr.r loi pranc larntn

Th€ Farmer's CreditoE ariangement Aci A l:$ to belp.leb!ndd.nlarnrer

The Pranie Farm Rehabi itaiion Act sohrio.! r, rlre n.vtrndrtrs e.olognsl..ndirions HM sou d unemp oymeni have affeded

poprra. duins Ihe DeP,e$ion? Why? crni.ir\ hdr.dnnt badk .oor.l'mr€ rhe lolcdnrnrt !,0n.ra4 ror.l ' The Canadian Radio B.oad.asling commlssion Benned. "D..thbed A borlt .lcign(d r roner rhe grorvfi.lrhe crnad'rd !roi'].ar jrg Ndr{rv ln rll, d€lpfu hn !c.o.alrnro he re.e,!ed relulirl\ .sk,.g Ioram atrd hi5 trrrr.r.h 10 the e.o.oni..ni! wrs lirg.\ .onsnrenr Nnh hn behel in rhe he.. eDnre svnem a.d rharpeorle nor thr lovetumerl, de ulrinarelv resro.sible Ior rhen orn w.lltJentS. As rhe aa.adian e.ono.rv Linred thc int, Reser.r' e{h orrh*emeru'e. ro \rha, da8rce do r,.nv ir rh..ou.r{ .nd hk olvn Danv hl idvo.arin! a nur.od4irh('siv( dnd aggr$iv. aFproa.b k, rhe.iris Tiknls a.ur lr.ri Ro.\8velr s plrn, this ferrn,r known.5 !fuLa!r :upponed []ese FedLborwa5 re r[]e' rryi3ro appede lhaloriieplb. i rhe ra.e oitha rqrs

King's response to the Depression Sources you can use fo. your research:

yedcLnMrlyollolortsPrcs iunl{r orsnDllcrl.(L.s Irn'gs I b.Gh rv.n a liu!r .jrlt o. rhr Jl!sa. "I{idg or chaos " Rrl ch.ttn;ged and chansed a .no.Iarcala t2r .ou rl,c pd,l(nL ot rlir D(trcson was hs tu l9r5 rliad h. h:d had in r9r0.Iie wasnor, hoaerei willng ro ye ilBcrnc(t N.rv Dealwould work. He had iiu.ked rlrc NcN Dc.l ni rhc clcnion as exftv:ganrly expenrve atr rme llr(.alled Iorp dd.c. No( wanlingbbe the poliri.ian to cut this dk.r ad and nsk n(umn3 th. wrarh ot 1l neasures ro dr suprrnc couir, w Nelv Deal retr&d on prcvi..aljuirdi.tnni aDd ihr.ontradicted lhe Bndsh NonhAned.r A.r. To cotrpodtd rh. dclay.aused hv rlre coun clrallenge. (ing then nru.k hn own .on.n$ion (. ntd! rbe exrcn( (o *hiclr rhe Ad could be alk(dro a..o,tunoddc (lre rype.t n was duing rhh r€riod ol nudy rhat rnort'erol Knlg s.onn rstons rcponcd rlDr whar rhc canadian prtol or Grid. s c.n! rlioi govermcm spudi.3 a.d rax.u reloms had spln th( consctd,v. Panv in r9rt, theunitYoithe LiberalPany lvas rhFrt(ned ty r)'is r.voltrtionary deF:nuE lron a..epred e.onomk theory durins rhrl,udscr dil.ussion.r r9rs \.ompo' r"rneo rlb.rP' u' crnadian e.onomv numbled bward the reco\ ery rhar LIiL se.ond wond war would bnns

Political rerponses to the Depression Jui trr rlrc proround c.on.'ni. d Depre$io! led roi 6dj.alrcjeai EDrope, tr broughr our id.ai ror i

Keynesian economKs lohn ftydd kq'es !d a B ih e.onomist whc nud eC rhe pbblens or the crczr D.p€son money on plb . rvd s rid di{hi3 rh4 pu noier i Ne roned rh? opinon ihd the uh dde $!e i rhe rh. po.lets or po:anral.onqneE du,i3 zs.ds or DepEion rcs d et or de6lldam:nd allho!3h drs . bus ne* ./Ca or booms and rc.es 8oleFnenb +ord bke indier i1h.fcm.r h s No,,y !r rh:r $e Deprcsion h.d sred s. Lora idesed h$roi Booms {dd ior sa 4 h3i blr no' ttur the.e wd not eiol8h PU,.ja! ng powa. left i tadit.ni lou.er oJ demand rD tnsthe..onomy Reser.ir thc e.oicn. h nory 011€.o!rJ* i b:.kro.ose to luil empoymert He lereC thd rhe Nodh'ceital'.nd5o!lAfiercilheJ9cdg;hal bus nes :y.le n 3hr [id eq! employnenr Kelres be eved rhd the on y nsriruron wifi eiotrgh prrhdng pore, ro bd6l denaid.ur or rhese po.sla'e1here aiy pdrei: rorfe.doprioi the tepEson we,e mtono 3or€mmeits and or €red o. orrhe5e po .ie!:o the rcgioil ntinuation ol ihe populisrpolitiG Ihar appeaFdin canada durins d€ 1920s.

The CoopeEtive Commonweallh FedeEtion: The cooperadve connonweallh Federarjor (ccF) was bor. olr oIa neerinSberweenlaborandlama.uvns incalgaryin l9r2 wnhin a year rhere war anoder neeMg in Regina duri4 which rhe ccl adopkd ns !h om as exp€$ed in ihe ReSina Manileno In nany ways whar separal€d the ccl and its madleno ton orher ideas abor no$ to lish de Depresion was ns nnderlyins asDnprion thar rhe s'sien .ould nor o. fiorld nor be fixed, bur rarh€r .€placed. ft r€prsented a rej€dion ol the basi. rereE oI de nee narker synen and as sn.h sa s brande d as danserous socialis or even rhe CCF would run as a socialisr paq in 'lemo.aic rhee$ablhhed Ca na'lia n loh ical synen-i r sough ! relorn n o! revolu rion. Mh or e J. s woodswonh. ?rqre$ive ncnber olpalliamenr, as irs l.ader rnd m.nagcd ro d, 1 f'.! and.dar. .o rh. ro. f.d.,al chn.on Tlr ccl ran candidares suc.e$fllly in provin.ial atrd nuni.ipal .l?,'on a.*, ft' prc..o..atand to..11..!.. mal. !r" n rhar as (rB3 .on( .ballenge ro rhe New Deal rould prove, nan€r ol direcr Eliel, unebploydenr inruran.. and siinar nearurer were |he puniew ol provin.ial lovemnenE and n was in fiese areas ihar t}le ccl md ns poLcies were no$ appea[ng ro de votirs public. saskarchewan nnder the l$deship oJ ronmy DouSras, a fomer saprin mini*. rri5 va the lirsr socialisr govemnent eleded in North beri.a rhe ccF, wrii.h ner8ed vith organized labor ro lom ihe New Denoaaric Pany (NDP) in 196r,8ovemed saskarchewan ror 40 yea6 dunng the 20rh cenrury

A&!/',Fl Ihe ReEina Manifeno w.lhe SocialCredil LeaSle ofAlberta r0 Plank Platform (re35)

rne socd cGdi' !ea3!e orAbena i0 Pair Pladon (1e35)

cuD.ni rhar was sjl.d by rhc so.iar cr.dn &asu. ol Albena in rert *. iuhnary or ir. pr'llom r Finan.. and rhe Drllibu rion olGoddr e Jor an soods and s.njc.s, a.d rhe resularid ot the pnce spread tpnce mark uDl o. aI 3oodr sold or ranslered witbin rhe bo n d. or hovin - t{b-ndl "r- e

nds tsodal trvidendt and Ihe Enablnhmnr

lre lo o!.g s ai e{elpl non te Rq ia Man reio, r rolid:ig dctuneft of the coopeGlre ccmnon,elrh tudeGron (ccFl

lro bc kr qr, worknrsnr !r on(dDn wnh rhc

Enmtsea|ned:Asfu|l|af.hwenthe..F ro,o.:o u nrea q or rorcnb P€$ hrF //eonom G u:!e, oo c/ieed hdrtRas i; Md. reb hm

a Bas.Dvdeidr Fou@ A hrdrrcre.eiier.rher.ien:.1jplFo.e b 5o.a hto orilrid.i m{r'r,y l5orcBl $iu . e.: y dai€d pupcs" Bl Fojrc h loac tldr ig po !c €spoij6 ro be l ftrdo "iaEnc ormpdie. pmide one or rn. tr!n.h:iiesfol:he i€hslol]id!d!:.Mig.] fihdr .E rhe nensrhr ari tr5ins6 rr dre !€lneNts ,,*fed i he€ Mn iu,6i t HdvC.lhe tuo doaheit dfie, ithe'.pprcd.h

2\E while n'ppo(ed or tlrc ccF look.d ro.olle.dvisn ar rhc $lurion ro rhenheo oirheDepre$'o.. orlrcslook.d ro inp iovinS rh( spc. ding power ol rhe i.dividualasrbe nacicbuuer lviuiam Abcrhan was :norher Ra$sr minisrerwho wa. Doved o en!c!pohicby rhc suftenng heaped on rhe neo/e orlhe wen by rlrc Dcpr.$iotr. Aberhan, or -Bible Eill" 4 he was knolvn, lound a sol ion in $e comDlicded doarjneofsocial cr.djr and brou3hl t ro Albcna in 1912, publi.izi'rg n on hislopular radio pr4ran.ln slron, sooal credn so!3hr !o inacarc onsumdspc.dinsby nsui4.(dns wonh $2t a noDrh ro drDcns. Nor wnhmg ro enourage idlenesr dese divid€nds ouldL.suspc cd iJ peoplc Elused available enlloyment whjle Abe an did denou..e drc greed oI the banlhs synem, so.ial credir was desis.ed ro dpcrare wi&iD rhe narker economy.

Ii ts not hard ro nndesland shy social credn nruck a cbod with $e hpdvensh€d lame6 ot Albena. Aberhan seened 1o berronising $2t 3 nonih to all Albertans and 9StAlbena eledion rhe linancial sev€. delayed irs implenemarion. The soaedsdid bnnssonedebr relier !o lamref and a r.Iorncd when he tried ro rc8ular. rhc bankinS indunry an'l bnn8 i. the 525 socia I divid cnds, rhc laws w.c nru.l dom as unconnnurionalin rhar noncrary policy a.d banhing rver rederalpowen Neleirlrclc$. wirb amodilird, piaft.al, and larsely .onscrvariv. plarforn rhc so.ial credi ?any would sovem arb€na

while on rhe pranies lhe impuhe was b loo* b enher new .olledjvisr nodels (he ccI)or ro nodilicarionson traditional Jls rl pn ,5of,, .' d , rbl \c o" l -"". creared' 'dild' by lhe Depresion ,ound eatrresio.'1O in renewed e.logicalspli. i. Quebect Libcral Pany and rhe Srowing potulanrl ol Frcnch carbolics..ial a.rion groupssuch as E.ole social. ?olulanc, Qucbc.l con!€ arive Pany l€der Maurice Duplc$js brorghr rhcs. groups r.selherin a ftw pan) called rh. Unior Narionale, whi.hlomed the Quebe. Sov.rnmcnr alrer rhe l9r6 cledioD s tricr l! provincial an d p olulisl rhcUnion Narional. cnablisheda conseaarve resin€ ihar champ'oncd Qucbc. Iiarcopho.r i.rcrens alaini fie lederal SovernmeDr !n oqawa a.d a ncbulous hdirional Quebeccarhotic ruralerhic Duplc$is rulcd Qucbcc and rhe Unl.r Narionale as a dcmaSoSuc, rakir3 ain ar !.l,rkal olponcn$ and anyoncsusp{red ol sooalN or.ohnudir symparh,€s. Tnn hardiine approach to lctr.winS oplonens wa\ber luirar€dni lhe.oDrov€dal acr Respcdin! comnulisr Propasanda, known as lhe "padlo.k law," lased bI Duplesn! sovemneni in 19r7. This law enpower€d rhe lovernnenr ro shnr down an lovernnenr Io be pronoring "co se ir againn any number or fte Communitl Pady of Canada a in olhdpatu or rb€ wdrld, ccononic.risis Lrcd cxac.lisr Foliti.s and crnada inrhe l9r0s was.o exception Thc comnunist Paq ol Canada, fou.ded in l92l,approa angles.It D., and i. sonedseseleded. nenbeG Io publi. ofrte ir the rrovincial and municDal levels, and in the L940sclc.rc'r Frd Rose to the ledsil parlianenr. The pany was also an inponanr I.r.e r organized labourand was innnmenlal in rhe worke* Un(v Leaguc and theonft otawalrek The centalized control ol ax .ondudis p,tries inposcd by sblindrough the cominiern, howevei feant tbai lbc connunist Pany oI cana'la .ould not rashion a pla.rom lhar rcsponded to the crnadian comext and irr d@lo!€JbydPseidUiio.ii'9D poluladty sullered as a co.scquc 1o drditrft h! idij/iri6 ol iaioi:l deep into is populariry. DuDlcsis used the padlock law liberallr aSainn the comunisr Pany n Qucbec In 1931, iho narional Danv s kom 1920, 51i ii B d,P d'aim.i lnd hcadquaneB was raided and irs lead.i nn Buck, was are$edand Nd dr o.saiididi r a bl or sdid scnrcnced to five ycas in pnson

The dnis or the Depre$io! put si.ains on th. relarionshiF hetwccn tudironal provincial pa flics a n d the le deral 8ov.m'n ent. In o nia do Mit.hell seDbum, the r rcral preni€r.lashed Egularlv wirh Prime Minislei Kn& a rellow Libdal pladom, .nanpioni.S high€r Mses and busin.$ ies! relom 'rn a.tjliliesDlcommui,Pa(g ro combat wltar he d esaibed as rhc privilege of the €lie, Hepblrn had liftle dme lor unionisn and Sovcrned ihe provin.e from a rairlv rFdni.ml cnre'nght peupectik. Thil pestedive was well %rdinlo7^.e' le '\eb_.rP' "H.pbum's'll' Husr6, " to smash'.r'Jdn,nyo a la4o trik. ar rhe oshawa Genoal Moron plam when Pdne MinisrdKj.s rcluscd to us€ the Royrl canadian Mounred Police iRCMP) io br.ak lhe nrike

The prinoples ol supDly and dem:nd in the labor narker seffDr v didare that unionism is a! ns weaken duri.3 periods or receaion and r le$ bore rhis our in Canada.lhere sere, howevea some nponaDr innoYations devcloped bv worLins leoPle ro .ope wilh rhchaddrip canada's mdnional b bor oryanizaiion s, gJoups likc rlrc ft:des and hbou consres (TLc), retonded ro the Depre$io.bt reren.hins and tunins rbeiratention to whar remained or rhcncmployed nenbeish,p. h lac!. union nenbeNhip in camdaonly dc.ljncdbv 15% durins lb.leros Mu.hofrhe nilitant indunial a.r ion drai cruptedduing this penod was Suidcd bya new broad_bascd lab.r organizarion ledby.onnitted connuniss rhe workesunjty tiasue (wul) wasinnituted in canada in Le2e ar.he behen dI.he coninrem. 16 s.al was to organize dnpara(e unions into r laryer a$ociarion and to usc.his as a w€apon 1.r larse (ale indunijal sdion Th€ wrJLand its e.erseri. rdd a.rive ors:nizer led a nunber ol fikc and 1940inborhprinaryinduyri.s, such as mining, and se.ondarv ndun r n,ch as nanuladurin3 i.rcnDrional .omnunisn and despite ir5 5u..e$es in .hanpionjng rh. ighc ol workins can.dians, it wa5 denounced md broko np by dosc in g.vemn€nr rnd iival Iab rlkar F !h. e$enial pnnoples ol so.iery

A<Y lndushi.l action in the l910s

commi@e ib, hdlin o4zi.roi

aNber (ftmi.*ide crhD . conl€dsdon ol Labar

Rser.h dre odone of lha nlires naj

The On To Ottawa Trek Irom t9l0lo l9r5 Bennen's Sovemnem cluns siubhornlv to ns .onrenlion rlrat relier was the blsine$ ol Fovin.es, muni.ipalities and privare chadies For theirFn, povinces and mlni.ipaliliespreleredrospe theirlimned (sour.cs on rh. wellsre ollanilr brcadwinnea. Th€ end rrn,lr o, rhis haphazardand palrry reliel svnenh2s rhar as th.Depr€sio. deeFenedrbe lesions ol sinsle uncnploycd nen swell€d io huSe lroponions.ln an cIIofl ro hod ( oI resen.lul3nd desperarcn.o Iook to rhe raik, hopping on rreigbr caE and tavcli'r3 aao$ rhe .ounqv in ser.h ol wbar Lnirrd cDploynenr optonuniries mighr exisr elscwh ntrr miei rerei mny srerv up ou$ide Canadian cniesjui ar rhef did outide Us cnes 8Mmmeft peop e hrd ro rct on pto e daibg l'hile nrlhe Unned Sratesdevwc( callcd Hoovewilles, they were lhe B€nnen Boroulhs in Canada Tnese Srowing enQnpnen6and lhe prosped ol nongs olroode$ men inu.dding.ommnnities led lhe Federal sovedmenr to enabli5h a sy*en oI lclicf" canpsdeer inrhe silds ol canada,Iar fioE Drbancenksand lcspccrabre" .nizens Th€r'ork.anps were administeredby rllrDcpanmen!ol Narional Delen.e rvnh nillary discirline. The dncipli.c, work .ondnionr,lorv w:ges 3.d sensc oII'op!l6snc$ rlEttermeared Ihe .amps mtrdr rhcn , .3ntal environncnr tof rh. gr.rvrh ol rlre conmunnr wur- rc..gniTed th-p.re ial roorg'nte and iadi.:lize lhe unrn,plorcd in rhe innltared rhe cmps ardbcgin ro orsanize and diF.r dn'rerhin! difonrenr in the .anpt for.ing Ihe Rclkl camt wd*ers Umon By rheb.g,..ingof r9:rt, nr. bcgan to Leave the .:mpr n nmsh coluntiia ro des.end upon va..ouvcr rhcy lired nr the nrterr lnd supponed rh.mselves lviln handout. dashirs lviih police resnlid): Fonosing dcirleider Anhur'sl nrenq cenrcr dnnbed aboard r searolde ledcnlgovemnenr inonirvi. As rlr. o. ro otarva ftek p:$ed rhroush rh. rowns :rd ciries olnnlnh cohmlri: and ALbala rli. nnmber ol ftekl(d swelled ro 2,000

The rhreai ol rhousands, PerhaPs nen invadjng ihe .ar,iGl s.rred Bcio.lr inronesotiaring rirh E!.!s r o r" li.l. o ' \ l' dne sh erhc1}ekmovedour'n- olhis'", ho.ic riding .r calg3'r' !e hadalrerdy dc.ided rhat rhe tek lvoul.l t,. nopc.d b.Lf t ro.hed win.ipcg, rhe rce.e ofr ,nd h.rbed oI union n.Lrj.y co.veniend-v, thr Rlj-ilcansdi:n Mounied Poli.e Tni.iig DeDot sas lo.aredb.lwtcr cilsaNand winnipeg in Resim, rbc nc{ no polr.c and nekkec.larhed nr wha. be.ane knowna\ rh.R(3,.i tuor. After a day ol birer fighm!, oler roo tekker werc aRicd