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Canada GREENLAND 80°W

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Module 7

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140°W 110°W 60°W 130°W 70°W Essential Question OCEANDo Canada’s many regional differences strengthen or weaken the country? Baffin 160°W () Bay

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120°W 110°W In this module, you will learn about Canada, our neighbor to the north, Explore ONLINE! including its history, diverse culture, and natural beauty and resources. VIDEOS, including . . . • Technology of the Ice • The Vikings: Voyage to America What You Will Learn Lesson 1: Physical Geography. 225 The Big Idea Canada is a huge country with a northerly location, cold Document-Based Investigations , and rich resources. Lesson 2: History and Culture . 230 Graphic Organizers The Big Idea Canada’s history and culture reflect Native Canadian and European settlement, immigration, and migration to cities. Interactive Games Lesson 3: Canada Today. 237 Channel One News Video: Geo Quiz: The Big Idea Canada’s democratic government oversees the Arctic country’s and economy. Image with Hotspots: An Early Inuit Family Image Carousel: Canada’s Diverse History

Interactive Map: Regions of Canada HMH— Middle School World Geography—2018 MS_SNLESE668737_059M.ai

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Geography Canada’s physical geography ranges from the rocky Atlantic coast, shown here, to vast and mountains in the west.

Culture Ice hockey is Canada’s national sport. Many grow up playing on frozen lakes.

History Since 1867, leaders of Canada’s democratic government have met in the nation’s parliament building in Ottawa.

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Reading Social Studies

Understand Lists READING FOCUS A to-do list can keep you focused on what you need to get done. Keeping lists while you read can keep you focused on understanding the main points of a text. In the example below, a list helps the reader identify and focus on the types of cold climates found in central and .

The farther north you go in Canada, List of cold the colder it gets. The coldest areas of climates Canada are located close to the . Much of central and northern Canada has a . The far subarctic ice cap north has and ice cap climates. tundra About half of Canada lies in these extremely cold climates.

YOU TRY IT! Read the sentences and then list the territories that make up the Canadian North .

Northern Canada is extremely cold because of its location close to the Arctic Circle. The region called the Canadian North includes the Yukon Territory, the , and Nunavut. These three territories cover more than a third of Canada but are home to only about 100,000 people.

As you read this module, look for lists that help you focus on the main points you are studying.

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Lesson 1

Physical Geography

If YOU lived there . . . The Big Idea You live in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in . Your hiking club is trying to decide where to go on a trip this Canada is a huge country with a northerly location, cold climates, summer. Since you live on the plains, some people want and rich resources. to visit the rugged in the west. Others want to travel north to to see polar Main Ideas and other wildlife. Others would rather hike in the east ■■ A huge country, Canada has near the and Niagara Falls. a wide variety of ­physical features, including ­rugged Which place will you choose for ­mountains, plains, and this ’s trip? swamps.

■■ Because of its northerly ­location, Canada is dominated Physical Features by cold climates. Did you know that Canada is the second-largest country in the

■■ Canada is rich in natural world? is the only country in the world that is larger resources like fish, minerals, than Canada. The United States is the third-largest country in fertile , and . the world and shares many physical features with Canada. Key Terms and Places Locate Canada on the map further on in this section, and see if you can find the physical features that the United States and Rocky Mountains Canada share. You may notice that mountains along the Pacific St. Lawrence River Niagara Falls coast and the Rocky Mountains extend north into western Canada from the . Broad plains stretch Grand Banks across the interiors of both countries. In the east, the two pulp countries share a natural border formed by the St. Lawrence newsprint River. An important international waterway, the St. Lawrence links the Great Lakes to the . The United States and Canada also share a spectacular physi- cal feature called Niagara Falls. The falls are located on the Niagara River between the of Ontario and New York

Mist rises over Niagara Falls, where the Niagara River forms a natural boundary between the United States and Canada.

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Explore ONLINE! Canada: Physical Ellesmere Island c i t Greenland e c l 160°W r c (DENMARK) r A i ELEVATION C 150°W Feet Meters

120°W 140°W 13,120 4,000 130°W 6,560 2,000 Beaufort Baffin Sea ms_snlese668737_060m_l.aiBay 1,640 500 656 200 HMH-MS World Geography 2018 Baffin Island (Sea level) 0 0 (Sea level)

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n . z i 60°N z e i Great 0 400 800 Kilometers Mt. Logan e R Color Alts Labrador 19,524 ft M udso t . H n Strai Projection: Lambert Azimuthal (5,951 m) t s Lake First proof: 3/20/17 Sea Equal-Area .

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O Final: 4/12/17 R Slave C A 50°N O S Lake A Newfoundland T C I LABRADOR N N Hudson Island M K T A Y E O D Bay R U M I IO A N O R N Grand T James . A P U S Banks R L I H Bay . N N A Gulf of r I IN E R S e L T S D St. Lawrence s A e HMH - World Geography 2018 a Lake c

r I Vancouver N n F Winnipeg e Island S Laurentian r ms_snlese668737_060m_k.ai River Plateau w N a Canada Physical PACIFIC Lake L E t. Huron S Bay of Legend OCEAN Lake Ottawa Lake Fundy W Superior S Ontario Lake Color Alts UNITED STATES Michigan Niagara ATLANTIC OCEAN Falls First proof: 3/20/17 Lake Erie Final: 4/12/17 Interpret Maps 1. Place What mountain range has the highest elevation? 2. Location How does Canada’s northerly location affect its climate?

State. Created by the waters of the Niagara River, the falls flow between two of the Great Lakes—Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. The falls here plunge an average of 162 feet (49 m) down a huge ledge. That is higher than many 15-story buildings! Canada has a region of rocky uplands, lakes, and swamps called the Canadian Shield. See on the map how this feature curves around Hudson Bay. The Shield covers about half the country. Farther north, Canada stretches all the way up to the Arctic Ocean. The HMH-World Geography, 2018 Reading Check land here is covered with ice year-round. Ellesmere Island is very rugged, ms_snlese668737_060m.ai Summarize with snow-covered mountains and jagged coastlines. Very few people live Canada: Physical What are the major physical features this , but wildlife such as the and the Arctic have Color Alts of Canada? adapted to the harsh environment. First proof: 3/20/17 2nd proof: 4/6/17 Climate Final: 4/12/17 Canada’s location greatly influences the country’s climate. Canada is located far from the equator at much higher latitudes than the United States. This more northerly location gives Canada cool to freezing tem- peratures year-round.

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Banff National Park Some of Canada’s most spectacular scenery is found here in the Rockies at .

The farther north you go in Canada, the colder it gets. The coldest areas of Canada are located close to the Arctic Circle. Much of central and north- ern Canada has a . The far north has tundra and ice cap climates. About half of Canada lies in these extremely cold climates. The central and eastern parts of southern Canada have a much differ- ent climate. It is humid and relatively mild. However, the mildest area of Canada is along the coast of . This location on the Pacific coast brings rainy and mild temperatures. Inland areas of south- ern Canada are colder and drier. Reading Check More than 80 percent of Canadians live in urban areas. Many of these Categorize What are Canada’s cities are located in that border the United States, where the climates? weather is relatively mild. Resources Canada is incredibly rich in natural resources such as fish, minerals, and forests. Canada’s Atlantic and Pacific coastal waters are among the world’s richest fishing areas. Off the Atlantic coast lies a large fishing ground near Newfoundland and Labrador called the Grand Banks. Here, cold waters from the meet the warm waters of the Gulf Stream. These conditions are ideal for the growth of tiny organisms, or plankton, that fish like to eat. As a result, large schools of fish gather at the Grand Banks.

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Agriculture in Ontario

In this satellite image, crop fields in different stages of growth appear scattered throughout the province of Ontario. These rectangular fields of appear red at their The city of Windsor, Ontario, height of growth and white after lies across the Detroit River the crops are harvested. Rich from Detroit, Michigan. and a mild climate in this region, which lies north of Lake Erie, make it one of Canada’s most fertile regions. Crops grown here include wheat, soybeans, corn, and a variety of vegetables. Some of these crops are exported to the United States through the Canadian port of Windsor to Detroit, Michigan, just across the Detroit River. Both cities appear in this image as shades of blue and brown.

Analyze Information What is the economy of based on?

Canada faces challenges protecting some of its water-related resources. For instance, recent overfishing of the Grand Banks region has left many fishers in Canada unemployed. Also, acid has harmed its lakes and rivers, including the . Acid rain is a form of pollution in which rain becomes acidic because of the particles that are released when cars, factories, and power stations burn fuels. In response to this prob- lem, Canada passed a law limiting this kind of pollution and instituted a program to watch for and measure it. The goal of the law is to protect this sensitive area from acid rain. Minerals are also valuable resources in Canada. The Canadian Shield contains many mineral deposits. Canada is a main source of the world’s nickel, zinc, and . Lead, copper, gold, and silver are also important resources. Saskatchewan has large deposits of potash, a mineral used to make fertilizer. Alberta produces most of Canada’s oil and natural gas. Canada’s climate supports vast areas of forests, which stretch across most of the country from Labrador to the Pacific coast. These provide lumber and pulp. Pulp—softened wood fibers—is used to make paper. The

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Reading Check United States, the , and Japan get much of their news- Draw Conclusions print from Canada. Newsprint is cheap paper used mainly for newspapers. How do Canada’s major resources affect Canada’s many exports allow it to trade for items that it cannot produce as its economy? readily due to its climate, such as some kinds of fresh fruit and vegetables. Summary and Preview In this lesson you learned that Canada shares many physical features with the United States. However, Canada’s geog- raphy is also different. Due to its northerly location, Canada has a cold climate. Fish, minerals, fertile soil, and forests are all important natural resources. In the next lesson, you will learn about the history and .

Lesson 1 Assessment Review Ideas, Terms, and Places 3. a. Define What is the Grand Banks? 1. a. Recall What river links the Great Lakes to the b. Interpret How are Canada’s forests a valuable Atlantic Ocean? resource? b. Explain What physical features does Niagara Falls Critical Thinking flow between? c. Geographic Questions Look at the map in this 4. Generalize Using your notes on Canada’s resources, lesson. Pose and answer a question about Canada’s identify the location of each type of resource. physical geography. Resource Location 2. a. Describe How is Canada’s climate related to its northerly location? b. Draw Conclusions Locate Canada on the map in this lesson. Where would you expect to find Canada’s coldest climate? Why?

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Lesson 2

History and Culture

If YOU lived there . . . The Big Idea You own a general store in Calgary, Alberta, in the early 1880s. Your town is a center for and ranching Canada’s history and culture reflect Native Canadian and on the around you. Still, it sometimes feels very European settlement, immigra- isolated. You miss your family in Ontario. Now the news tion, and migration to cities. comes that the will soon reach Calgary. It will connect the town with all of central and Main Ideas . ■■ Beginning in the 1600s, Euro- peans settled the region that How will the railroad change your life? would later become Canada.

■■ Immigration and migration to cities have shaped Canadian History culture. As the ice sheets of the ice ages melted, people moved into all areas of what is now Canada. As they did elsewhere in Key Terms and Places the , these ancient settlers adapted to the physical Quebec environment. provinces British Columbia Native Canadians Native peoples such as the Inuit (ih-nu- Toronto wuht) peoples and others were the first Canadians. Over the , some of these native peoples divided into groups that became known as the . One group living on Canada’s vast interior plains, the Cree, were skilled bison hunt- ers. In the far north, the Inuits adapted to the region’s extreme cold, where farming was impossible. By hunting seals, whales, , and other animals, the Inuits could feed, clothe, and house themselves. Today more than 1 mil- lion Aboriginals and Inuits live in Canada. European Settlement Other people migrated to Canada from . The first Europeans in Canada were the Vikings, or Norse. They settled on Newfoundland Island in about AD 1000 but later aban- doned their settlements. In the late 1400s other Europeans arrived and explored Canada. Soon more explorers and fishers from began crossing the Atlantic. Trade quickly developed between the Europeans and Native Native Canadians Canadians. Europeans valued the furs that Native Canadians Thousands of years ago, ancestors of Native supplied. The Canadians wanted European metal goods like Canadians and the Inuits axes and guns. Through trading, they began to also exchange settled Canada. food, clothing, and methods of travel.

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British settlement The British built forts throughout Canada, like this one in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Academic New France was the first European country to successfully settle Vocabulary parts of what would become Canada. The French established establish to set up in 1608. They called their new territories . At its height, New or create France included much of eastern Canada and the . New France was important for several reasons. It was part of the French Empire, which provided money and goods to French settlers. It also served as a base to spread French culture. France had to compete with Britain, another European colonial power, for control of Canada. To defend their interests against the British, the French built trade and diplomatic relationships with Native Canadians. They exported furs, fish, and other products from New France to other parts of their empire. In addition, the French sent manufactured goods from France to New France. French mis- sionaries also went to New France to convert people to Christianity. All of these efforts protected French interests in New France for 150 years, until the British finally defeated the French. Although it did not last, New France shaped Canada’s cultural New France makeup. The descendants of French Known as the founder of New France, settlers form one of Canada’s major explorer Samuel de Champlain established ethnic groups today. Quebec in 1608.

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Explore ONLINE! Canada’s Major Languages

e ARCTIC l c Concentrations r 170°W i OCEAN C of Speakers c i t 160°W c r English Greenland A (DENMARK) 150°W French 140°W HMH-MS World Geography-2018 130°W Beaufort Baffin Cree ms_snlese668737_064m_l.aiBay Sea Canada: Official Language Inuktitut ALASKA Athapaskan (U.S.) locator 0 350 700 Miles 60°W Color Alts 0 350 700 Kilometers 60°N Projection: Lambert First proof: 03/20/17 Labrador Azimuthal Equal-Area Final: 4/12/17 Sea 90°W 50°N N E Hudson 50°W Bay W S

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UNITED STATES ATLANTICColor OCEAN Alts First proof: 03/20/17 Interpret Maps Final: 4/12/17 1. Location In what region do most Canadians speak French? 2. Movement Why do you think few English speakers live in the Canadian North?

British Conquest In the mid-1700s the rivalry between France and turned to war. The conflict was called the French and Indian War. This was the war that resulted in the British taking control of New France away from the French. A small number of French went back to France. However, the great majority stayed. For most of them, few changes occurred in their daily HMH-MS World Geography-2018 activities. They farmed the same land, prayed in the same churches, and ms_snlese668737_064m.ai continued to speak French. England’s passage of the Quebec Act in 1774 Canada: Major supported the French-speaking colonists by making it legal for Roman Color Alts Catholics in Quebec to hold public office. Most of the French in Quebec First proof: 03/20/17 were Roman Catholic, while English-speaking Canadian settlers tended to Final: 4/12/17 be Protestant. Few English-speaking settlers came to what is now called Quebec. The British divided Quebec into two colonies. was mostly French-speaking, and was mostly English-speaking. The boundary between Upper and Lower Canada forms part of the border between the provinces of Quebec and Ontario today. Provinces are admin- istrative divisions of a country. To the east, the colony of Nova Scotia (noh- vuh skoh-shuh) was also divided. A new colony called New Brunswick was created where many of the British settlers lived.

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Creation of Canada For several decades, these new colonies developed separately from each other. The colonists viewed themselves as different from other parts of the British Empire. Therefore, the British Parliament created the Dominion of Canada in 1867. A dominion is a territory or area of influence. This founding document encouraged the colonists to look at themselves in a slightly different light. For Canadians, the creation of the Dominion was a step toward independence from Britain. Now the colonists needed to make some changes that might better help to unite their sprawling land. The motto of the new Dominion was “from sea to sea.” How would Canadians create a nation from sea to sea? With railroads. When the Dominion was established, Ontario and Quebec were already well served by railroads. British Columbia, on the Pacific coast, was not. To connect British Columbia with the provinces in the east, the Canadians built a transcontinental railroad. Completed in 1885, the Canadian Pacific Railway was Canada’s first transcontinental railroad. After the Canadian Pacific Railway linked the original Canadian prov- inces to British Columbia, Canada acquired vast lands in the north. Much of this land was bought from the Hudson’s Bay Company, a large British fur-trading business. Most of the people living in the north were Native Canadians and people of mixed European and native ancestry. With the Reading Check building of the railroad and the signing of treaties with Native Canadians, Summarize How was Canada linked early Canadian settlers created a way for more people to settle Canada’s from sea to sea? new territories.

Dominion of Canada After 1867 Canadians created their own government and a mounted police force patrolled the border with the United States.

Canadian Pacific Railroad Since 1885 the Canadian Pacific Railway has snaked through the on its way to the Pacific coast.

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Quick Facts

Canadian Ethnic Groups Canadian Ethnic Groups Canada’s ethnic diversity reflects its history, with Canadian Ethnic Groups settlers and immigrants coming to the country from all over the world. Many Canadians see the country’s diversity as one of its strengths. 6% origin 28% French origin 26% Other European Native Canadians Mixed background 2% 15% 23% Other, mostly Asian, African, Arab Analyze Graphs

Which ethnic group makes up the largest percentage Source: Nations Encyclopedia of Canada’s population?

Culture Canada’s people reflect a history of British and French colonial rule. In addition, the country has experienced waves of immigration. The coun- try is home to a great variety of people who belong to different ethnic groups and cultures. Although individual groups still keep their own cultural ways, many Canadians have tried to create a single national identity. Immigration During the late 1800s and early 1900s, many immigrants came to Canada from Europe. Most were from Britain, Russia, and . Some people also came from the United States. While most of these immigrants farmed, others worked in mines, forests, and factories. Other immigrants were lured to Canada in 1897 by the discovery of gold in the Yukon Territory. Many people from the United States migrated north in search of Canada’s gold. Immigrants also came to Canada from Asian countries, especially China, Japan, and . British Columbia became the first Canadian prov- ince to have a large Asian minority. Many Chinese immigrants migrated to Canada to work on the railroads. Chinese immigrants built most of the Canadian Pacific Railway, one of the railroad lines linking eastern Canada to the Pacific coast. All of these immigrants played an important part in an economic boom that Canada experienced in the early 1900s. During these prosperous times, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Ontario produced wheat, pulp, and paper. British Columbia and Ontario supplied the country with minerals and hydroelectricity. As a result, Canadians enjoyed one of the highest standards of living in the world by the 1940s.

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Today, Canada values its immigrants. The government recognizes not only that immigrants historically helped build the country but continue to help build it today. In 2010 the country launched the Canadian Immigrant Integration Program (CIIP) to help immigrants prepare for success in their new country even before they leave their old one. The program connects them directly with resources they need, including employers and colleges, so that they are better prepared to take their place as part of the national fabric. Many immigrant families strongly encourage their children to excel in school. While a good education often helps these second-generation Canadians to succeed, it can have less intended consequences. Immigrant children often learn and adopt the language and culture of their new coun- try faster than their parents. In some families, parents depend on their children as translators in certain situations, but still expect their children to submit completely to their authority. This expectation, often seen in families from countries with strict cultural beliefs surrounding family roles, can lead to tension between the generations. Movement to Cities After World War II, another wave of immigrants from Europe arrived in Canada. Many settled in Canada’s large cities. For example, Toronto has become one of the most culturally diverse cities in the world. The Europeans were joined by other people from , the , , and particularly . Asian businesspeople have brought a great deal of wealth to Canada’s economy.

Toronto

With about 6 million people, Toronto is Canada’s largest city.

Analyze Visuals How is Toronto’s history reflected in this city square?

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Focus on Culture

Vancouver’s Chinatown If you walked around Vancouver, British Columbia, you would quickly realize when you entered the neighborhood of Chinatown. First you would notice that most signs are in Chinese and you would hear some people speaking Chinese. Then you would realize most restaurants serve Chinese food and shops sell colorful silk clothing, herbs, and art imported from China. If you were in the city for the Chinese New Year, you would probably see a parade of people in traditional Chinese dress. Vancouver’s Chinatown is a unique place where Chinese culture is kept alive in Canada today.

Draw Conclusions How is Vancouver’s Chinatown a unique neighborhood?

Many Canadians have recently moved from farms to the country’s cities. Some settlements in rural Canada have even disappeared because so many people left. Many Canadians have moved to cities in Ontario to find jobs. Others moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, for its good job opportuni- ties, mild climate, and location near plentiful resources. Resources such as Reading Check oil, gas, potash, and uranium have provided wealth to many cities in the Analyze How has immigration changed Western Provinces. However, the political and economic center of power Canada? remains in the cities of Ottawa, Toronto, and Montreal. Summary and Preview In this lesson you learned that Canada was greatly influenced by British and French settlement, the building of the railroad to the Pacific coast, immigration, and movement to cities. In the next lesson, you will learn about Canada’s regions and economy today.

Lesson 2 Assessment Review Ideas, Terms, and Places Critical Thinking 1. a. Recall What is a province? 3. Analyze Draw a diagram like the one below. Using b. Evaluate What are some cultural contributions of your notes, write a sentence in each box about how groups in Canada’s past? each topic influenced the next topic. c. Elaborate How do you think the Canadian Pacific Railway changed Canada? Railroad Immigration Cities 2. a. Identify What immigrant group helped build the railroads? b. Draw Conclusions Why did people migrate to Canada? c. Elaborate Why do you think many Canadians moved from farms to the cities?

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Lesson 3

Canada Today

If YOU lived there . . . The Big Idea You and your family live in Toronto, Ontario. Your par- ents, who are architects, have been offered an important Canada’s democratic govern- ment oversees the country’s project in Montreal. If they accept it, you would live there regions and economy. for two years. Montreal is a major city in French-speaking Quebec. You would have to learn a new language. In Main Ideas Montreal, most street signs and advertisements are writ- ■■ Canada has a democratic gov- ten in French. ernment with a prime minister and a parliament. How do you feel about moving to a city with a different language and culture? ■■ Canada has four distinct geo- graphic and cultural regions. ■■ Canada’s economy is largely Canada’s Government based on trade with the United “Peace, order, and good government” is a statement from States. Canada’s constitution that Canadians greatly value. The Key Terms and Places country’s 1867 founding document provided the framework regionalism for Canada’s current government. It has been amended and maritime modified a number of times since then, but the constitution Montreal has maintained its basic structure. It still holds the force of the Ottawa highest law in the land. Vancouver In part for historical reasons, Canada’s government can be characterized as a constitutional monarchy. The monarch in the United Kingdom inherits the right to rule. Laws strictly limit the monarch’s role in government. On the other hand, the royal influence can be seen in the often ceremonial duties of the gov- ernor general as the Queen’s representative and head of state. It’s more accurate, however, to describe the country as a parliamentary democracy. Canadians are proud of their demo- cratic government, which is led by a prime minister. Similar to a president, a prime minister is the head of a country’s government. Canada’s prime minister oversees the country’s parliament, Canada’s governing body. Parliament consists of the House of Commons and the Senate. Canadians elect members of the House of Commons. Using the prime minister’s recommenda- tions, the governor general appoints senators. Legislation is proposed and debated in Parliament and must be approved by both the House and the Senate to become law.

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Canada’s provincial governments are each led by a premier. These pro- vincial governments take responsibility for education, health and social services, highways, the administration of justice, and local government within their province. They are much like our state governments. Reading Check Canada’s central government is similar to our federal government. A Compare federal government, or federation, unites several partially self-governing How is Canada’s areas under one central (federal) umbrella. This idea was built into Cana- government similar to that of the United da’s constitution right from the beginning. The Canadian federal system States? lets people keep their feelings of loyalty to their own province. Canada’s Regions Canada’s physical geography separates the country into different regions. For example, people living on the Pacific coast in British Columbia are isolated from Canadians living in the eastern provinces on the Atlantic coast. Just as geographic distance separates much of Canada, differences in culture also define regions.

Explore ONLINE! Regions of Canada

The Eastern Provinces The Heartland ARCTIC OCEAN The Western Provinces 20°W c Greenland i 160°W t e The Canadian North (DENMARK) c l HMH - MS World Geography-2018 r c r i A C 150°W ms_snlese668737_061m_l.ai 0 500 1,000 Miles 120°W 30°W 140°W Canada: Regions (Locator) Baffin 0 500 1,000 Kilometers 130°W Bay 40°W Projection: Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Color Alts 60°N

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80°W 60°W YUKON NUNAVUT W S 50°N TERRITORY Labrador 40°N NORTHWEST TERRITORIES Sea

90°W NEWFOUNDLANDHMH-MS World Geography-2018 AND LABRADOR Hudson AND LABRADORms_snlese668737_061m_k.ai BRITISH Bay Canada: Regions (Legend) COLUMBIA ALBERTA MANITOBA QUEBEC PRINCE EDWARD ISLANDISLAND Color Alts

ONTARIO First proof: 3/20/17 SASKATCHEWAN NOVA Final: 4/12/17 SCOTIA Lake PACIFIC Huron NEW OCEAN Lake BRUNSWICK Lake Ontario Superior Lake ATLANTIC UNITED STATES Lake Michigan Erie OCEAN

Interpret Maps 1. Location What region is located on the Atlantic coast? 2. Movement Why do you think few people live in the Canadian North?

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HMH— Middle School World Geography—2018 ms_snlese668737_061m.ai Canada: Regions Color Alts First proof 03/20/17 Final: 4/12/17 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-A

Regionalism The cultural differences between English-speaking and French- speaking Canadians have led to problems. English is the main language in most of Canada. In Quebec, however, French is the main language. When Canadians from different regions discuss important issues, they are often influenced by regionalism. Regionalism refers to the strong connection that people feel toward the region in which they live. In some places, this connec- tion is stronger than people’s connection to their country as a whole. To bet- ter understand regionalism in Canada, we will now explore each region of the country. As you read, use the Regions of Canada map to locate each region. The Eastern Provinces The region called the Eastern Provinces lies on the Atlantic coast. The provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island are often called the Maritime Provinces. Maritime means on or near the sea. The province of Newfoundland and Labrador is usu- ally not considered one of the Maritime Provinces. It includes the island of Newfoundland and a large region of the mainland called Labrador. A short growing due to Canada’s climate limits farming in the Eastern Provinces. However, farmers in Prince Edward Island grow pota- toes. Most of the economy in Canada’s Eastern Provinces is related to the forestry and fishing industries. Many people in the Eastern Provinces are descendants of immigrants from the British Isles. In addition, French-speaking families have moved from Que- bec to New Brunswick. Most of the region’s people live in coastal cities. Many cities have industrial and serve as fishing and shipping ports. Along the Atlantic coast lies Halifax, Nova Scotia, the region’s largest city. The Heartland Inland from the Eastern Provinces are Quebec and Ontario, which together are sometimes referred to as the Heartland. More than half of all Canadians live in these two provinces. In fact, the chain of cities that extends from Windsor, Ontario, to the city of Quebec is the country’s most urbanized region. The provincial capital of Quebec is also called Quebec. The city’s older section has narrow streets, stone walls, and French-style architecture. Montreal is Canada’s second-largest city and one of the largest French- speaking cities in the world. About 3.8 million people live in the Montreal metropolitan area. It is the financial and industrial center of the province. Winters in Montreal are very cold. To deal with this harsh environment, Montreal’s people use underground passages and overhead tunnels to move between buildings in the city’s downtown. In Canada many residents of Quebec, called Quebecois (kay-buh-kwah), believe their province should be given a special status. Quebecois argue that this status would recognize the cultural differences between their province and the rest of Canada. Some even want Quebec to become an independent country. Indeed, referendums have been held twice in Quebec on that very issue, in 1980 and 1995. A third one was discussed, though not held, as recently as 2014. This separatist movement at times puts Quebec at odds with Canada’s central government.

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Many English-speaking Canadians think Quebec already has too many privileges. Most Canadians, however, still support a united Canada. Strong feelings of regionalism will continue to be an important issue. With an even larger population than Quebec, the province of Ontario is Canada’s leading manufacturing province. Hamilton, Ontario, is the center of Canada’s steel industry. Canada exports much of its steel to the United States. Ontario’s capital, Toronto, is a major center for industry, finance, educa- tion, and culture. Toronto’s residents come from many different parts of the world, including China, Europe, and India. Canada’s national capital, Ottawa, is also in Ontario. In Ottawa, many people speak both English and French. The city is known for its grand gov- ernment buildings, parks, and several universities. The Western Provinces West of Ontario are the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. On the Pacific coast is the prov- ince of British Columbia. Together, these four provinces make up Canada’s Western Provinces. More people live in Quebec than in all of the prairie provinces combined. The southern of these provinces are part of a rich wheat belt. Farms here produce far more wheat than Canadians need. The extra wheat is exported. Oil and natural gas production is a very important economic activ- ity in Alberta. The beauty of the Canadian Rockies attracts many visitors to national parks in western Alberta and eastern British Columbia. British Columbia is Canada’s westernmost province and home to almost 4 million people. This mountainous province has rich natural resources, including forests, salmon, and valuable minerals. Nearly half of British Columbia’s population lives in and around the coastal city of Vancouver. The city’s location on the Pacific coast helps it to trade with countries in Asia. Daily Life in Nunavut The Canadian North North- Even in June, snow covers ern Canada is extremely cold the small town of Pond because of its location close to Inlet, Nunavut. The Inuits here travel by snowmobile the Arctic Circle. The region and enjoy ice fishing. called the Canadian North includes the Yukon Territory, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut (noo-nuh-voot). These three territories cover more than a third of Canada but are home to only about Academic 100,000 people. Vocabulary distinct separate Nunavut is a new territory created for the native Inuit people who live there. Nunavut means “Our Land” in the Inuit language. Even though Reading Check Nunavut is part of Canada, the people there have their own distinct cul- Draw Conclusions ture and government. About 30,000 people live in Nunavut. How does geography The physical geography of the Canadian North includes forests and tundra. affect the location of economic activities in The frozen waters of the Arctic Ocean separate isolated towns and villages. the Western Provinces? During some parts of the , sunlight is limited to only a few hours.

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Canada’s Economy As you learned in Lesson 1, Canada has many valuable natural resources. Canada’s economy is based on the industries associated with these resources. In addition, Canada’s economy also benefits from trade. Like the United States, Canada has a market-based, though mixed, economy. Some observers have noted that Canada’s government involves itself more with its country’s economy than the U.S. government involves itself with the U.S. economy. Industries Thanks in part to the Canadian Shield, Canada is one of the world’s leading mineral producers. Canadians mine valuable titanium, zinc, iron ore, gold, and coal. Canada’s iron and steel industry uses iron ore to manufacture products like planes, automobiles, and household appliances. However, most Canadians work in the services industry. For example, tour- ism is Canada’s fastest-growing services industry. Canada’s economy also benefits from the millions of dollars visitors spend in the country each year. Trade Canada’s economy depends on trade. Many of Canada’s natural resources that you have learned about are exported to countries around the world. Industries successful in trading grow and hire more workers. Trade also allows foreign companies to invest in Canada, which provides jobs to Canadians. Canada’s leading trading partner is the United States. As the world’s largest trading relationship, Canada and the United States rely heavily on each other. About 50 percent of Canada’s imported goods are from the United States. About 75 percent of Canada’s exports, such as lumber, go to the United States. However, the United States has placed tariffs, or added fees, on Cana- dian timber. American lumber companies accused Canada of selling their lumber at unfairly low prices. Canada argued that the tariffs were unfair according to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The export of cattle to the United States has also been an area of dispute between the two countries. When a Canadian cow was discovered with

Trade with the United States

Major Exports Major Imports

• Petroleum products • Automobiles and parts

• Automobiles and parts • Chemicals

• Lumber • Plastics

Lumber is just one of many items that make up the trade between Canada and the United States.

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Link to Economics

Advertising Canada to Tourists is a huge part of Canada’s economy. According to the country’s national tourism marketing organization, tourism-related businesses supported more than 608,000 jobs in the Canadian economy. In 2010 the organization stopped promoting Canada as a vacation spot in the United States, focusing on China and other markets instead. Canada did see more tourists from these developing markets, but visits from the U.S. declined. The head of Canada’s national tourism marketing organization noted in 2015 that the country saw 3.8 million fewer international visitors since 2002, and 80 percent of those tourists lost were from the U.S. In response, Canada launched a three-year, $30 million advertising campaign, “Connecting America,” to encourage more travelers from the United States to vacation in Canada.

Draw Conclusions Canoeing is just one activity popular Why did tourism from the United States to Canada drop off with tourists in Canada’s Lake Algonquin between 2010 and 2015? National Park.

mad cow disease in 2003, the United States placed an embargo, or ban, on the import of all cattle from Canada. Canadian ranchers now claim that all their cows are free of the disease. As of 2015, more than half of all Cana- dian meat exports go to the United States. Canada does trade with a wide range of other countries for the com- modities they offer. For example, in 2016 Canada began implementing a Reading Check trade agreement with the European Union. Under this agreement, Canada Summarize What goods does increased its import quota for cheese. This agreement allows the EU to Canada export? export more cheese to Canada. Summary In this lesson you learned that Canada has distinct regions that are separated by both geography and culture. The United States and Canada share a common history, a border, and the English language.

Lesson 3 Assessment Review Ideas, Terms, and Places Critical Thinking 1. a. Recall What office heads Canada’s government? 4. Compare and Contrast Use your notes to complete b. Summarize How is Canada’s parliament structured? this chart. List the similarities and differences between 2. a. Define What is regionalism? the Eastern Provinces and Western Provinces. b. Contrast How are Canada’s Western Provinces Similarities Differences different from the Canadian North? 1. 1. c. Evaluate Why do you think the Quebecois want to break away from Canada? 2. 2. 3. a. Describe How are Canada’s natural resources important to the country’s economy? b. Draw Conclusions Why do Canada and the United States rely on each other as trading partners?

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Social Studies Skills

Use Mental Maps and Sketch Maps Define the Skill Learn the Skill We create maps in our heads of all kinds of Does your mental map of the world look like places—our schools, communities, country, and the sketch map here? It is all right if they do not the world. These images, or mental maps, are look exactly alike. Now think about the places in shaped by what we see and experience. your own neighborhood. Use your mental map We use mental maps of places when we draw to draw a sketch map of your neighborhood. sketch maps. A sketch map uses very simple Then use your sketch map to answer the shapes to show the relationship between places following questions and discuss your answers and regions and the relative size of places and with a partner. regions. Notice the sketch map of the world 1. What are the most important features of your shown here. It may not look like any other map map? Describe these features to your partner. in your book, but it does give you an idea of 2. What is the largest building in your neighbor- what the world looks like. hood? Describe the building to your partner. 3. What labels did you use on your map?

NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA Practice the Skill Draw a sketch map of Canada. Make sure Tropic of Cancer to include the cities, regions, and physical AFRICA features you learned about in this module. Then Equator 0° SOUTH Equator 0° AMERICA exchange your map with another student. Ask your partner to make corrections to your map if Tropic of Capricorn he or she does not understand it.

ANTARCTICA

HMH— MS World Geography—2018 ms_snlese668737_062m.ai Color Alts First proof 03/20/17 Final: 4/12/17

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Module 7 Assessment

Review Vocabulary, Terms, and Places Choose the letter of the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question below. 1. A physical feature of rocky uplands, lakes, and swamps in Canada is called the a. Niagara Falls. c. Grand Banks. b. Great Lakes. d. Canadian Shield. 2. Which part of Canada did the French settle? a. Ontario c. Quebec b. New Brunswick d. British Columbia 3. What province was the first to have a large Asian population? a. Manitoba c. Quebec b. British Columbia d. Saskatchewan 4. A strong connection that people feel toward their region is called a. maritime. c. heartland. b. province. d. regionalism.

Comprehension and Critical Thinking Lesson 1 Lesson 3 5. a. Define What is pulp? 7. a. Recall What kind of government does b. Make Inferences What is the coldest Canada have? area in Canada? b. Compare and Contrast How are the c. Evaluate What makes the Grand Banks Eastern Provinces different from the an ideal fishing ground? Western Provinces? Lesson 2 c. Evaluate Why do the Quebecois see 6. a. Identify Who were the first Canadians? themselves as different from other Canadians? b. Draw Conclusions Why did Canadians build a rail line across Canada? c. Predict Do you think Canada’s cities will increase or decrease in population in the future? Explain your answers.

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Module 7 Assessment, continued

Reading Skills Map Activity Understand Lists Use the Reading Skills taught in this module to answer a question about the reading selection below.

Canada is one of the world’s leading mineral producers. Canadians mine valuable titanium, zinc, iron ore, gold, and coal. Canada’s iron and steel industry uses iron ore to manufacture products like planes, automobiles, and household appliances.

N 8. What minerals does Canada produce? W E

S Social Studies Skills 9. Use Mental Maps and Sketch Maps With- out looking at a map of Canada, think 10. Canada On a separate sheet of paper, about what the Eastern Provinces look like. match the letters on the map with their cor- Then create a sketch map of the Eastern rect labels. Provinces. Make sure to include a compass HMH - MS World Geography - 2018 rose and important physical features. Rocky Mountains ms_snlese668737_063m.aiManitoba Nunavut Canada:St. Lawrence physical River (review) Vancouver Color Alts 11. Create a Tourism Ad NowFirst that proof: you 03/20/17 have collected notes on Canada’s2nd proof:geography, 04/6/17 history, and culture, chooseFinal: the 4/12/17 information you think will most appeal to visitors. Write a one-minute radio script using descriptive and persuasive language to convince your audience to visit Canada. Consult the Inter- net and other sources for more informa- tion or examples of tourism ads. Describe Canada in a way that will capture your audience’s imagination. Ask the class to listen carefully as you read your radio ad to them. Then ask the class to evaluate your ad on how persuasive it was or was not. When viewing other ads, make sure to listen and take note of any basic or academic vocabu- lary terms you may hear.

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