Bab Vii Perlunya Memahami Perbedaan Prosedur Epistemologi Teologi Setiap Agama

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Bab Vii Perlunya Memahami Perbedaan Prosedur Epistemologi Teologi Setiap Agama BAB VII PERLUNYA MEMAHAMI PERBEDAAN PROSEDUR EPISTEMOLOGI TEOLOGI SETIAP AGAMA 7.1 Prosedur Epistemologi Hindu 7.1.1 Kritik Terhadap Epistemologi Teologi “Theologi” dalam pengertian umum yang dapat diterima oleh semua kalangan, adalah pengetahuan tentang Tuhan. Namun dalam pengertian yang lain (pengertian yang tersebung), teologi diasumsikan sebagai ilmu pengetahuan tentang Tuhan perspektif Kristen, perspektif gereja atau perspektif Injil. Oleh sebab itu setiap pembicaraan mengenai teologi mau tidak mau harus merujuk pemikiran gereja. Paradigma seperti itu memang diciptakan dan diupayakan serta dipopulerkan oleh gereja. Salah satu contoh; dalam penelitian teologi, pendekatan yang digunakan adalah hermeunitik, suatu pendekatan yang berasal dari pendekatan gereja atau Kristen. Contoh lain lagi, jika berbicara tentang konsep monoteisme, maka pembenarannya hanya dapat diterima jika Tuhan dipandang dalam perspektif “personal God” yang bertempat tinggal di langit atau “di sorga”. Dalam teologi Kristen, pada awalnya Tuhan dipandang tidak memiliki personifikasi, namun setelah Yesus dikemudian hari dianggap Mesias, maka konstruksi teologi monoteisme Kristen lalu berubah menjadi trinitas. Struktur teologi Kristen sesungguhnya sangat labil oleh sebab itu satu-satunya cara ia menggunakan strategi klaim dan apologi. Tentu apapun bentuk struktur teologi Kristen itu merupakan hak dan tanggung jawab dari para teolog Kristen. Namun para teolog juga seharusnya mengakui bahwa terdapat banyak kerancuan dan kekacauan konsep yang terdapat dalam teologi Kristen yang tidak dapat dipahami dengan akal. Hal itu akhirnya hanya dapat diterima sebagai dogma yang dicari-cari padanannya dalam logika bernalar. Walaupun penilaian ini merupakan pendapat yang datangnya dari luar kekristenan, namun penilaian ini juga adalah syah. Memang seharusnya konsep agama dan konsep pemahaman agama harus terus berkembang. Oleh sebab itu ke-Kristenan juga tidak boleh mencela terhadap perkembangan konsep ataupun pemahaman di luar gereja atau Kristen. Kristen kapanpun dan apapun alasannyan tidak akan pernah berhasil menjadi sebagai barometer atau hakim atas kebenaran agama lain. Berbicara tentang “teologi Hindu” mau tidak mau cara berpikir kita akan terseret dan terperangkap oleh alur pemikiran dan tradisi epistemologi gereja atau Kristen. Epistemologi teologi perspektif Kristen atau gereja sesungguhnya tidak tepat apabila diperhadapkan dengan teologi Hindu. Untuk itu berbicara tentang teologi Hindu kita harus tetap meletakkan kata Brahmavidya terlebih P erlunya M emahami P erbedaan P rosedur Epistemologi Teologi Setiap A gama 323 dahulu kemudian meletakan kata teologi Hindu di dalam kurung atau di belakang tanda titik dua. Hal itu penting agar para pembaca tergelitik untuk mengetahui apa bedanya teologi dengan Brahama Widya. Brahmavidya adalah pengetahuan untuk memahami Tuhan dengan berbagai jalan, cara, paham, atau ajaran (agama). Brahma Wiadya tidak memaksakan kebenaran kepada siapa saja. Brahmavidya bagaikan kasih sayang seorang ibu jagat raya (Tuhan) kepada anak-anaknya (agama). Brahmavidya tidak pilih kasih pada salah satu paham atau cara pandang terhadap Tuhan. Konsep dan cara pandang Hinduisme mengakui semua jalan, cara, agama, adalah sama mulianya di hadapan Tuhan sangat jelas tertera dalam úloka Bhagavadgìtà yang berbunyi : ye yatha mam prapadyante tams tataiva bahajami aham, mam vrtma nuvartante manusia partha sarvasah (Bhagavadgìtà IV:11) ‘dari mana saja dan dengan cara apa saja manusia mendekati-Ku (Tuhan), Aku (Tuhan) akan terima’. Pada úloka lainnya juga dikatakan; yo-yo yàm-yàm tanum bhaktàh úraddhàya ‘rcitum icchati, tasya- tasyà’calam úraddhàm tam eva vidadhamy aham (Bhagavadgìtà VII:21) ‘apapun bentuk kepercayaan yang ingin dipeluk oleh penganut agama, dengan bentuk apapun keyakinan yang tak berubah itu, sesungguhnya Aku sendiri yang mengajarinya’. Dalam úloka lainnya juga dikatakan ; Sa tayà úraddhàyà yuktas tasyà’radhanam ìhate, labhate ca tatah kàmàn maya’va vihitàn hi tah (Bhagavadgìtà VII: 22) ‘berpegang teguh pada kepercayaan itu mereka berbakti pada keyakinan itu pula, dan dari padanya memperoleh harapan mereka yang sesungguhnya hanya dikabulkan oleh-Ku’. Selanjutnya dalam úloka lainnya juga diuraikan ye’py anyadevatà bhaktà yajànte úraddhàyà’nvitah, te’pi màm eva kaunteya yajanty avidhi-pùrvakam (Bhagavadgìtà IX. 23) ‘mereka yang memuja para Dewata yang berbakti dengan penuh kepercayaan sesungguhnya juga memuja Aku, walau sebenarnya tidak menurut hukum yang diajarkan (ditetapkan). Selanjutnya Úrì Kåûóa dalam Bhagavadgìtà menyatakan; samo’ham sarvabhùtesu na medevsyo’sti na priyah, ye bhajanti tu mam bhaktyà mayite tesu cà’py aham (Bhagavadgìtà IX:29) ‘Aku (Tuhan) adalah sama bagi semua mahluk, bagi-Ku tidak ada yang terbenci dan terkasih, tetapi mereka yang berbakti pada-Ku dengan dedikasi maka mereka ada pada-Ku dan Aku ada pada mereka’. Dalam úloka lainnya dinyatakan; api cet suduràcàro bhajante màm ananyabhàk, sàdhur eva sa mantavyah samyag vyavasito hi sah (Bhagawadgiata IX : 30) ‘Bahkan seandainya seorang yang terjahat sekalipun yang memuja Aku dengan pengabdian yang terpusat ia harus dipandang ada di jalan yang benar sebab ia telah bertindak menuju ke arah yang benar’. Brahmavidya hanya memberitahukan pengetahuan tentang bagaimana cara umat manusia untuk mengetahui, mendekati, dan memuja Tuhan dengan berbagai cara atau jalan sesuai dengan tahap kematangan spiritual seseorang. 324 Teologi : M emasuki Gerbang Ilmu P engetahuan Ilmiah tentang Tuhan, P aradigma Sanatana D harma Itulah sebabnya ada banyak jalan dan cara yang berbeda satu sama lainnya tidak ada yang dianggap lebih unggul antara satu dengan yang lainnya. Perbedaan cara atau jalan dalam konteks Brahmavidya sangat dihargai. Lain sekali halnya dalam epistemologi teologi Kristen atau gereja, di sana kebenaran dan keselamatan hanya berputar-putar di seputar gereja. Itulah perbedaan antara epistemologi teologi Kristen dengan epistemologi teologi Hindu yang disebut Brahmavidya. Berbicara tentang teologi semestinya jangan terbelenggu, terikat, dan terpaku pada epistemologi teologi Kristen yang gerejawi serta yang terbatas itu. Sebab jika dilihat dari aspek sejarah pendirian disiplin ilmu teologi tersebut jelas sekali bahwa teologi Kristen dibangun untuk kepentingan gereja. Salah satu contoh dapat dibaca pada buku Kamus Istilah Teologi buah karya Dr. R. Soedarmo. Di dalam kamus itu hanya diketemukan istilah-istilah atau kosa kata Alkitab, Kristen dan gereja saja, sedangkan istilah agama lain tidak ada. Jika teologi itu benar-benar sebagai disiplin ilmu pengetahuan yang mempelajari tentang Tuhan, dan hal Tuhan itu dibicarakan dalam semua agama, maka istilah-istilah teologi seharusnya mencakup istilah dalam semua agama. Jika hanya ingin menulis kamus, atau daftar istilah yang bersifat khusus untuk satu agama misalnya Kristen, harus ditulis lengkap “Kamus Teologi Kristen”, bukan hanya Kamus Teologi atau Kamus Istilah Teologi. Untuk kepentingan gerejalah, maka teologi itu dikukuhkan sebagi sebuah disiplin ilmu, selanjutnya dikembangkan terus hingga membentuk atau melahirkan disiplin-disiplin ilmu yang lainnnya. Para ilmuwan Kristen sangat kreatif untuk membantu perkembangan Kristen melalui disiplin ilmunya masing-masing. Contoh; Cliford Geertz ilmuwan Sosiolog Amerika menerbitkan Seven Teori of Religion ‘Tujuh Teori Tentang Agama’, Peter Connolly menerbitkan Approaches to the Study of Religion ‘Aneka Pendekatan Studi Agama’, mereka secara tidak langsung turut memperteguh pendirian- pendirian Kristen. Perkembangan teologi perspektif gereja saat ini sudah sampai pada titik jenuh sehingga para teolog mencoba mencari-cari dan mencari terus bahan- bahan untuk memperkaya teologi gereja yang diambil dari luar gereja atau di luar Alkitab terutama diambil dari Hinduisme. Dipelajarinya konsep-konsep agama Hindu oleh para pakar Kristen (teolog dan misionaris) secara gigih karena beberapa alasan pertama mereka menyadari bahwa penganut agama Hindu sangat toleran. Sehingga segala informasi yang dibutuhkan oleh para teolog dan misionaris pasti didapatkan dan apabila terjadi kesalahan dalam menafsirkan, umat Hindu diyakini pasti tidak cepat emosi. Kedua konsep Hindu sangat luas yang akan memperkaya konsep-konsep Kristen atau Alkitab terutama untuk memperteguh kebenaran ajaran trinitas Kristen. Banyak studi yang telah dilakukan oleh para misionaris dan para teolog P erlunya M emahami P erbedaan P rosedur Epistemologi Teologi Setiap A gama 325 yang mengkaitkannya dengan teologi Hindu, salah satu contoh studi yang mencoba mengkait-kaitkan antara Úrì Kåûóa dengan Yesus Kristus. Ketiga umat Kristen telah kehilangan gairah spiritual, sehingga umat Kristen di Eropah, Amerika, Australi (luar negeri) kurang berminat datang ke gereja untuk melakukan ibadah. Mungkin umat Kridten telah bosan mendengar uraian-uraian teologi Kristen yang itu-itu saja dan begitu-begitu saja dari hari ke hari. Sehingga dengan menyelipkan di sana-sini uraian teologi dan spiritualisme Hindu sebagai alat pembenaran Alkitab dan doktrin trinitas Kristen diharapkan ajaran Kristen dan gereja diminati kembali oleh para umat Kristen itu sendiri. Keempat sekaligus sebagai bekal tambahan bagi misionaris dalam melakukan perjalanan untuk membawa “garam” dan “lilin penerangan” sambil menangkap domba-domba yang berkeliaran. Salah satu contoh para misionaris Kristen di India menggunakan Bhagavadgìtà dalam pengajaran ke- Kristenannya. Dengan demikian gereja selalu memperoleh imbas keuntungan teologis, namun setelah apa-apa yang didapat dari agama Hindu,
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  • Srimad Bhagavad Gita
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