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Vaccinia Belongs to a Family of Viruses That Is Closely Related to the Smallpox Virus
VACCINIA INFECTION What is it? Vaccinia belongs to a family of viruses that is closely related to the smallpox virus. Because of the similarities between the smallpox and vaccinia viruses, the vaccinia virus is used in the smallpox vaccine. When this virus is used as a vaccine, it allows our immune systems to develop immunity against smallpox. The smallpox vaccine does not actually contain smallpox virus and cannot cause smallpox. Vaccination usually prevents smallpox infection for at least ten years. The vaccinia vaccine against smallpox was used to successfully eradicate smallpox from the human population. More recently, this virus has also become of interest due to concerns about smallpox being used as an agent of bioterrorism. How is the virus spread? Vaccinia can be spread by touching the vaccination site before it has fully healed or by touching clothing or bandages that have been contaminated with the live virus during vaccination. In this manner, vaccinia can spread to other parts of the body and to other individuals. It cannot be spread through the air. What are the symptoms of vaccinia? Vaccinia virus symptoms are similar to smallpox, but milder. Vaccinia may cause rash, fever, headache and body aches. In certain individuals, such as those with weak immune systems, the symptoms can be more severe. What are the potential side effects of the vaccinia vaccine for smallpox? Normal reactions are mild and go away without any treatment.These include: Soreness and redness in the arm where the vaccine was given Slightly swollen, sore glands in the armpits Low grade fever One in approximately three people will feel badly enough to miss school, work or recreational activities Trouble sleeping Serious reactions are not very common but can occur in about 1,000 in every 1 million people who are vaccinated for the first time. -
History and Epidemiology of Global Smallpox Eradication Smallpox
History and Epidemiology of Global Smallpox Eradication Smallpox Three Egyptian Mummies 1570-1085 BC Ramses the Vth Died 1157 BC Early Written Description of Smallpox India 400 AD “Severe pain is felt in the large and small joints, with cough, shaking, listlessness and langour; the palate, lips, and tongue are dry with thirst and no appetite. The pustules are red, yellow, and white and they are accompanied by burning pain. The form soon ripens …the body has a blue color and seems studded with rice. The pustules become black and flat, are depressed in the centre, with much pain.” Smallpox and History • In the Elephant war in Mecca 568 AD, smallpox decimated the Ethiopian soldiers • Introduction of smallpox into the new world (Carribean 1507, Mexico 1520, Peru 1524, and Brazil 1555 ) facilitated Spanish conquest • Smallpox destroys Hottentots (1713) • In 1738, smallpox killed half the Cherokee Indian population • Smallpox disrupted colonial army in 1776 Smallpox Control Strategies • Smallpox hospitals (Japan 982 AD). • Variolation 10th Century. • Quarantine 1650s. • Home isolation of smallpox in Virginia 1667. • Inoculation and isolation (Haygarth 1793). • Jenner and widespread practice of vaccination throughout Europe and rest of the world. • Mass vaccination. • Surveillance containment. Variolation Inoculation with Smallpox Pus • Observations: – Pocked marked persons never affected with smallpox – Persons inoculated with smallpox pustular fluid or dried scabs usually had milder disease • Not ideal control strategy – Case fatality rate still 2% – Can transmit disease to others during illness The 1st Smallpox Vaccination Jenner 1796 Cowpox lesions on the hand of Sarah Nelmes (case XVI in Jenner’s Inquiry), from which material was taken for the vaccination of James Phipps below in 1796 History of Smallpox Vaccination 1805 Growth of virus on the flank of a calf in Italy. -
Cidofovir Activity Against Poxvirus Infections
Viruses 2010 , 2, 2803-2830; doi:10.3390/v2122803 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Review Cidofovir Activity against Poxvirus Infections Graciela Andrei * and Robert Snoeck Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KULeuven, Minderboredersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +32-16-337372; Fax: +32-16-337340. Received: 10 November 2010; in revised form: 9 December 2010 / Accepted: 10 December 2010 / Published: 22 December 2010 Abstract: Cidofovir [(S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine, HPMPC] is an acyclic nucleoside analog approved since 1996 for clinical use in the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients. Cidofovir (CDV) has broad-spectrum activity against DNA viruses, including herpes-, adeno-, polyoma-, papilloma- and poxviruses. Among poxviruses, cidofovir has shown in vitro activity against orthopox [vaccinia, variola (smallpox), cowpox, monkeypox, camelpox, ectromelia], molluscipox [molluscum contagiosum] and parapox [orf] viruses. The anti-poxvirus activity of cidofovir in vivo has been shown in different models of infection when the compound was administered either intraperitoneal, intranasal (aerosolized) or topically. In humans, cidofovir has been successfully used for the treatment of recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum virus and orf virus in immunocompromised patients. CDV remains a reference compound against poxviruses and holds potential for the therapy and short-term prophylaxis of not only orthopox- but also parapox- and molluscipoxvirus infections. Keywords: cidofovir; poxviruses; acyclic nucleoside analog 1. Introduction The antiviral activity of (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine (HPMPC, cidofovir, CDV) (Figure 1) against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and other DNA viruses was first Viruses 2010 , 2 2804 reported in 1986 [1]. -
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2012/0009150 A1 WEBER Et Al
US 2012O009 150A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2012/0009150 A1 WEBER et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jan. 12, 2012 (54) DIARYLUREAS FORTREATINGVIRUS Publication Classification INFECTIONS (51) Int. Cl. (76) Inventors: Olaf WEBER, Wulfrath (DE); st 2. CR Bernd Riedl, Wuppertal (DE) ( .01) A63/675 (2006.01) (21) Appl. No.: 13/236,865 A6II 3/522 (2006.01) A6IP 29/00 (2006.01) (22) Filed: Sep. 20, 2011 A6II 3/662 (2006.01) A638/14 (2006.01) Related U.S. Application Data A63L/7056 (2006.01) A6IP3L/2 (2006.01) (63) Continuation of application No. 12/097.350. filed on A6II 3/44 (2006.01) Nov. 3, 2008, filed as application No. PCTAEPO6/ A6II 3/52 (2006.01) 11693 on Dec. 6, 2006. O O (52) U.S. Cl. .......... 424/85.6; 514/350; 514/171; 514/81; (30) Foreign Application Priority Data 514/263.38: 514/263.4: 514/120: 514/4.3: Dec. 15, 2005 (EP) .................................. 05O274513 424/85.7; 514/43 Dec. 15, 2005 (EP). ... O5O27452.1 Dec. 15, 2005 (EP). ... O5O27456.2 Dec. 15, 2005 (EP). ... O5O27458.8 The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions Dec. 15, 2005 (EP) O5O27.460.4 for treating virus infections and/or diseases caused by virus Dec. 15, 2005 (EP) O5O27462.O infections comprising at least a diary1 urea compound option Dec. 15, 2005 (EP). ... O5O27465.3 ally combined with at least one additional therapeutic agent. Dec. 15, 2005 (EP). ... O5O274.67.9 Useful combinations include e.g. BAY 43-9006 as a diaryl Dec. -
Here, There, and Everywhere: the Wide Host Range and Geographic Distribution of Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses
viruses Review Here, There, and Everywhere: The Wide Host Range and Geographic Distribution of Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses Natalia Ingrid Oliveira Silva, Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira, Erna Geessien Kroon , Giliane de Souza Trindade and Betânia Paiva Drumond * Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; [email protected] (N.I.O.S.); [email protected] (J.S.d.O.); [email protected] (E.G.K.); [email protected] (G.d.S.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The global emergence of zoonotic viruses, including poxviruses, poses one of the greatest threats to human and animal health. Forty years after the eradication of smallpox, emerging zoonotic orthopoxviruses, such as monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses continue to infect humans as well as wild and domestic animals. Currently, the geographical distribution of poxviruses in a broad range of hosts worldwide raises concerns regarding the possibility of outbreaks or viral dissemination to new geographical regions. Here, we review the global host ranges and current epidemiological understanding of zoonotic orthopoxviruses while focusing on orthopoxviruses with epidemic potential, including monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses. Keywords: Orthopoxvirus; Poxviridae; zoonosis; Monkeypox virus; Cowpox virus; Vaccinia virus; host range; wild and domestic animals; emergent viruses; outbreak Citation: Silva, N.I.O.; de Oliveira, J.S.; Kroon, E.G.; Trindade, G.d.S.; Drumond, B.P. Here, There, and Everywhere: The Wide Host Range 1. Poxvirus and Emerging Diseases and Geographic Distribution of Zoonotic diseases, defined as diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses. Viruses from vertebrate animals to humans, represent a significant threat to global health [1]. -
Modelling the Impact of a Smallpox Attack in India and Influence of Disease Control Measures
Open access Original research BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038480 on 13 December 2020. Downloaded from Modelling the impact of a smallpox attack in India and influence of disease control measures Biswajit Mohanty,1 Valentina Costantino ,2 Jai Narain,1 Abrar Ahmad Chughtai,1 Arpita Das,2 C Raina MacIntyre 2 To cite: Mohanty B, ABSTRACT Strengths and limitations of this study Costantino V, Narain J, et al. Objectives To estimate the impact of a smallpox attack Modelling the impact of a in Mumbai, India, examine the impact of case isolation ► The model takes into account heterogeneity of age, smallpox attack in India and ring vaccination for epidemic containment and test and influence of disease disease transmission and immunological levels. the health system capacity under different scenarios with control measures. BMJ Open ► Age- specific rates of immunosuppressive condi- available interventions. 2020;10:e038480. doi:10.1136/ tions were estimated for Mumbai and included in Setting The research is based on Mumbai, India bmjopen-2020-038480 the model. population. ► This study does not include different route of trans- ► Prepublication history and Interventions We tested 50%, 70%, 90% of case mission than airborne. additional material for this paper isolation and contacts traced and vaccinated (ring is available online. To view these ► Other aspects that could influence transmission in- vaccination) in the susceptible, exposed, infected, files, please visit the journal clude seasonality, or vaccination effectiveness such recovered model and varied the start of intervention online (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. as vaccine refusal were not included in the model. -
Localized to Vaccination Site (3-12-2003 Version) Low
Legend Tool 1 Morbidity and Mortality Risk Clinical Evaluation Tool for Smallpox Vaccine Adverse Reactions based on clinical presentation. Dermatologic Reactions/ Localized to Vaccination Site (3-12-2003 Version) Low www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/vaccination/clineval Moderate NO YES Go to Dermatologic Reactions/ Nontoxic Appearance, Distant from High Close Contact of Vaccine Recipient? Vaccine Recipient? Vaccination Site (or in a Contact) Clinical Evaluation Tool. YES Erythematous Vaccination Normal Vaccination Reaction Severe Vaccination Reaction Reaction of Concern Typical reaction timeline Common signs/symptoms Tape sensitivity Rapid progressive painless extension of Day Description after vaccination Try different tape. Erythema present along lines of central vaccination lesion or progression YES 0 Vaccination - Pruritus Change bandage adhesive tape and no or mild without apparent healing after 15 days. 3-4 Papule - Soreness at frequently, rotate systemic symptoms? Lesion often necrotic. Initially little or no 5-6 Vesicle with surrounding vaccination site bandage, or take a inflammation. May present with few or no erythema - vesicle with - Intense erythema judicious bandage systemic symptoms. depressed center ringing the “holiday” 8-9 Well-formed pustule vaccination site remembering to use NO 12+ Pustule crusts over and - Small papules or other means (e.g. becomes a scab vesicles around long sleeves) to Early Progressive vaccinia (Vaccinia 17-21 Scab detaches revealing scar vaccination lesion prevent contact Erythema with induration, warmth, necrosum, Vaccinia gangrenosum) Timeline may be accelerated (satellite lesions) transmission. Use and pain. May also have regional Go to Clinical Evaluation Tool for in persons with history of prior - Headache antihistamines PRN; lymphadenopathy and fever. Dermatologic Reactions/Toxic smallpox vaccination. -
Abstract Book (PDF)
Abstract Book and Program 7th European Seminar in Virology (EuSeV) “Vaccines and antibodies against viral infections” June 14-16, 2019 Botanical Garden University of Padova 1 7th European Seminar in Virology (EuSeV) “Vaccines and antibodies against viral infections” June 14-16, 2019 Organizers: Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume, University of Bologna Dana Wolf, Hebrew University Jerusalem Michael Kann University of Gothenburg Thomas Mertens, Ulm University Medical Centre Giorgio Palù University of Padova Organizing Secretariat: Arianna Calistri, Ilaria Frasson, Michela Nandi, Marta Trevisan 2 7th. European Seminars in Virology (EuSeV) 2019 Program FRIDAY 14.06.2019 13:45-14:00 Welcome Dana Wolf, Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume, Thomas Mertens, Michael Kann Giorgio Palù Session on Ethical and technological issues about antiviral vaccine and antibodies development Chair: Giorgio Palù 14:00-14:40 Andrea Grignolio, Cognitive bases for vaccine hesitancy Medical Humanities & Bioethics, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy [email protected] 14:40-15:20 Rino Rappuoli, Reverse vaccinology 2.0 GSK, Siena, Italy [email protected] 15:20-16:00 Melvin Kohn, MSD’s Investigational Ebola Vaccine Regional Director of Medical Affairs Lead for Vaccines, MSD. [email protected] 16:00-16:30 Discussion 16:30-17:30 Selected oral presentations Francesco Santoro, Human transcriptomic response to vaccination with recombinant VSV expressing Ebola virus Glycoprotein Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (LAMMB), Dept. of Medical Biotechnologies, -
Smallpox: a Primer
Smallpox: A Primer Lieutenant Colonel Brenda J. McEleney, USAF US Air Force Counterproliferation Center 9 Future Warfare Series No. 9 CHAPTER 6 Smallpox: A Primer Brenda J. McEleney Smallpox, is a virus that plagued humanity for millennia. It was the first and only disease ever intentionally eradicated from the face of this planet, a scourge defeated in a remarkable, never-before-attempted campaign of generosity and cooperation by the nations of the world. Its eradication was a triumphant symbol of science and dogged persistence winning over nature. Moreover, its eradication was a gift of man to all mankind. Yet, is it possible that the same hand of man, that once rid the scourge of smallpox from the world, will be used to unleash this terror again on its unprotected citizens? This chapter, by providing a thorough review of the history, epidemiology, and current risks associated with this dreaded disease, addresses that question and its implications for the American public. Origins of Smallpox Smallpox has been described as one of the great scourges of mankind.1 Every corner of the world has felt its grip and known its devastation. Historians speculate that smallpox first appeared around 10,000 B.C. in the agricultural settlements in northeastern Africa. From there, it probably spread to India via Egyptian merchants. There is evidence smallpox is at least 3,000 years old. It was known in China as early as 1122 B.C. Its scars have been found on the mummy of Pharaoh Ramses V, who died in 1157 B.C., as well as on other mummies from the 18th and 20th Egyptian dynasties.2,3 141 Smallpox: A Primer The first known smallpox epidemic was recorded in 1350 B.C. -
New Smallpox Vaccine Found Safer Than Existing Vaccines
APRIL 2009 • WWW.SKINANDALLERGYNEWS.COM INFECTIOUS DISEASES 37 Gardasil Prevents Warts, HPV Misunderstood, Feared HPV Infection in Males In One Border Community BY PATRICE WENDLING diagnosis of HPV as a diagnosis of BY MIRIAM E. TUCKER ACIP from the American Academy of Fam- cancer. They expressed their fears of ily Physicians. ispanic men and women liv- cancer and their belief that, once di- ATLANTA — The human papillomavirus In the randomized, double-blind, placebo- Hing on the United States–Mex- agnosed, it is “essentially a death vaccine was efficacious in preventing persis- controlled trial, three doses of Gardasil or ico border have little understanding sentence.” The women said they tent infections and genital warts caused by placebo were given at 0, 2, and 6 months. about the human papillomavirus would be reluctant to disclose their HPV strains 6, 11, 16, and 18 in a Merck-spon- Mean follow-up for this analysis was 30 and its role in the etiology of cer- HPV status to their partners be- sored study of 4,065 males aged 16-26 years. months of a planned total of 36. The study vical cancer, according to a small cause they believed they would be The findings were presented by Dr. Richard population, which came from 18 different prospective study. accused of infidelity. Men initially M. Haupt at a meeting of the Centers for Dis- countries, included 3,463 heterosexual males Not only were there very low lev- expressed anger at the possibility of ease Control and Prevention’s Advisory Com- aged 16-23 years and 602 males aged 16-26 who els of knowledge among these res- an HPV diagnosis, attributing it to mittee on Immunization Practices. -
Chapter 7. Developments in Vaccination and Control Between
CHAPTER 7 DEVELOPMENTS IN VACCINATION AND CONTROL BETWEEN 1900 AND 1966 Contents Page Introduction 277 Vaccine production and quality control before 1967 278 Production of vaccine lymph 279 Preparation of liquid vaccine 282 Preparation of dried vaccine 283 Quality control 289 Vaccination techniques before 1967 291 Vaccination site 291 Methods of vaccination 292 Age for primary vaccination 293 Interpretation of the results of vaccination 294 Complications of vaccination 296 Types of complication 299 Frequency of complications 302 Contraindications to vaccination 307 Prevention and treatment of complications 308 Reconsideration of vaccination policies in non-endemic countries 309 Complications : the overall picture 310 Programmes for vaccination and revaccination 311 Vaccination and revaccination of the general public 311 Simultaneous vaccination with several antigens 311 Vaccination of international travellers 312 INTRODUCTION The latter half of the 19th century saw the emergence of microbiology and immunology By the year 1900 vaccination was in as scientific disciplines . Because of their widespread use throughout the industrialized familiarity with vaccination, many of the countries as well as in some cities in what were pioneers in these new sciences used vaccinia then the colonies of various European virus for their studies (see Chapter 2) . In powers . Although variolation was no longer consequence, the empirical practices of Jenner practised in Europe and North America, it and his early followers were placed on a more was still widely employed in many parts of scientific basis . Vaccine production was no Africa and Asia . Smallpox persisted as an longer the province of the local physician, endemic disease in virtually every country of who had maintained the virus by arm-to-arm the world (see Chapter 8, Fig. -
(Vaccinia) Adverse Reactions
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports February 3, 2006 / Vol. 55 / No. RR-1 Surveillance Guidelines for Smallpox Vaccine (vaccinia) Adverse Reactions INSIDE: Continuing Education Examination department of health and human services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR CONTENTS The MMWR series of publications is published by the Introduction......................................................................... 1 Coordinating Center for Health Information and Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Reporting Guidelines ........................................................... 2 Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333. Case Definition and Classification ....................................... 2 Localized Reactions ........................................................... 3 SUGGESTED CITATION Unintentional Transfer of Vaccinia Virus ............................ 3 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance guidelines for smallpox vaccine (vaccinia) adverse reactions. Diffuse Dermatologic Complications ................................. 4 MMWR 2006;55(No. RR-1):[inclusive page numbers]. Progressive Vaccinia ......................................................... 6 Rare Reactions .................................................................. 6 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cardiac ............................................................................ 7 Julie L. Gerberding, MD, MPH Case Classification ...........................................................