Smallpox: a Primer
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History and Epidemiology of Global Smallpox Eradication Smallpox
History and Epidemiology of Global Smallpox Eradication Smallpox Three Egyptian Mummies 1570-1085 BC Ramses the Vth Died 1157 BC Early Written Description of Smallpox India 400 AD “Severe pain is felt in the large and small joints, with cough, shaking, listlessness and langour; the palate, lips, and tongue are dry with thirst and no appetite. The pustules are red, yellow, and white and they are accompanied by burning pain. The form soon ripens …the body has a blue color and seems studded with rice. The pustules become black and flat, are depressed in the centre, with much pain.” Smallpox and History • In the Elephant war in Mecca 568 AD, smallpox decimated the Ethiopian soldiers • Introduction of smallpox into the new world (Carribean 1507, Mexico 1520, Peru 1524, and Brazil 1555 ) facilitated Spanish conquest • Smallpox destroys Hottentots (1713) • In 1738, smallpox killed half the Cherokee Indian population • Smallpox disrupted colonial army in 1776 Smallpox Control Strategies • Smallpox hospitals (Japan 982 AD). • Variolation 10th Century. • Quarantine 1650s. • Home isolation of smallpox in Virginia 1667. • Inoculation and isolation (Haygarth 1793). • Jenner and widespread practice of vaccination throughout Europe and rest of the world. • Mass vaccination. • Surveillance containment. Variolation Inoculation with Smallpox Pus • Observations: – Pocked marked persons never affected with smallpox – Persons inoculated with smallpox pustular fluid or dried scabs usually had milder disease • Not ideal control strategy – Case fatality rate still 2% – Can transmit disease to others during illness The 1st Smallpox Vaccination Jenner 1796 Cowpox lesions on the hand of Sarah Nelmes (case XVI in Jenner’s Inquiry), from which material was taken for the vaccination of James Phipps below in 1796 History of Smallpox Vaccination 1805 Growth of virus on the flank of a calf in Italy. -
Vaccine Hesitancy
WHY CHILDREN WORKSHOP ON IMMUNIZATIONS ARE NOT VACCINATED? VACCINE HESITANCY José Esparza MD, PhD - Adjunct Professor, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA - Robert Koch Fellow, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany - Senior Advisor, Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA. Formerly: - Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA - World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland The value of vaccination “The impact of vaccination on the health of the world’s people is hard to exaggerate. With the exception of safe water, no other modality has had such a major effect on mortality reduction and population growth” Stanley Plotkin (2013) VACCINES VAILABLE TO PROTECT AGAINST MORE DISEASES (US) BASIC VACCINES RECOMMENDED BY WHO For all: BCG, hepatitis B, polio, DTP, Hib, Pneumococcal (conjugated), rotavirus, measles, rubella, HPV. For certain regions: Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, tick-borne encephalitis. For some high-risk populations: typhoid, cholera, meningococcal, hepatitis A, rabies. For certain immunization programs: mumps, influenza Vaccines save millions of lives annually, worldwide WHAT THE WORLD HAS ACHIEVED: 40 YEARS OF INCREASING REACH OF BASIC VACCINES “Bill Gates Chart” 17 M GAVI 5.6 M 4.2 M Today (ca 2015): <5% of children in GAVI countries fully immunised with the 11 WHO- recommended vaccines Seth Berkley (GAVI) The goal: 50% of children in GAVI countries fully immunised by 2020 Seth Berkley (GAVI) The current world immunization efforts are achieving: • Equity between high and low-income countries • Bringing the power of vaccines to even the world’s poorest countries • Reducing morbidity and mortality in developing countries • Eliminating and eradicating disease WHY CHILDREN ARE NOT VACCINATED? •Vaccines are not available •Deficient health care systems •Poverty •Vaccine hesitancy (reticencia a la vacunacion) VACCINE HESITANCE: WHO DEFINITION “Vaccine hesitancy refers to delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services. -
Vaccine-Grabenstein-Article.Pdf
Vaccine 31 (2013) 2011–2023 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Vaccine jou rnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/vaccine Review What the World’s religions teach, applied to vaccines and immune globulins ∗,1 John D. Grabenstein Merck Vaccines, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP97-B364, West Point, PA 19426, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: For millennia, humans have sought and found purpose, solace, values, understanding, and fellowship Received 20 October 2012 in religious practices. Buddhist nuns performed variolation against smallpox over 1000 years ago. Since Received in revised form Jenner developed vaccination against smallpox in 1796, some people have objected to and declined 21 December 2012 vaccination, citing various religious reasons. This paper reviews the scriptural, canonical basis for such Accepted 7 February 2013 interpretations, as well as passages that support immunization. Populous faith traditions are considered, Available online 26 February 2013 including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Subjects of concern such as blood components, pharmaceutical excipients of porcine or bovine origin, rubella strain RA 27/3, and Keywords: Religion cell-culture media with remote fetal origins are evaluated against the religious concerns identified. Beliefs The review identified more than 60 reports or evaluations of vaccine-preventable infectious-disease Vaccines outbreaks that occurred within religious communities or that spread from them to broader communities. Antibodies In multiple cases, ostensibly religious reasons to decline immunization actually reflected concerns about Immune globulins vaccine safety or personal beliefs among a social network of people organized around a faith community, rather than theologically based objections per se. -
Effects of Faith Actor Engagement in the Uptake and Coverage of Immunization in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (Lmics)* Phase 1 Global Landscape : Evidence Summary
Effects of faith actor engagement in the uptake and coverage of immunization in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)* Phase 1 Global Landscape : Evidence Summary Faith Based Engagement Team: Sara Melillo (Consultant), Doug Fountain, Mona Bormet, and Carolyn O’Brien MOMENTUM Country and Global Leadership| JUNE 2021 *With a focus on USAID priority MNCH and FP/RH countries Contents SECTION 01 SECTION 05 Background and Methods Annexes SECTION 02 01 Methods Findings 02 Literature Review Findings SECTION 03 03 Suggestions for Further Research Summary of Evidence and Gaps 04 Specific Faiths and Vaccine Hesitancy 05 Current and Recent Projects SECTION 04 Promising Practices for Engaging Faith 06 Bibliography Communities on Immunization 2 SECTION 01 Backgroundt and Methods Photo: Karen Kasmauski/MCSP Why Is a Global Landscape Analysis on Faith Engagement in Immunization Necessary? • There is limited information on (and understanding of) how faith actors impact the uptake and coverage of immunizations in LMICs. • Vaccine hesitancy among faith communities increasingly threatens coverage of routine immunization. • Faith engagement in the promotion of the COVID-19 vaccine(s) will be critical to uptake in 2021 and beyond. 4 The polio experience showed us that one word from a religious leader just upset the apple cart. You had another 10 years of fighting polio and billions of dollars spent. Key Informant Interviewee (KII) on the acute danger of vaccine hesitancy among religious leaders Guiding Questions for Global Landscape Analysis 1. How do religious leaders and faith-based organization (FBOs) impact the uptake and coverage of immunization in LMICs? • What effects do local faith actors (LFAs) have in contributing to vaccine hesitancy? 2. -
Modelling the Impact of a Smallpox Attack in India and Influence of Disease Control Measures
Open access Original research BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038480 on 13 December 2020. Downloaded from Modelling the impact of a smallpox attack in India and influence of disease control measures Biswajit Mohanty,1 Valentina Costantino ,2 Jai Narain,1 Abrar Ahmad Chughtai,1 Arpita Das,2 C Raina MacIntyre 2 To cite: Mohanty B, ABSTRACT Strengths and limitations of this study Costantino V, Narain J, et al. Objectives To estimate the impact of a smallpox attack Modelling the impact of a in Mumbai, India, examine the impact of case isolation ► The model takes into account heterogeneity of age, smallpox attack in India and ring vaccination for epidemic containment and test and influence of disease disease transmission and immunological levels. the health system capacity under different scenarios with control measures. BMJ Open ► Age- specific rates of immunosuppressive condi- available interventions. 2020;10:e038480. doi:10.1136/ tions were estimated for Mumbai and included in Setting The research is based on Mumbai, India bmjopen-2020-038480 the model. population. ► This study does not include different route of trans- ► Prepublication history and Interventions We tested 50%, 70%, 90% of case mission than airborne. additional material for this paper isolation and contacts traced and vaccinated (ring is available online. To view these ► Other aspects that could influence transmission in- vaccination) in the susceptible, exposed, infected, files, please visit the journal clude seasonality, or vaccination effectiveness such recovered model and varied the start of intervention online (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. as vaccine refusal were not included in the model. -
Vaccines: a Hot Topic Once Again
FEATURE Vaccines: A Hot Topic Once Again Larry Lynam, DSc1 and Melory Johnson, VN2/ 1Principal, The Lynam Group, LLC, Coral Springs, FL; 2Principal, MJ Medcom, LLC, Boca Raton, FL ABSTRACT movement has become more effective than ever. Even with our Since Edward Jenner’s day, there has been a steady improve- miraculous strides toward eliminating diseases that once dev- ment in vaccine science, including numerous advances in pro- astated entire populations, we find ourselves, yet again, face- duction, quality, efficacy, and safety. Vaccines have long been to-face with misinformed “anti-vaxxer” propaganda. regarded as one of the most significant contributions to public Presently, Ebola is spreading in the Democratic Republic health since clean water. Yet, for as long as there have been of the Congo (DRC), where, for the first time since its discov- vaccines, there has been an anti-vaccination movement. The ery in 1976, a vaccine is available. Despite this momentous 18th century “anti-vaxxers” posed arguments eerily similar to breakthrough, we find vaccine implementation hindered and those raised today. Twenty-first century anti-vaxxers repeat the distribution delayed by geographic challenges, financial short- same antiquated and discredited sentiments as did those in comings, political obstacles, and—worse still—by warring fac- Jenner’s day, only with updated scare-tactics and more embel- tions, disinformation campaigns, and anti-vaxxers. Failure to lished “truths.” Although their claims are scientifically illogi- contain this currently -
Reassessing Vaccination in England, 1796-1853
International Social Science Review Volume 95 Issue 3 Article 2 “A Splendid Delusion:” Reassessing Vaccination in England, 1796-1853 Kaitlyn Akel Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/issr Part of the Anthropology Commons, Communication Commons, Economics Commons, Geography Commons, International and Area Studies Commons, Political Science Commons, and the Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons Recommended Citation Akel, Kaitlyn () "“A Splendid Delusion:” Reassessing Vaccination in England, 1796-1853," International Social Science Review: Vol. 95 : Iss. 3 , Article 2. Available at: https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/issr/vol95/iss3/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Nighthawks Open Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Social Science Review by an authorized editor of Nighthawks Open Institutional Repository. “A Splendid Delusion:” Reassessing Vaccination in England, 1796-1853 Cover Page Footnote Kaitlyn Akel holds a B.A. in History and a B.S. in Biology from the University of Arkansas, and is currently a MPH candidate at the University of Michigan School of Public Health. This article is available in International Social Science Review: https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/issr/vol95/ iss3/2 Akel: “A Splendid Delusion:” Reassessing Vaccination in England, 1796-1853 “A Splendid Delusion:” Reassessing Vaccination in England, 1796-1853 Public health interventions integrate into our present-day habits to the point of imperceptibility. Policies revolve around our speed limits, employee sanitation standards, food preparation policies, immunization mandates: all with the encompassing intent to increase our fitness in society. This was not the case in nineteenth century England. -
Through a Psychological Lens Darkly: Interpreting Current Reactions to the Pandemic
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Organizational Dynamics Working Papers Organizational Dynamics Programs 6-1-2020 Through A Psychological Lens Darkly: Interpreting Current Reactions to the Pandemic Dana Kaminstein University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/od_working_papers Part of the Organizational Behavior and Theory Commons Kaminstein, Dana, "Through A Psychological Lens Darkly: Interpreting Current Reactions to the Pandemic" (2020). Organizational Dynamics Working Papers. 28. https://repository.upenn.edu/od_working_papers/28 Working Paper #20-01 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/od_working_papers/28 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Through A Psychological Lens Darkly: Interpreting Current Reactions to the Pandemic Abstract As the global pandemic of COVID-19 expands, it is worthwhile to understand some of the features of past pandemics and the ways in which current behaviors replicate previous societal dysfunctions during times of disease crisis. Pandemics: A Very Short Introduction by Christian W. McMillen offers an excellent overview of plagues and pandemics throughout history, including smallpox, malaria, cholera, tuberculosis, and Influenza, and serves as a jumping-off point for this paper’s discussion of current reactions to COVID-19. This paper looks at similarities between societal responses to our current pandemic and past reactions to plagues and pandemics as viewed through a psychological lens. The world’s lack of preparedness for the Covid-19 pandemic, despite ample warnings, is interpreted as a combination of denial and magical thinking. Plague as hoax and punishment are viewed as examples of flight behavior. The rebellion against the current pandemic and increased belief in pseudoscience are interpreted as fight behavior. -
Vaccines- a Brief and Relevant Social History
Curious Reactions: Vaccines- A Brief and Relevant Social History Larry Aguirre DMSc, PA-C, CAQ-PSY Adjunct Instructor of Health Disclosures and Disclaimers ▪ Employed by Mendocino College as an adjunct instructor, Redwood Quality Management Company, and contracted with Mendocino Community Health clinics, and Ukiah Juvenile Hall. ▪ Medical officer for the California Army National Guard. ▪ The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government, my employers, or Mendocino College. ▪ I do not receive funding form any vaccine or pharmaceutical companies. Smallpox Case Study ▪ The smallpox was always present, filling the churchyards with corpses, tormenting with constant fears all whom it had stricken, leaving on those whose lives it spared the hideous traces of its power, turning the babe into a changeling at which the mother shuddered, and making the eyes and cheeks of the bighearted maiden objects of horror to the lover. - T.B. Macaulay - The History of England from the Accession of James II, Vol IV. 1848 ▪ In the case of London, the Bills of Mortality indicate that smallpox was probably the single most lethal cause of death in the eighteenth century, accounting for 6–10% of all burials.[1] Smallpox ▪ Variola virus ▪ Double stranded DNA virus Size comparison phage Cheek cell Smallpox Clinical Manifestations[2] ▪ Enters the respiratory tract and into to mucus membranes and passing into the lymph nodes with a latent replication cycle of 4-14 days. ▪ Abrupt severe headache, backache, and fever, followed by sores in the mouth. -
The Incidence and Control of Smallpox Between 1900 and 1958
CHAPTER 8 THE INCIDENCE AND CONTROL OF SMALLPOX BETWEEN 1900 AND 1958 Contents Page Introduction 316 Variations in the incidence of variola major and variola minor 316 The elimination of smallpox from Europe by 1953 317 United Kingdom 324 Russia and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 326 Germany 326 France 326 Portugal and Spain 327 Scandinavia 327 The elimination of smallpox from North America, Central America and Panama by 1951 327 Central America and Panama 327 United States of America 328 Canada 332 Mexico 333 Smallpox in South America, 1900-1 958 333 Brazil 333 Other countries 335 Smallpox in Asia, 1900-1 958 335 Eastern Asia 335 China 339 Japan 343 Korea 344 Indonesia 344 Philippines 344 Malaysia 345 Burma 345 Thailand 345 Indochina 345 The Indian subcontinent and Afghanistan 346 India 346 Pakistan and Bangladesh 346 Afghanistan 347 Sri Lanka 348 South-western Asia 348 Smallpox in Africa, 1900-1 958 349 31 5 316 SMALLPOX AND ITS ERADICATION Page North Africa 350 Western, central and eastern Africa 351 Western Africa 351 Central Africa 353 Eastern Africa 357 Southern Africa 359 Angola and Mozambique 359 Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe 359 South Africa and adjacent countries 359 Madagascar 361 Smallpox in Oceania during the 20th century 361 Australia 361 New Zealand 362 Hawaii 362 Summary : the global incidence of smallpox, 1900-1 958 363 INTRODUCTION land. Viruses that differed from alastrim virus in several biological properties (see Chapter 2) As has been described in Chapter 5, by the caused variola minor in Africa, and their end of the 19th century variola major was spread is more difficult to trace. -
Disease Lesson Plan
Disease and the GeoHistoGram Author: Cindy Bloom Grade Level Content Expectations Lesson Overview: Students explore the geographical and 7-G1.3.3: Explain the different ways in historical development and diffusion of four diseases and which places are connected and those discuss their significance to human civilizations connections demonstrate interdependence and accessibility. Essential Questions: How and why do diseases spread? HS 4.2.3: The Plague – Using What is the significance of diffusion of disease? historical and modern maps and other evidence explain the causes and Objectives: Students will be able to: political consequences of this Map the locations of four disease areas. pandemic. Describe the patterns of diffusion of four diseases. Explain the causes for the diffusion of the four HS 5.2.1: European diseases, including vectors (animals that carry Exploration/Conquest and disease) and methods of human transmission. Columbian Exchange – Analyze the Plot diseases on GeoHistoGram from the first demographic, environmental and recorded incident to the present political consequences of European th oceanic travel and conquest and of the Subject/Grade Level: 7 Grade Social Studies/High Columbian Exchange in the late 15th School World History and 16th centuries by describing the Duration: 1-2 class periods geographic routes used in the exchange of plants, animals, and pathogens Student Materials: Blank world political map; among the continents in the late 15th GeoHistoGram; disease timelines, Student worksheets; and the 16th centuries colored pencils HS 7.1.4: Global Technology – Teacher Materials: Background Information; Answer Describe significant technological Keys innovations and scientific breakthroughs in transportation, References: communication, medicine, and warfare http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2008/05/09/f-cholera- and analyze how they both benefited outbreaks.html and imperiled humanity. -
Public Health Reviews Smallpox and Bioterrorism Hugh Pennington1
Public Health Reviews Smallpox and bioterrorism Hugh Pennington1 Abstract Smallpox was declared to be eradicated on 8 May 1980, during the Thirty-third World Health Assembly. However, concerns about the possible use of the virus as a weapon of bioterrorism have increased in recent years. Governments have responded by initiating selective vaccination programmes and other public health measures. This review uses historical data from 20th century outbreaks to assess the risks to current populations (which have declining immunity) from a deliberate release of virus. The data presented supports the conclusion of a previous reviewer (Mack) that “smallpox cannot be said to live up to its reputation. Far from being a quick-footed menace, it has appeared as a plodding nuisance with more bark than bite.” Its R value (the average number of secondary cases infected by a primary case) is lower than that for measles, human parvovirus, chickenpox, mumps, rubella, and poliomyelitis; only the value for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is lower. Like SARS, close person- to-person contact is required for effective spread of the disease, and exposure to the virus in hospitals has played an important role in transmission for both viruses. In the present paper the dangers of mass vaccination are emphasized, along with the importance of case isolation, contact tracing, and quarantine of close contacts for outbreak control. The need for rapid diagnosis and the continued importance of maintaining a network of electron microscopes for this purpose are also highlighted. Keywords Smallpox/diagnosis/epidemiology; Disease outbreaks/history/prevention and control; Bioterrorism/prevention and control; Mass immunization/adverse effects; Infection control/methods (source: MeSH, NLM).