Vaccines- a Brief and Relevant Social History
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Mathematics Is a Gentleman's Art: Analysis and Synthesis in American College Geometry Teaching, 1790-1840 Amy K
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2000 Mathematics is a gentleman's art: Analysis and synthesis in American college geometry teaching, 1790-1840 Amy K. Ackerberg-Hastings Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Higher Education and Teaching Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, and the Science and Mathematics Education Commons Recommended Citation Ackerberg-Hastings, Amy K., "Mathematics is a gentleman's art: Analysis and synthesis in American college geometry teaching, 1790-1840 " (2000). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 12669. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/12669 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margwis, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. in the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. -
History and Epidemiology of Global Smallpox Eradication Smallpox
History and Epidemiology of Global Smallpox Eradication Smallpox Three Egyptian Mummies 1570-1085 BC Ramses the Vth Died 1157 BC Early Written Description of Smallpox India 400 AD “Severe pain is felt in the large and small joints, with cough, shaking, listlessness and langour; the palate, lips, and tongue are dry with thirst and no appetite. The pustules are red, yellow, and white and they are accompanied by burning pain. The form soon ripens …the body has a blue color and seems studded with rice. The pustules become black and flat, are depressed in the centre, with much pain.” Smallpox and History • In the Elephant war in Mecca 568 AD, smallpox decimated the Ethiopian soldiers • Introduction of smallpox into the new world (Carribean 1507, Mexico 1520, Peru 1524, and Brazil 1555 ) facilitated Spanish conquest • Smallpox destroys Hottentots (1713) • In 1738, smallpox killed half the Cherokee Indian population • Smallpox disrupted colonial army in 1776 Smallpox Control Strategies • Smallpox hospitals (Japan 982 AD). • Variolation 10th Century. • Quarantine 1650s. • Home isolation of smallpox in Virginia 1667. • Inoculation and isolation (Haygarth 1793). • Jenner and widespread practice of vaccination throughout Europe and rest of the world. • Mass vaccination. • Surveillance containment. Variolation Inoculation with Smallpox Pus • Observations: – Pocked marked persons never affected with smallpox – Persons inoculated with smallpox pustular fluid or dried scabs usually had milder disease • Not ideal control strategy – Case fatality rate still 2% – Can transmit disease to others during illness The 1st Smallpox Vaccination Jenner 1796 Cowpox lesions on the hand of Sarah Nelmes (case XVI in Jenner’s Inquiry), from which material was taken for the vaccination of James Phipps below in 1796 History of Smallpox Vaccination 1805 Growth of virus on the flank of a calf in Italy. -
The Selling of Newton: Science and Technology in Early Eighteenth-Century England Author(S): Larry Stewart Reviewed Work(S): Source: Journal of British Studies, Vol
The Selling of Newton: Science and Technology in Early Eighteenth-Century England Author(s): Larry Stewart Reviewed work(s): Source: Journal of British Studies, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Apr., 1986), pp. 178-192 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The North American Conference on British Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/175647 . Accessed: 16/12/2012 23:37 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press and The North American Conference on British Studies are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of British Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded on Sun, 16 Dec 2012 23:37:03 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Selling of Newton: Science and Technology in Early Eighteenth-CenturyEngland Larry Stewart In the past decade the role of science in the early eighteenthcen- tury has come in for close scrutiny and increasing debate. There is specificallyone ratherlarge and problematicissue, that is, the relation- ship between science and technology in Englandin the first half of the eighteenth century when, it is generallyagreed, the IndustrialRevolu- tion had not yet made any discernible impact. -
William Stukeley and the Gout
Medical History, 1992, 36: 160-186. WILLIAM STUKELEY AND THE GOUT by KEVIN J. FRASER * Gout was an ubiquitous disease in Georgian England. Although its victims were often immobilized at home for weeks on end, it was not, however, entirely unwelcome. Predominately a male disease, because of its frequency in the corridors of power and association with extravagant lifestyles, it was perceived as socially desirable. Moreover, there was the belief that the gouty were protected from more life- threatening disorders such as palsy, dropsy or apoplexy. Physicians were therefore often reluctant to treat attacks ofacute gout. Such therapeutic nihilism was convenient as gout had been considered the opprobrium medicorum since ancient times and many were prepared to suffer their attacks obediently. Others continued to search for a cure, looking beyond a disturbance of the four bodily humours for the cause of the disease. Pamphleteers fed the huge public appetite for such information, and the diaries and letters ofthe period contain frequent references to gout. However, these accounts often leave some uncertainty about the diagnosis, as most other forms ofarthritis were yet to be distinguished from gout. William Stukeley's descriptions of his own gout are, therefore, of particular importance, for they leave no doubt about the diagnosis.' Not only do they provide * Kevin J. Fraser, MBBS, MRCP(UK), FRACP, Medical History Unit and Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia. Mailing Address: Austin Private Consulting Suite, 226 Burgundy Street, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was made possible by the generous assistance of Mrs Elizabeth White (Texas Medical Center Library), Mr Geoffrey Davenport (Royal College of Physicians), Mr Steven Tomlinson (Bodleian Library), and Mr Alan Clark and Ms Sandra Cumming (Royal Society), Mr Norman Leveritt (Spalding Gentleman's Society) Mr Nicholas Muellner (Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University) and Dr Mark Nicholls (Cambridge University Library). -
Modelling the Impact of a Smallpox Attack in India and Influence of Disease Control Measures
Open access Original research BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038480 on 13 December 2020. Downloaded from Modelling the impact of a smallpox attack in India and influence of disease control measures Biswajit Mohanty,1 Valentina Costantino ,2 Jai Narain,1 Abrar Ahmad Chughtai,1 Arpita Das,2 C Raina MacIntyre 2 To cite: Mohanty B, ABSTRACT Strengths and limitations of this study Costantino V, Narain J, et al. Objectives To estimate the impact of a smallpox attack Modelling the impact of a in Mumbai, India, examine the impact of case isolation ► The model takes into account heterogeneity of age, smallpox attack in India and ring vaccination for epidemic containment and test and influence of disease disease transmission and immunological levels. the health system capacity under different scenarios with control measures. BMJ Open ► Age- specific rates of immunosuppressive condi- available interventions. 2020;10:e038480. doi:10.1136/ tions were estimated for Mumbai and included in Setting The research is based on Mumbai, India bmjopen-2020-038480 the model. population. ► This study does not include different route of trans- ► Prepublication history and Interventions We tested 50%, 70%, 90% of case mission than airborne. additional material for this paper isolation and contacts traced and vaccinated (ring is available online. To view these ► Other aspects that could influence transmission in- vaccination) in the susceptible, exposed, infected, files, please visit the journal clude seasonality, or vaccination effectiveness such recovered model and varied the start of intervention online (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. as vaccine refusal were not included in the model. -
Smallpox: a Primer
Smallpox: A Primer Lieutenant Colonel Brenda J. McEleney, USAF US Air Force Counterproliferation Center 9 Future Warfare Series No. 9 CHAPTER 6 Smallpox: A Primer Brenda J. McEleney Smallpox, is a virus that plagued humanity for millennia. It was the first and only disease ever intentionally eradicated from the face of this planet, a scourge defeated in a remarkable, never-before-attempted campaign of generosity and cooperation by the nations of the world. Its eradication was a triumphant symbol of science and dogged persistence winning over nature. Moreover, its eradication was a gift of man to all mankind. Yet, is it possible that the same hand of man, that once rid the scourge of smallpox from the world, will be used to unleash this terror again on its unprotected citizens? This chapter, by providing a thorough review of the history, epidemiology, and current risks associated with this dreaded disease, addresses that question and its implications for the American public. Origins of Smallpox Smallpox has been described as one of the great scourges of mankind.1 Every corner of the world has felt its grip and known its devastation. Historians speculate that smallpox first appeared around 10,000 B.C. in the agricultural settlements in northeastern Africa. From there, it probably spread to India via Egyptian merchants. There is evidence smallpox is at least 3,000 years old. It was known in China as early as 1122 B.C. Its scars have been found on the mummy of Pharaoh Ramses V, who died in 1157 B.C., as well as on other mummies from the 18th and 20th Egyptian dynasties.2,3 141 Smallpox: A Primer The first known smallpox epidemic was recorded in 1350 B.C. -
Philosophical Transactions: 350 Years of Publishing at the Royal Society (1665 – 2015)
350 YEARS OF PUBLISHING AT THE ROYAL SOCIETy (1665 – 2015) 1 Philosophical Transactions: 350 years of publishing at the Royal Society (1665 – 2015) 2 THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS Curated by Julie McDougall-Waters, Noah Moxham and Aileen Fyfe. Acknowledgements The project team wish to thank the following for their generous assistance: Phil Hurst, Stefan Janusz, Jo McManus, Keith Moore, Karen Newman, and Stuart Taylor at the Royal Society Geoff Belknap at the University of Leicester, Kevin Johnson at the Science Museum, and Bob Richardson at St Bride’s Printing Library The text in this work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. To view a copy of this license, visit http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/ uk/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. Reuse of images contained herein may require a separate licence. Please contact the authors in the first instance. Cover A drawing of William Barlow’s underwater diving apparatus submitted to Philosophical Transactions in 1736 350 YEARS OF PUBLISHING AT THE ROYAL SOCIETy (1665 – 2015) 3 Foreword from the president Among the Royal Society’s many and and extend the work it contains, and it has varied contributions to the development of been instrumental in the development and modern science, one of the most lastingly establishment of peer review – a system of important was quietly announced in an guaranteeing methodological rigour, good ordinary meeting in February 1665. The first practice and good faith in science that has publication of the Philosophical Transactions, underpinned its progress. -
Eureka: Scientific Twists of Fate
Eureka: Scientific Twists of Fate . We are all familiar with the tale of Newton’s apple. While sitting in his orchard one day in 1665, Isaac Newton’s1 curiosity was sparked by a falling apple, leading him to a AUTHOR’S PURPOSE “discover” the law of gravity. As doubtful as the story sounds, writings by Newton and Based on the tone of his contemporaries verify the incident. Though science often seems an orderly and this paragraph and the methodical process, history is dotted with surprising discoveries such as these. Were information presented, what do you think they merely luck? Or the results of a gifted mind? Actually, a bit of both. Sometimes might be the purpose or scientific discoveries come from the most unexpected places, when talented people purposes of this article? are watching out for them. Here are two examples of similarly serendipitous finds. a serendipitous The Smallpox Cure (sDrQEn-dGpPG-tEs) adj. found by fortunate In the late 1700s, Edward Jenner, a young English doctor-in-training, was told by a local 2 accident 10 milkmaid that she was safe from smallpox because she had already had cowpox. Like its deadly cousin, cowpox also produced painful blisters, yet doctors had not made a connection between the two diseases. After extensive research, Jenner discovered that what she said was true—milkmaids exposed to a common strain of cowpox almost never contracted smallpox. Jenner’s supervising physicians took little interest in his findings. Then, in 1796, he injected a young boy named James Phipps with tissue taken from a cowpox blister on pervasive (pEr-vAPsGv) adj. -
Religious Conviction and the Boston Inoculation Controversy of 1721
W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 5-2011 Religious Conviction and The Boston Inoculation Controversy of 1721 Anna E. Storm College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Storm, Anna E., "Religious Conviction and The Boston Inoculation Controversy of 1721" (2011). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 400. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/400 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Religious Conviction and The Boston Inoculation Controversy of 1721 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelors of Arts in History from The College of William and Mary Anna Storm Accepted for _________________________________ (Honors, High Honors, Highest Honors) __________________________ Paul Mapp, Director __________________________ Chandos Brown __________________________ Randolph Coleman Williamsburg, VA April 25, 2011 2 Introduction “Ultimately, society must recognize that science is not a democracy in which the side with the most votes or the loudest voices gets to decide what is right.”1 This quote is part of a larger article, “The Age-Old Struggle against the Antivaccinationists,” published on January 13, 2011 in the New England Journal of Medicine. Written by Gregory A Poland, M.D., and Robert M. Jacobson, M.D., the article discusses the problem of “antivaccinationists,” or people who use fear to deter society from vaccinating themselves and their families. -
Edward Jenner and a Vaccination for Smallpox
Name…………………………………………… UNIT 1 – REVISION GUIDE Medicine and Treatment EXAM: 8th June 2018 1 Contents Page TOPIC PAGE GENERAL REVISION NOTES Medicine and Treatment – Unit Checklist ………………………………………………………………….3 – 4 Key individuals/developments – an overview…………………………………………………………….5 – 13 CONNECT 4 – Test your knowledge …………………………………………………………………………. 14 – 17 MEDICINE IN ROMAN BRITAIN 50AD – 410AD What were the medical beliefs and practices in Roman Britain? Hippocrates and the Theory of the Four Humours………………………………………………………19 The work of Galen ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..19 Other medical theories and practices in Roman Britain ………………………………………….….20 MEDICINE IN THE MIDDLE AGES 410 – 1350 The Dark Ages and their impact on medicine and medical knowledge ……………………….22 Public Health in the Middle Ages ………………………………………………………………………………..23 Causes, treatments and medical care in the Middle Ages …………………………………………..24 Medical training and beliefs about anatomy ……………………………………………………………….25 Did medical progress happen in the Middle Ages? ………………………………………………………25 What role did religion play in medicine during the Middle Ages? ……………………………….26 - 27 The Black Death 1348 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….28 – 29 Islamic anatomy & surgery…………………………………………………………………………………………..29-30 Medieval surgery………………………………………………………………………………………………………….31 MEDICINE 1350 – 1750 ‘DURING AND AFTER THE RENAISSANCE’ What was the Renaissance and how did it lead to medical discovery/change? ……….33-34 The discoveries and significance of Andreas Vesalius ……………………………………………….35 -
What Is the Nature of Science?
“Everything is a part of every other thing, now and forever”” The Lieutenant by Kate Grenville The word is derived from the Latin term scientia, meaning “knowledge”. It’s a process of arriving at an understanding of a question or a problem . Science began before recorded history, when people first saw patterns in nature. 2 The Ancient Greeks were natural philosophers (like Aristotle) and they used “thinking only” to explain the world. “Philosophy” means the love of wisdom. Natural philosophers didn’t test their ideas, they relied on their thinking skills. 3 Began in the 1600’s with Galileo. He conducted experiments and collected evidence. He was the first “modern scientist” to base his work on testable facts. Galileo and Frances Bacon are considered to be the founders of what is now called “The Scientific Method”. 4 Up through the 20th century, one of the most serious diseases of mankind was smallpox. One of out every 10 children born in France and Sweden died of smallpox. The only known “cure” was to contract the disease and recover. Some inoculated themselves with fluid and pus from the sick, hoping to contract a mild case and survive. A British physician named Edward Jenner observed that dairymaids living in his hometown often contracted cowpox, a nonlethal disease with similar symptoms to smallpox. He decided to intentionally infect a young boy with cowpox, then expose him to . smallpox. (1796) Immunity was successfully conferred to the boy. 6 A different virus was eventually discovered for use in smallpox vaccinations. Produced much milder symptoms. Smallpox was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization in 1980. -
Through a Psychological Lens Darkly: Interpreting Current Reactions to the Pandemic
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Organizational Dynamics Working Papers Organizational Dynamics Programs 6-1-2020 Through A Psychological Lens Darkly: Interpreting Current Reactions to the Pandemic Dana Kaminstein University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/od_working_papers Part of the Organizational Behavior and Theory Commons Kaminstein, Dana, "Through A Psychological Lens Darkly: Interpreting Current Reactions to the Pandemic" (2020). Organizational Dynamics Working Papers. 28. https://repository.upenn.edu/od_working_papers/28 Working Paper #20-01 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/od_working_papers/28 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Through A Psychological Lens Darkly: Interpreting Current Reactions to the Pandemic Abstract As the global pandemic of COVID-19 expands, it is worthwhile to understand some of the features of past pandemics and the ways in which current behaviors replicate previous societal dysfunctions during times of disease crisis. Pandemics: A Very Short Introduction by Christian W. McMillen offers an excellent overview of plagues and pandemics throughout history, including smallpox, malaria, cholera, tuberculosis, and Influenza, and serves as a jumping-off point for this paper’s discussion of current reactions to COVID-19. This paper looks at similarities between societal responses to our current pandemic and past reactions to plagues and pandemics as viewed through a psychological lens. The world’s lack of preparedness for the Covid-19 pandemic, despite ample warnings, is interpreted as a combination of denial and magical thinking. Plague as hoax and punishment are viewed as examples of flight behavior. The rebellion against the current pandemic and increased belief in pseudoscience are interpreted as fight behavior.