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Mikrobiol. 3-2015.Indb POLSKIE TOWARZYSTWO MIKROBIOLOGÓW Kwartalnik Tom 54 Zeszyt 2•2015 KWIECIE¡ – CZERWIEC CODEN: PMKMAV 54 (2) Advances in Microbiology 2015 POLSKIE TOWARZYSTWO MIKROBIOLOGÓW Kwartalnik Tom 54 Zeszyt 3•2015 LIPIEC – WRZESIE¡ CODEN: PMKMAV 54 (3) Advances in Microbiology 2015 POLSKIE TOWARZYSTWO MIKROBIOLOGÓW Kwartalnik Tom 54 Zeszyt 4•2015 PAèDZIERNIK – GRUDZIE¡ CODEN: Index Copernicus ICV = 9,65 (2013) PMKMAV 54 (4) ImpactAdvances Factor ISI =in 0,286 Microbiology (2014) 2015 Punktacja MNiSW = 15,00 (2013) http://www.pm.microbiology.pl RADA REDAKCYJNA JACEK BARDOWSKI (Instytut Biochemii i Biofizyki PAN), DARIUSZ BARTOSIK (Uniwersytet Warszawski), JACEK BIELECKI (Uniwersytet Warszawski), RYSZARD CHRÓST (Uniwersytet Warszawski), JERZY DŁUGOŃSKI (Uniwersytet Łódzki), NADZIEJA DRELA (Uniwersytet Warszawski), EUGENIA GOSPODAREK (Collegium Medicum UMK w Bydgoszczy), JERZY HREBENDA (Uniwersytet Warszawski), WALERIA HRYNIEWICZ (Narodowy Instytut Leków), MAREK JAKÓBISIAK (Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny), JACEK MIĘDZOBRODZKI (Uniwersytet Jagielloński), ANDRZEJ PIEKAROWICZ (Uniwersytet Warszawski), ANTONI RÓŻALSKI (Uniwersytet Łódzki), ALEKSANDRA SKŁODOWSKA (Uniwersytet Warszawski), RADOSŁAW STACHOWIAK (Uniwersytet Warszawski), BOHDAN STAROŚCIAK (Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny), BOGUSŁAW SZEWCZYK (Uniwersytet Gdański), ELŻBIETA TRAFNY (Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna), STANISŁAWA TYLEWSKA-WIERZBANOWSKA (Państwowy Zakład Higieny), GRZEGORZ WĘGRZYN (Uniwersytet Gdański), PIOTR ZIELENKIEWICZ (Uniwersytet Warszawski) REDAKCJA JACEK BIELECKI (redaktor naczelny), BOHDAN STAROŚCIAK (zastępca), RADOSŁAW STACHOWIAK (sekretarz), MARTA BRZÓSTKOWSKA (korekta tekstów angielskich) ADRESY REDAKCJI Redaktorzy: Instytut Mikrobiologii, Wydział Biologii, Uniwersytet Warszawski ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, tel. (22) 554 13 04, fax (22) 554 14 04 e-mail: [email protected] Zakład Mikrobiologii Farmaceutycznej, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny ul. Oczki 3 (parter), 02-007 Warszawa, tel. (22) 628 08 22, (22) 621 13 51 e-mail: [email protected] Sekretarz Instytut Mikrobiologii, Wydział Biologii, Uniwersytet Warszawski ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, tel. (22) 554 13 12, fax (22) 554 14 04 e-mail: [email protected] PUBLIKACJE METODYCZNE I STANDARDY Redaktor odpowiedzialny: STEFANIA GIEDRYS-KALEMBA (Pomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Szczecinie) Adres Redaktora działu Publikacje Metodyczne i Standardy ul. Malinowa 11, 72-003 Wołczkowo tel. 605031324, fax: (91) 3113186, e-mail: [email protected] lub [email protected] STALI RECENZENCI: JERZY DŁUGOŃSKI (Uniwersytet Łódzki), WALERIA HRYNIEWICZ (Narodowy Instytut Leków), JÓZEF KUR (Politechnika Gdańska), EUGENIUSZ MAŁAFIEJ (Instytut Centrum Zdrowia Matki Polki), ANNA PRZONDO-MORDARSKA (Akademia Medyczna we Wrocławiu) CZASOPISMO WYDAWANE Z FINANSOWĄ POMOCĄ MINISTERSTWA NAUKI I SZKOLNICTWA WYŻSZEGO ISBN 978 - 83 - 923731 - 3 - 1 Informacja o zdjęciu na okładce: Komórki zrekombinowanego szczepu Bacillus subtilis w trakcie inwazji komórek eukariotycznych linii HeLa (SEM LEO, powiększenie 2 300 X). Ze zbiorów Zakładu Mikrobiologii Stosowanej Instytutu Mikrobiologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. POLSKIE TOWARZYSTWO MIKROBIOLOGÓW Nakład 1150, Objętość 13 ark. wyd., Papier offset 90 g Skład i druk: Zakład Wydawniczy Letter Quality, tel. 22 115 38 10, 607 217 879 e-mail: [email protected]; projekt okładki: Jerzy Grzegorkiewicz POST. MIKROBIOL., ZNACZENIE JELITOWYCH MIKROBIONTÓW 2015, 54, 3, 207–216 http://www.pm.microbiology.pl W UTRZYMANIU OGÓLNEJ HOMEOSTAZY GOSPODARZA Marian Binek1* 1 Zakład Mikrobiologii, Katedra Nauk Przedklinicznych, Wydział Medycyny Weterynaryjnej, SGGW Wpłynęło w listopadzie 2012 r. 1. Wstęp. 2. Znaczenie mikrobiomu jelitowego w etiopatologii niektórych chorób. 3. Czynniki wpływające na kształtowanie się mikro- biomu. 4. Interakcje pomiędzy bakteriami jelitowymi i gospodarzem – systemy komunikacji. 5. Mikrobiom a zachowanie homeostazy. 6. Podsumowanie The role of gut microbiome in the maintenance of host homeostasis Abstract: Recent study on intestinal microbiome irrevocably altered the view that mammalian metabolism is solely influenced by their genome. Intestinal microbiota harbor a repertoire of protein encoding genes that by far exceed the gene pool found in the host genome. This has established the importance of the gut microbiome, because part of the responsibility for host metabolic regulation is devolved to the microbial symbionts. Subtle changes in co-metabolic profiles in response to physiological perturbations or environmental factors lead to many diverse disease processes including inflammatory bowel diseases, colorectal cancer, obesity, circulatory disease, and others. In most mammals, the gut microbiome is dominated by four phyla: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. The host has evolved to establish many processes that sustain unresponsiveness toward the commensal bacteria while at the same time maintaining responsiveness toward pathogens. The intestinal microbiome and mucosal tissues are intertwined by multiple interactions influencing host health or disease. Microbes, in response to environmental or host cues, form highly coordinated, multi-cellular networks trough intercellular cross-species and cross-domain signaling pathways, resulting in potent expansion of adaptive response to environmental changes. Similarly, the host is constantly sampling and assessing colonizing organisms and regulates defense mechanism. Under physiological conditions, the intestinal community serves the host via several ways including maturation and regulation of intestinal immune system, energy metabolism, intestinal response to epithelial cell injury and others. Changes to the intestinal milieu influence this advantageous balance is seriously injured, as benign commensals sensing danger rapidly switch to feared pathogens and initiate a coordinated program to invade the succumbed tissues. Molecular mechanisms responsible for recognizing the intestinal microflora are diverse, including numerous pathways like Toll-like receptors (TLRs), formylated peptide receptors (FPRs), nucleotide binding oligomerization-like receptors (NODs) and others with corresponding signal transduction routs. NF-κB depending signaling induce the inflammatory and proapoptotic response. Gastric and mucosal mucosa is engaged, with the ability to respond to inflammatory signals via production of different mediators, i.e. TNFα, IL-1, Il-6, IL-8 and IL-12. Many commensal bacteria have the ability to activate anti- inflammatory responses inducing expression of target genes mediating anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects i.e. IL-10 and TGF-β. Under physiological circumstances, these host-microbiome interactions are considered to be placed at the exquisitely equilibrated state between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. 1. Introduction. 2. The role of the gut microbiome in etiopathogenesis of some systemic diseases. 3. Factors influencing gut microbiome composition. 4. Bidirectional relationship between gut microbiome and host-cross talk process. 5. Microbiom in the maintenance of host homeostasis. 6. Concluding remarks Słowa kluczowe: jelitowy mikrobiom, molekularna interakcja miedzy gospodarzem i drobnoustrojami, utrzymanie homeostazy Key words: gut microbiome, molecular host-microbes interaction, homeostasis maintenance 1. Wstęp cjalnie wiele nowych biologicznych możliwości zakodo- wanych we wspólnym interaktywnym genomie. Dzięki Po niecałej dekadzie od zsekwencjonowania genomu temu uzyskał przydomek super organizmu [6, 26, 29, człowieka dochodzimy do przekonania, że metabolizm 51]. W wyniku ukształtowanego mutualizmu, po części, ssaków nie zależy wyłącznie od produktów ich genów, za regulację metabolizmu gospodarza odpowiadają więc ale podlega również wpływowi zasiedlających określone symbiotyczne mikrobionty. Ścisłe fizyczne i funkcjo- nisze ekologiczne mikroorganizmów. Ich całokształt nalne powiązanie mikrobiomu jelitowego z lokalnym wraz ze wspólnym genomem określany jest mikrobio- układem immunologicznym można uznać za pewnego mem. Samych tylko bakterii jest prawie 10 razy więcej rodzaju szczególny narząd odpowiedzialny za miejs- niż komórek somatycznych gospodarza i w większości cowy i ogólny stan fizjologiczny lub patologiczny orga- zlokalizowanych w przewodzie pokarmowym. Genom nizmu, jak np. reakcje autoimmunologiczne, alergie, człowieka, a także innych ssaków został więc wzboga- otyłość, zaburzenia w krążeniu, nieswoiste zapale- cony przez miliony genów koewolujących z nimi dro- nia jelit, rak jelita, metabolizm leków, pooperacyjną bnoustrojów dzięki czemu gospodarz uzyskał poten- rekonwalescencję, czy nawet autyzm [33, 42]. Nie bez * Autor korespondencyjny: Zakład Mikrobiologii, Katedra Nauk Przedklinicznych, Wydział Medycyny Weterynaryjnej, SGGW, ul. Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warszawa; e-mail: [email protected] 208 MARIAN BINEK znaczenia pozostaje również fakt, że około 10% energii, którą uzyskuje gospodarz pochodzi z bakteryjnych produktów fermentacji [40]. U większości ssaków mikrobiom jelitowy stanowią głownie bakterie zali- czane do czterech typów, tj. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria i Proteobacteria. Ich kompozycja i sta- bilność specyficznie związane są z gospodarzem [59]. Na podstawie dwuletniej obserwacji dynamiki mikro- biomu jelitowego człowieka ustalono, że 60% bakterii nie podlega zmianie [16, 46]. Różnice w ich składzie są bardziej znaczące u niemowląt niż osób dorosłych. U tych ostatnich w miarę postępu życia mikrobiom jeli- towy stabilizuje
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