DCP3 Series Acknowledgments

Disease Control Priorities, third edition (DCP3) compiles­ We thank the many contractors and consultants the knowledge of institutions and experts who ­provided support to specific volumes in the form of from around the world, a task that required the efforts economic analytical work, volume coordination, chap- of over 500 individuals, including volume editors, ter drafting, and meeting organization: the Center for ­chapter authors, peer reviewers, advisory committee Disease Dynamics, Economics, and Policy; Center for members, and research and staff assistants. For each Chronic Disease Control; Center for Global Health of these contributions we convey our acknowledge- Research; Emory University; Evidence to Policy Initiative; ment and appreciation. First and foremost, we would Public Health Foundation of India; QURE Healthcare; like to thank our 31 volume editors who provided the University of California, San Francisco; University of intellectual vision for their volumes based on years of Waterloo; ; and the World Health professional work in their respective fields, and then Organization. dedicated long hours to reviewing each chapter, pro- We are tremendously grateful for the wisdom and viding leadership and guidance to authors, and fram- guidance provided by our advisory committee to the ing and writing the summary chapters. We also thank editors. Steered by Chair Anne Mills, the advisory com- our chapter authors who collectively volunteered their mittee assures quality and intellectual rigor of the high- time and expertise to writing over 160 comprehensive, est order for DCP3. ­evidence-based chapters. The U.S. Institute of Medicine, in collaboration We owe immense gratitude to the institutional spon- with the Inter-Academy Medical Panel, coordinated the sor of this effort: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. peer-review process for all DCP3 chapters. Patrick Kelley, The Foundation provided sole financial support of Gillian Buckley, Megan Ginivan, and Rachel Pittluck the Disease Control Priorities Network. Many thanks managed this effort and provided critical and substan- to Program Officers Kathy Cahill, Philip Setel, Carol tive input. Medlin, and (currently) Damian Walker for their The Office of the Publisher at the World Bank pro- thoughtful interactions, guidance, and encouragement vided exceptional guidance and support throughout the over the life of the project. We also wish to thank Jaime demanding production and design process. We would Sepulveda for his longstanding support, including chair- particularly like to thank Carlos Rossel, the publisher; ing the Advisory Committee for the second edition Mary Fisk, Nancy Lammers, Devlan O’Connor, Rumit and, more recently, demonstrating his vision for DCP3 Pancholi, and Deborah Naylor for their diligence and while he was a special advisor to the Gates Foundation. expertise. Additionally, we thank Jose de Buerba, Mario We are also grateful to the ’s Trubiano, Yulia Ivanova, and Chiamaka Osuagwu of Department of Global Health and successive chairs King the World Bank for providing professional counsel on Holmes and Judy Wasserheit for providing a home-base communications and marketing strategies. for the DCP3 Secretariat, which included intellectual Several U.S. and international institutions contrib- collaboration, logistical coordination, and administra- uted to the organization and execution of meetings that tive support. ­supported the preparation and dissemination of DCP3.

381 We would like to express our appreciation to the follow- Reproductive and maternal health volume consulta- ing institutions: tion Nov 2013) · National Cancer Institute and Union for · University of Bergen, consultation on equity (June International Cancer Control (Cancer consultation 2011) Nov. 2013) · University of California, San Francisco, surgery volume consultations (April 2012, October 2013, Carol Levin provided outstanding governance for February 2014) cost and cost-effectiveness analysis. Stéphane Verguet · Institute of Medicine, first meeting of the Advisory added invaluable guidance in applying and improv- Committee to the Editors ACE (March 2013) ing the extended cost-effectiveness ­analysis method. · Harvard Global Health Institute, consultation Shane Murphy, Zachary Olson, Elizabeth Brouwer, on policy measures to reduce incidence of non-­ and Kristen Danforth provided exceptional research communicable diseases (July 2013) assistance and analytic assistance. Brianne Adderley · Institute of Medicine, systems strengthening meeting ably managed the budget and project processes. The (September 2013) efforts of these individuals were absolutely critical · Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics, and to producing this series and we are thankful for their Policy (Quality and Uptake meeting Sept 2013, commitment.

382 DCP3 Series Acknowledgments Series and Volume Editors

SERIES EDITORS Hellen Gelband Hellen Gelband is Associate Director for Policy at the Dean T. Jamison Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy Dean Jamison is a Senior Fellow in Global Health (CDDEP). Her work spans infectious disease, particu- Sciences at the University of California, San Francisco, larly malaria and antibiotic resistance, and noncommu- and an Emeritus Professor of Global Health at the nicable disease policy, mainly in low- and middle-­income University of Washington. He previously held aca- countries. Before joining CDDEP, then Resources for the demic appointments at and the Future, she conducted policy studies at the (former) University of California, Los Angeles; he was an Congressional Office of Technology Assessment, the ­economist on the staff of the World Bank, where Institute of Medicine of the U.S. National Academies, he was lead author of the World Bank’s World and a number of international organizations. Development Report 1993: Investing in Health. He was lead editor of DCP2. He holds a PhD in economics Susan Horton from Harvard University and is an elected member Susan Horton is the CIGI chair in global health eco- of the Institute of Medicine of the U.S. National nomics in the Balsillie School of International Affairs at Academy of Sciences. He recently served as Co-Chair the University of Waterloo. She has worked in over 20 and Study Director of The Lancet’s Commission on low- and middle-income countries and has consulted Investing in Health. for the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, several agencies, and the International Rachel Nugent Development Research Centre, among others. She led Rachel Nugent is a Research Associate Professor in the paper on nutrition for the Copenhagen Consensus the Department of Global Health at the University in 2008, when micronutrients were ranked as the top of Washington. She was formerly Deputy Director of development priority. She has served as associate pro- Global Health at the Center for Global Development, vost of graduate studies at the University of Waterloo, Director of Health and Economics at the Population vice-president academic at Wilfrid Laurier University in Reference Bureau, Program Director of Health and Waterloo, and interim dean at the University of Toronto Economics Programs at the Fogarty International Center at Scarborough. of the National institutes of Health, and senior econ- omist at the Food and Agriculture Organization of Prabhat Jha the United Nations. From 1991–97, she was associate Prabhat Jha is the founding director of University professor and department chair in economics at Pacific of Toronto’s Centre for Global Health Research and Lutheran University. She has advised the World Health University of Toronto Endowed Professor in Disease Organization, the U.S. government, and nonprofit orga- Control, Canada Research Chair at the Dalla Lana nizations on the economics and policy environment of School of Public Health. He is lead investigator of the noncommunicable diseases. Million Death Study in India, which quantifies the

383 causes of death and key risk factors in over two ­million Society; Faculty Chief Examiner, College of homes over a 14-year period. He is also Scientific Physicians and Surgeons; Council Member, West African Director of the Statistical Alliance for Vital Events, which College of Surgeons; and Chairman, Ghana Health aims to expand reliable measurement of causes of death Workforce Observatory. worldwide. He also conducts studies on epidemiology Through the Ghana Cleft Foundation, a nonprofit and economics of tobacco control worldwide. organization that he cofounded, he provides outreach cleft surgery for remote communities throughout Ramanan Laxminarayan Ghana. Ramanan Laxminarayan is Vice President for Research He was the Founding President of the Pan African and Policy at the Public Health Foundation of India, and Association for Cleft Lip and Palate and served for he directs the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics a number of years on the International Outreach & Policy in Washington, D.C., and New Delhi. His Committee of the American Cleft Palate−Craniofacial research deals with the integration of epidemiological Association and the Advisory Board of the Center for models of infectious diseases and drug resistance into Global Health, University of Michigan. the economic analysis of public health problems. He was His research collaborations include head and one of the key architects of the Affordable Medicines neck cancer, cleft lip and palate, injury, emergency Facility for malaria, a novel financing mechanism to care, medical education, research training, and improve access and delay resistance to antimalarial global health. He is the Principal Investigator of the drugs. In 2012, he created the Immunization Technical President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief/National Support Unit in India, which has been credited with Institutes of Health−funded Medical Education improving immunization coverage in the country. Partnership Initiative project on Emergency Medicine He teaches at Princeton University. at KNUST.

Atul Gawande is a general and endocrine surgeon at VOLUME EDITORS Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management Haile T. Debas, MD, is Director of the University of at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and California Global Health Institute based at the University Samuel O. Thier Professor in the Department of Surgery of California, San Francisco (UCSF). His career as a at Harvard Medical School. He is Executive Director of physician, researcher, professor, and academic leader Ariadne Labs, a joint center for health systems inno- spans more than four decades and includes positions at vation, and cofounder and chairman of Lifebox, an hospitals, medical centers, and universities in Canada international not-for-profit that implements systems and the . At UCSF, he served as Chair and technologies to reduce surgical deaths globally. He of the Department of Surgery, Dean of the School of is also a bestselling author and staff writer for the New Medicine, Vice Chancellor, Chancellor, and Founding Yorker magazine. Executive Director of Global Health Sciences. A gas- trointestinal surgeon by training, he is the Maurice Dean T. Jamison. See the list of Series Editors. Galante Distinguished Professor of Surgery, Emeritus at UCSF. Dr. Debas served as the Founding Chair of the Margaret E. Kruk, MD, MPH, is Associate Professor Board of Directors of the Consortium of Universities of Global Health at Harvard T.H. Chan School of for Global Health. He is a member of the Institute of Public Health. Her research focuses on health care Medicine and fellow of the American Academy of Arts utilization and quality, maternal health, and popu- and Sciences. lation preferences for health services in low-income countries. Dr. Kruk is interested in the ­development Peter Donkor is a Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial of novel evaluation methods for assessing the effec- Surgery at the University of Science tiveness of complex interventions and health sys- and Technology (KNUST), Ghana. He studied at the tem reforms. She collaborates with governments University of Sydney, Australia, and the University of and academics in several African countries, most London. He has been a leader in the development of recently Ethiopia, Ghana, , Mozambique, and surgical training and provision of services in the West Tanzania. She has published more than 60 papers in African subregion as Provost, College of Health Sciences, peer-reviewed journals, was a Commissioner on the Pro-Vice Chancellor, and former Head, Department of Global Health 2035 Lancet Commission on Investing Surgery at KNUST; President, Ghana Surgical Research in Health, and serves on the Institute of Medicine

384 Series and Volume Editors Committee on Health System Strengthening. Before of Science and Technology (Kumasi). In 2005−07, joining Harvard, she was Associate Professor of Health he served as Director of the University of Washington’s Management and Policy at the Columbia University Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center. In Mailman School of Public Health and Director of the 2007−10, he worked at the World Health Organization Better Health Systems Initiative. She was previously (WHO) headquarters in Geneva, where he was respon- Policy Advisor for Health at the Millennium Project, sible for developing the WHO’s trauma care activi- an advisory body to the UN Secretary-General on the ties. In 2010, he returned to his position as Professor Millennium Development Goals. She holds an MD of Surgery (with joint appointments as Professor of degree from McMaster University and an MPH from Epidemiology and Professor of Global Health) at the Harvard University. University of Washington. His main interests include the spectrum of injury control, especially as it pertains to Charles N. Mock, MD, PhD, FACS, has training as both low- and ­middle-income countries: surveillance, injury a trauma surgeon and an epidemiologist. He worked as a prevention, prehospital care, and hospital-based trauma surgeon in Ghana for four years, including at a rural hos- care. He is President (2013−15) of the International pital (Berekum) and at the Kwame Nkrumah University Association for Trauma Surgery and Intensive Care.

Series and Volume Editors 385

Contributors

Richard M. K. Adanu David C. Chang School of Public Health, , Massachusetts General Hospital and Accra, Ghana Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States Sweta Adhikari Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, Anthony Charles New York, United States Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Asa Ahimbisibwe Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada Meena Cherian World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland Blake C. Alkire Department of Otology and Laryngology and Thomas Coonan Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, United States Canada Joseph B. Babigumira Dawit Desalegn Department of Global Health, School of Public School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia United States Catherine R. deVries Jan J. Barendregt Department of Surgery and Department of Family School of Population Health, University of Queensland, and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah Jessica H. Beard Delanyo Dovlo Department of Surgery, University of California, Country Office, World Health Organization, San Francisco, California, United States , Rwanda Staffan Bergström Richard P. Dutton Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Anesthesia Quality Institute and University of Chicago, Stockholm, Sweden Chicago, Illinois, United States Stephen W. Bickler Mike English Department of Surgery and Rady Children’s Hospital, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, University of California, San Diego, California, Nairobi, Kenya and University of Oxford, Oxford, United States United Kingdom

387 Diana Farmer Katrine Lofberg UC Davis Children’s Hospital and Department of Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences Surgery, University of California, Davis, California, University, Portland, Oregon, United States United States Svjetlana Lozo Magda Feres Division of Global Health and Human Rights, Dental Research Division, Department of Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Sao Paulo, Brazil United States Zipporah Gathuya Jackie Mabweijano Department of Anaesthesia, Gertrude’s Children’s Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya Colin McCord Richard A. Gosselin Columbia University (retired) Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States Barbara McPake School of Population and Global Health, University Hideki Higashi of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States Kelly McQueen Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt Susan Horton University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University United States of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada John G. Meara Renee Hsia Harvard Medical School and San Francisco General Hospital and Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States California, San Francisco, California, United States Nyengo Mkandawire Kjell Arne Johansson Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi and University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia Clark T. Johnson Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Mark A. Morgan Baltimore, Maryland, United States Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Timothy R. B. Johnson Pennsylvania, United States Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States Mulu Muleta Bedane Women and Health Alliance International and Manjul Joshipura University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia Academy of Traumatology, Ahmedabad, India Arindam Nandi Nicholas J. Kassebaum Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Seattle Children’s Hospital and Washington, DC, United States Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University Richard Niederman of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, Ramanan Laxminarayan United States Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy and Emilia V. Noormahomed Public Health Foundation of India, Washington, DC, Department of Microbiology, Eduardo Mondlane United States and New Delhi, India University, Maputo, Mozambique Carol Levin Florian R. Nuevo Department of Global Health, School of Public Department of Anesthesiology, University of Santo Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, Tomas Hospital and Philippine Heart Center, Manila United States and Quezon City, the Philippines

388 Contributors Eyitope Ogunbodede Nicole Sitkin Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, ­Ile-Ife, Nigeria California, United States Michael Ohene-Yeboah Ambereen Sleemi Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital and Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia Department of Surgery, Kwame Nkrumah University University, New York, United States and of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana Eritrean Women’s Project, Mendefera, Eritrea Andrew Ottaway David Spiegel Hobart Anaesthetic Group, Hobart, Australia Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Doruk Ozgediz University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States Sathish Srinivasan Caetano Pereira University Hospital Ayr and Ministry of Health, Mozambique and Ayrshire Eye Clinic and Laser Centre, Ayr, Scotland Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Hospital, Maputo, Mozambique Andy Stergachis School of Public Health, University of Washington, Mary Lake Polan Seattle, Washington, United States Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine, Yale University School of Amardeep Thind Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N. Venkatesh Prajna Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India Stéphane Verguet T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Raymond R. Price Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States Intermountain Healthcare and Department of Surgery and Department of Family and Jeffrey R. Vincent Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Nicholas School of the Environment, Sanford Utah, United States School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, Shankar Prinja North Carolina, United States Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Michael Vlassoff Research, Chandigarh, India Guttmacher Institute, New York, United States Thulasiraj D. Ravilla Johan von Schreeb Lions Aravind Institute of Community Ophthalmology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Madurai, India Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Eduardo Romero Hicks Ministry of Health of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico Theo Vos Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University Sarah Russell of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States Thomas G. Weiser Department of Surgery, School of William P. Schecter Medicine, Stanford, California, United States San Francisco General Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of California, Iain H. Wilson San Francisco, California, United States Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom Mark G. Shrime Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Harvard Ahmed Zakariah University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States National Ambulance Service, Accra, Ghana

Contributors 389

Advisory Committee to the Editors

Anne Mills, Chair Amanda Glassman Professor, London School of Hygiene, London, Director, Global Health Policy, Center for Global United Kingdom Development, Washington, DC, United States Olusoji Adeyi Glenda Gray Director, Health, Nutrition and Population Global Executive Director, Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Practice, World Bank, Washington, DC, United States Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa Ala Alwan Director, World Health Organization, Regional Office Demissie Habte for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Arab Republic Chair of Board of Trustees, International Clinical of Epidemiological Network, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Rifat Atun Richard Horton Professor, Global Health Systems, Harvard University, Editor, The Lancet, London, United Kingdom Boston, Massachusetts, United States Edward Kirumira Zulfiqar Bhutta Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, Makerere University, Chair, Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan Kampala, Uganda University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan Agnes Binagwaho Peter Lachmann Minister of Health, Kigali, Rwanda Professor, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom Mark Blecher Senior Health Advisor, South Africa Treasury Lai Meng Looi Department, Cape Town, South Africa Professor, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Patricia Garcia Dean, School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Adel Mahmoud Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru Senior Molecular Biologist, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States Roger Glass Director, Fogarty International Center, National Anthony Measham Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States World Bank (retired)

391 Carol Medlin Jaime Sepúlveda Children’s Investment Fund Foundation, London, Executive Director, Global Health Sciences, University United Kingdom of California, San Francisco, California, United States Alvaro Moncayo Richard Skolnik Researcher, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Lecturer, Health Policy Department, Yale School of Colombia Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States Jaime Montoya Stephen Tollman Executive Director, Philippine Council for Professor, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Health Research and Development, Taguig City, South Africa the Philippines Jürgen Unutzer Ole Norheim Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Professor, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States Folashade Omokhodion Damian Walker Professor, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Senior Program Officer, Bill & Melinda Gates Nigeria Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States Toby Ord Ngaire Woods President, Giving What We Can, Oxford, United Director, Global Economic Governance Program, Kingdom Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom K. Srinath Reddy Nopadol Wora-Urai President, Public Health Foundation of India, Professor, Department of Surgery, Phramongkutklao New Delhi, India Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand Sevkat Ruacan Kun Zhao Dean, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Researcher, National Health Development Turkey Research Center, Beijing, China

392 Advisory Committee to the Editors Reviewers

Wame Baravilala Russell Gruen United Nations Population Fund, Pacific Sub-Regional Monash University and Office, Suva, Fiji Islands The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia Chibuike Ogwuegbu Chigbu Jaymie Henry University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria Global Alliance for Surgical, Obstetric, Trauma, and Anaesthesia Care (G4 Alliance), San Francisco, Usuf M. E. Chikte California, United States Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa Dhruv S. Kazi Kathryn Chu University of California, San Francisco, California, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States United States Michael Cotton Robert Lane University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, International Federation of Surgical Colleges, Switzerland Southampton, United Kingdom Blami Dao Andrew Leather Jhpiego, an affiliate of Johns Hopkins University, King’s College London Centre for Global Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States London, United Kingdom Moses Galukande Jenny Löfgren Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden Kampala, Uganda Jane Maraka Raul Garcia East of England Deanery, Cambridge, United Kingdom Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States Kelly McQueen Sarah Greenberg Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Tennessee, United States United States Mahesh C. Misra John S. Greenspan All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India University of California, San Francisco, California, United States Sam W. Moore Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa Caris Grimes King’s College London Centre for Global Health, Pär Nordin London, United Kingdom Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

393 Ebenezer Anno Nyako Samuel D. Shillcutt University of Ghana Dental School, Accra, Ghana Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States Akinyinka O. Omigbodun University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria K. M. Shyamprasad Martin Luther Christian University, Shillong, India Chris Oppong Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, United Kingdom Hugh R. Taylor University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Doruk Ozgediz Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Nitin Verma Connecticut, United States University of Tasmania School of Medicine, Hobart, Australia Norgrove Penny The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada L. Lewis Wall Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, Dan Poenaru United States Queens University, Kingston, Canada Teri Reynolds Lee Wallis University of California, San Francisco, California, African Federation of Emergency Medicine, Bellville, United States South Africa Matthias Richter-Turtur Benjamin C. Warf Isar Klinikum, Munich, Germany Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States Percy Eduardo Rossell-Perry San Martin de Porres University, Lima, Peru David Watters Deakin University and Barwon Health, Geelong, Andrés Rubiano Australia South Colombian University, Neiva, Colombia Iskender Sayek Andreas Wladis Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Turkey Gavin Yamey Lawrence Sherman University of California, San Francisco, California, University of Liberia, , Liberia United States

394 Reviewers