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Peter Futo, Michael Jandl (eds.) 2006 Year Book on Illegal Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking in Central and Eastern Europe, International Centre for Migration Policy Development, Vienna, 2007 Peter Futo, Michael Jandl (eds.) Note of the editors: This publication has been prepared with the help of the border services of the 2006 Year Book States covered. The names of the responsible persons and services are listed at the end of each country chapter. We are very grateful for their cooperation and commitment in answering a long and detailed questionnaire. on Illegal Migration, Human Smuggling We also would like to thank Jenny Anderson, Tamara Agoli, Vjekoslav Brajovic, Nadia Dimitrova, Brankica Grupkovic, Azra Kraisek, Alenka Mesojedec- and Trafficking Prvinsek, Angelika Mlinar, Marcelo Ribeiro, Sandra Sacchetti, Julien Simon, Guy Schmit, Tomas Urubek and Radim Zak (all ICMPD), Gábor Klein, Katalin Bárdi and Liia Karsakova (Mixolid Statistical Consultancy) for their help in in Central and Eastern Europe collecting and translating the national contributions to the Yearbook. The responsibility for any editing errors rests solely with the editors. A Survey and Analysis of Border Management and Border Apprehension Data from 20 States International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) Gonzagagasse 1 A-1010 Vienna Austria www.icmpd.org With a Special Survey on © International Centre for Migration Policy Development 2007 the Use of Counterfeit Documents All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission of the copyright owners. Data collection and management carried out by Mixolid Statistical Consultancy, International Centre for Migration Policy Development, Vienna · 2007 Budapest. Printed and bound in Hungary. Cover: Photos by Hungarian Border Guard, Peter Futo and Radim Zak. Collage by Marcelo Ribeiro ISBN: 3-900411-08-5 1 2 Contents INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 5 ILLEGAL MIGRATION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE IN 2006: SUMMARY AND OVERVIEW.......................................................................................................................................................... 7 THE USE OF FALSE OR FALSIFIED DOCUMENTS FOR ILLEGAL MIGRATION PURPOSES...... 35 COUNTRY CHAPTERS.................................................................................................................................... 57 ARMENIA ............................................................................................................................... 57 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA .................................................................................................. 62 BULGARIA.............................................................................................................................. 67 CROATIA ................................................................................................................................74 CYPRUS.................................................................................................................................. 81 CZECH REPUBLIC ................................................................................................................... 91 ESTONIA............................................................................................................................... 108 HUNGARY ............................................................................................................................ 116 KOSOVO - TERRITORY ADMINISTERED BY THE UNITED NATIONS ........................................ 129 LATVIA ................................................................................................................................133 LITHUANIA........................................................................................................................... 139 MACEDONIA ........................................................................................................................ 148 MOLDOVA............................................................................................................................ 151 MONTENEGRO...................................................................................................................... 156 POLAND ............................................................................................................................... 167 ROMANIA............................................................................................................................. 181 SERBIA................................................................................................................................. 195 SLOVAKIA............................................................................................................................ 203 SLOVENIA ............................................................................................................................ 212 TURKEY ............................................................................................................................... 222 UKRAINE.............................................................................................................................. 227 OUTLINE OF THE QUESTIONNAIRES ..................................................................................................... 245 3 4 Introduction This is the 10th edition of our annual Yearbook on Illegal Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking in Central and Eastern Europe, marking an important milestone in the life of a publication that aims to comprehensively document and analyse irregular migration trends in the region. Over this past decade, we have seen changes in migration patterns across the region, driven by economic, political and technological developments. At the same time we have also seen profound changes in the political landscape of Central and Eastern Europe, with many countries of the region joining the European Union and a space of free circulation of goods and persons. Other countries in the region have introduced a tight web of collaboration and exchange. Over this period, we have first witnessed a continuous rise in irregular migration trends, accompanied by an expansion of the activities of human smugglers who have developed a lucrative business, followed by a determined reaction of States – through their border guards, legal frameworks, criminal justice systems but also through closer international cooperation – to contain and suppress irregular migration and human smuggling. As a result, the States of Central and Eastern Europe – together and individually – today are better prepared to face the challenges of irregular migration as a consequence of globalisation trends than only a decade ago. For those who feared that the 2004 EU enlargement will lead to escalating flows of illegal migration across the eastern borders of the Union, the data compiled in successive editions of the Yearbook indicate that the opposite was the case and that the general downward trend of border apprehensions across the region has continued through 2005 and 2006. Nevertheless, such favourable trends cannot give rise to complacency. The underlying forces driving irregular migration have hardly changed and new routes and modus operandi of human smugglers are encountered almost daily. A serious development over the past few years has been a widely observed increase in the use of false or falsified documents for irregular migration purposes. Such documents are often of high quality, suggesting the involvement of professional criminal actors on a large scale. To learn more about the misuse of documents on a regional level, it was decided to carry out a Special Survey that was distributed to Border Guard Services together with the Standard Questionnaire for the annual Yearbook. Most Border Guards, through their special training and daily routine, possess a wealth of information on counterfeit documents that they are willing to share with their colleagues in other States as well. Our Special Survey met with a very good response with most States covered in the Yearbook also providing detailed information in the Special Survey. Based on these answers, a special chapter in this edition provides a regional overview and an analysis of patterns and trends in the use of counterfeit documents. The detailed country information is included in the country chapters as usual. The annual Yearbook on Illegal Migration forms an important part of ICMPD’s services to Member States and the migration management community. Such a comprehensive volume can only be realised through the cooperation and contributions from participating States, who provided the underlying data and information. I want to thank them as well as the editors, collaborators and supporting ICMPD staff for their dedicated work. Gottfried Zürcher Director General, ICMPD 5 6 Number of migration related border apprehensions by country of apprehension, 2005-2006 Illegal Migration in Central and Eastern Europe in 2006: Summary Countries in decreasing order of apprehensions in 2006 and Overview Change in absolute Place of Apprehension 2005 2006 Change in % Empirical basis numbers As in previous years, the present overview is based on a yearly
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