flN.TflRCiT.IC A NEWS BULLETIN published quorterly by the NEW ZEALAND ANTARCTIC SOCIETY (INC)

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Pause in history. New Zealand huskies from Scott Base rest outside Scott's hut at Cape Evans before resuming their journey up the lower slopes of Mt Erebus late in October. With the team is Con Faber, dog handler at Scott Base last winter. Photo by Colin Monteath

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Vol. 9, No. 4 100th Issue December, 1980

Editor: J. M. CAFFIN, 35 Chepstow Avenue, Christchurch, 5. Address all contributions, inquiries etc. to the Editor.

CONTENTS ARTICLES AMUNDSEN'S KNIFE 142 POLAR ACTIVITIES NEW ZEALAND 110-113, 135-136 UNITED STATES 114-119 AUSTRALIA 120-121 JAPAN 126-129 UNITED KINGDOM 130-132 ARGENTINE 132-133 NORWAY 133 WEST GERMANY 136-138 EAST GERMANY 138-139 GENERAL TRANSGLOBE EXPEDITION 122-123 BIOMASS EXPERIMENT 134-135 SCAR MEETING 124-125 FIRST EMPEROR CHICK 140-141 TOURISM 113 ANTARCTIC CALENDAR 144

.SSN 0003-5327

© New Zealand Antarctic Society (Inc) 1978. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any way without the prior permission of the publishers. 'iW*-

ANTARCTIC December 1980 NEW ZEALAND FIELD WORK BEGINS Although southerly storms and blowing snow in October delayed the start of some field operations New Zealand's Antarctic research pro gramme for 1980-81 was in full swing by the middle of this month. After the first two months of the new season, which began officially on October 6, field parties or summer support staff from Scott Base were at work in the dry valleys of Victoria Land, on Mt Erebus, at Cape Bird, around McMurdo Sound, and on the Ferrar Glacier. Early this month the Royal New and survival team was on the job early, Zealand Air Force completed 12 flights and on October 17 tested its search and from Christchurch, using Hercules rescue equipment by travelling 26km wheeled aircraft, to provide logistic sup across the sea ice to White Island where port for the New Zealand and United it spent the night. Carl Thompson States programmes. This was the 16th (leader), John Prosser and Peter Som- season that the RNZAF had carried merville (field assistants) took with them passengers and cargo between New two members of the new winter team, Zealand and Antarctica. Between John Mackey and Bruce Scott. November 26 and December 6 its Her cules aircraft also transported some of DOGS ON EREBUS the material for the new accommodation block at Scott Base which is under con A five-day expedition up the icy slopes struction this season. behind Cape Royds to the lower slopes New Zealand's summer programme of Mt Erebus completed the transfer of began as soon as 20 New Zealanders on the 21 huskies at Scott Base to their new the first flight of the season by a United handler. Three men, Colin Monteath, States Air Force Starlifter reached Scott field officer, Antarctic Division, Con Base. The party included Mr N. C. Faber and Allan Taylor, left on October McPherson, executive officer, Antarctic 17 with a team of 1 f dogs and 272kg of Division, Mr R. J. Clark, officer-in- equipment. charge for the summer, and his deputy, They travelled north on the sea ice to Mr H. J. Webb, the 1981 winter team, Scott's hut at Cape Evans, and camped and key summer support staff. the night behind the Adelie penguin On the morning of October 9 the 11 rookery at Cape Royds about 30km men who spent last winter at Scott Base from Scott Base. During the night a completed their Antarctic service. The strong southerly wind broke out a huge leader, Mr C. A. Roper, hauled down section of sea ice stretching across his New Zealand flag, which had flown McMurdo Sound north of Cape Royds. at the base since February 14, and On October 18 the party began to handed over to Roger Clark. Two days make its way up the slopes behind Cape later 10 members of the winter team flew Royds, but it was checked by a violent back to Christchurch. Con Faber, the southerly storm when at 600mn. Tether dog handler, remained until November 4 ing the dogs and erecting a polar tent in to complete the handover of the dog 30 to 40-knot winds took three hours, teams to his successor, Allan Taylor. and the storm pinned the party down for By the beginning of the third week in 24 hours. October the summer support staff had A sudden clearance in the weather at settled in, and was busy preparing for midnight on October 19 enabled the the dispatch of Field parties, and engaged party to climb the extensive icefields in its duties at Scott Base. The snowcraft running up towards the Fang Glacier. In December 1980 ANTARCTIC

A Scott Base dog team and its driver checked by a blizzard at 600m during a descent from 1700m on Mt Erebus towards Cape Royds early this season. Photo by Colin Monteath some parts the party had to push the thick and 100m from Cape Evans. Alex sledges from behind to help the dogs pull Pyne (leader), Barbara Ward, Paul Fitz uphill on the smooth ice. gerald, and Bruce Garrick, an Antarctic Division field assistant, returned to SUMMIT CLIMB Scott Base at 2 a.m. on October 29 Finally the dogs were tethered below exhausted after four hours of battling the west face of Erebus at 1770m. Allan high winds over the 20km of sea ice from Taylor remained with them while Con Cape Evans. Faber and Colin Monteath made a With winds of up to 67 knots for five 10-hour round trip to the summit area of days the party could do little except the volcano, which is 3794m high. Their read, write, eat, and sleep inside the climb in temperatures of minus 30deg tents, and wait for a lull in the storm. Celsius lay between that used by The constant flapping of the tents and Shackleton's 1908-1909 expedition, and the noise of cracking ice made sleep that used by Scott's 1911-1913 expedi difficult. tion, which made the second ascent. Both dogs and men had an exciting SLEDGES UPSET run over hard sastrugi snow to the sea ice near Cape Royds on October 20. Eventually, when there was a lull, the party decided to start for home. But the Before the final run home to Scott Base return journey was the worst part of the the party inspected Shackleton's hut and stormy week. The sea ice had been swept the Antarctic Division's survival hut. clear of snow by the gale to a glassy The historic hut was in perfect condition smoothness, and offered little traction after the winter. to the party's three motor toboggans A Victoria University of Wellington with their 453kg sledge load. Nearly all Field party which left Scott Base on the way south from Cape Evans the October 24 to recover cores from the motor toboggans were hit side on by seabed of McMurdo Sound was also pin high winds, and were continually pushed ned down by a storm — for Five days — off course. Every violent gust overturned in two tents pitched on cracking ice 5m the party's sledges. i^KS^HBrWKT

ANTARCTIC December 1980

For the last two weeks of October undertaken by New Zealanders this Scott Base experienced southerly storms, season. although the winds sweeping down from This team will carry out geological the Polar Plateau brought consistently mapping in the Ferrar Glacier area as high temperatures. Earlier in the month part of a continuing programme to pro the temperatures had ranged from minus vide detailed geological mapping of the 45deg C to zero. Koettlitz Glacier-Blue Glacier reigon Towards the end of the month gale- northward to the dry valleys. The work force winds and blowing snow brought will continue last season's project in the the first field events to a standstill. Heli Blue Glacier region. copter operations were resumed on Dr R. H. Findlay is the leader of the November 2, and two field parties which team. With him are David Craw, a will make hydrological studies in the dry geologist from Dunedin, Garry Ball valleys were flown to Vanda Station on (field leader) and Andy Brown (field separate flights. assistant). They are using two motor One effect of the storm was to leave toboggans and three Nansen sledges to Scott Base without a leader for six days. haul about one tonne of food and equip Roger Clark flew to Vanda for the open ment. ing on October 25. He intended to stay there for three hours, but had to wait FRESH VEGETABLES until November 1 for a United States This summer Dr Allan Green, leader Navy helicopter to bring him back. of the Waikato University biological research team, which began work near SNOW CLEARING the Canada Glacier and Lake Fryxell in the Taylor Valley, hopes that his Antarc When the stormy weather ended the tic tomatoes will ripen. Last season he Scott Base support staff turned to the grew six tomatoes in a plastic green task of clearing snow from the doorways house, using New Zealand and Antarctic and windows of the buildings. Working in shirt sleeves, although the temperature soils, but they would not ripen. Even tually they changed colour when taken was minus 7deg C, the New Zealanders to Scott Base. had the help of 10 Royal Australian Air Force air crew who had been attending When Dr Green and Brian Challinor, the snowcraft and survival course in a botany student, flew to Lake Fryxell preparation for their six Hercules flights by helicopter on November 12, their lug last month. gage included a kerosene heater, several boxes of plants, potting mix, fertiliser, AFter their stormy experience in the and a double-layered bubble plastic previous month the VUW field party headed across the sea ice on November 7 greenhouse. The heater will be used to into McMurdo Sound, towing more keep temperatures in the greenhouse at than 453kg of equipment behind three 50deg C. motor toboggans. One purpose of the Last season Dr Green's team grew journey is to obtain core samples which green beans, sugar peas, tomatoes, and Barbara Ward, a micro-paleontologist, cornflowers at Lake Fryxell. But will study for the presence of micro radishes became confused by 24 hours of organisms, specifically foraminifera, daylight, and kept on flowering, making which are present both live and fossilised themselves inedible. in seabed sediment. This season Dr Green and Brian Chal An Antarctic Division geological team linor will use more fertiliser and a new left Scott Base on November 9 for the irrigation system to produce fresh vege Ferrar Glacier, about 70km to the west tables which will supplement their diet of Ross Island. It will be in the field for of dehydrated food. They hope to grow 10 weeks, and is expected to cover more courgettes, pumpkins, beans, peas, let than 250km by motor toboggan before tuces, and a variety of flowers. returning in mid-January. This will be These greenhouse trials, however, are the longest toboggan journey to be not the main feature of the party's work. December 1980 ANTARCTIC

The two men will study the productivity months' work, interrupted at times by and distribution of mosses and algae bad weather, the team has completed the near the Canada Glacier at the western framework of the building. Panels are end of Lake Fryxell and their adaptation being placed in position this month, and to the Antarctic climate. by the end of the season the building will be complete except for the internal work which will be done next season. PENGUIN CENSUS Since early last month everyone at Each summer a monthly census of Scott Base has been able to take more Adelie penguins in the Cape Royds than one shower a week. Showers were rookery is taken by Scott Base staff. Last month Allan Taylor, Warwick rationed at the beginning of the season Thomson (assistant cook) and Don because water had to be obtained by using the old ice melter which has served McKnight (scientific officer) travelled to the base for many seasons. Cape Royds by dog team on November 12 to make the first count. They stayed A reverse osmosis plant, which filters overnight at Cape Evans, and returned large quantities of sea water was installed to Scott Base on November 14. last season, but the pipelines froze up While field teams have been moving late in April because of the low winter out from Scott Base the construction temperatures. The 11 men of the winter team has made good progress on the team had to make do with the ice melter. third stage of the rebuilding programme Now anti-freeze solution has been flush — erection of a new accommodation ed through the pipelines, and 8000 litres block for 42 people. After nearly three of water can be produced in 24 hours.

Ships to make six cruises Six cruises to Antarctica and sub- Prices for passengers on the Lindblad Antarctic islands will be made by the Explorer's cruises range from $US5,440 Lindblad Explorer and the World to $US9,040. The World Discoverer's Discoverer in the 1981-82 season. Three short cruises cost SUS4.700 to of the cruises will end at New Zealand $US8,900, and the prices for the longer ports. cruise range from $US6,940 to Next year the Lindblad Explorer will $US12,420. make only two cruises, both out of Bluff. Both cruises will last 24 days. The programme provides for visits to McMurdo Station, Cape Royds and Cape Adair, the Balleny Islands, Mac quarie Island, Campbell Island, the Snares Islands, and Stewart Island. After three cruises of 21 days from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) to the Antarctic Peninsula the World Discoverer will make a longer cruise of 30 days to the Antarctic Peninsula, then into the Ross Sea to Ross Island in McMurdo Sound. Visits are planned to Cape Royds, McMurdo Station, Scott Base, and Cape Adare. The ship will also call at the Balleny Islands, and Mac quarie and Campbell Islands on her way i to Lyttelton. i«=?H«^twrJ«3

ANTARCTIC December 1980 U.S. science projects this summer Economic restraints, including rising fuel prices, and an increase in military pay, have reduced United States spending on research in Antarctica this season. The budget is $55 million, which is slightly less than last season's figure of $52 million when more than $4 million for fuel and pay increases is deducted. Included in the cost of the scientific programme, which is financed and co-ordinated by the National Science Foundation is about $39.7 million to support the research with aircraft, icebreakers, and cargo ships, and to maintain the four American inland and coastal stations. Because of the reduced budget Siple In preparation for next season's Station in Ellsworth Land will be closed operations, a reconnaissance will be next winter. The main field effort in the made by air in Northern Victoria Land summer programme — recovery of a for the establishment of a major field United States Navy Hercules aircraft camp. Five possible landing sites in the which was damaged on takeoff in East Evans Neve area will be checked. Bet Antarctic nine years ago — has been ween 50 and 60 scientists from the cancelled, and the number of aircraft United States, New Zealand, Australia, flights between Christchurch and and West Germany, are expected to take McMurdo Station, and in Antarctica, part in programmes of geology, has been reduced. Other economies glaciology, and geophysics. include less construction work at the bases, and the laying up of the marine MARINE RESOURCES research vessel Eltanin. Another major project this season is This season about 285 scientists, the study of marine resources of com including 20 women, and representatives mercial interest in the eastern Scotia Sea, of 10 other countries, are engaged in particularly krill, by scientists from the research on the continent, and in United States, Argentina, Australia, southern waters. With air and sea sup Chile, Japan, and Norway. This project port they are at work around the Antarc is in part the United States contribution tic Peninsula, in Ellsworth Land, at the to the First International BIOMASS South Pole, on the East Antarctic ice Experiment (FIBEX). sheet, in Victoria Land, on Mt Erebus, Twenty-eight scientists will work and in the Ross, Bellingshausen, and aboard the research ship Melville, which Scotia Seas. left Valparaiso late last month, and will There are 86 projects in the United return about April 1 next year. They will States Antarctic Research Programme, concentrate their work in the eastern and they include evaluations of Antarc Scotia Sea at the confluence of surface tica's mineral and marine living currents coming from the Weddell Sea resources. One of the major projects is a and Drake Passage — north-east of the co-ordinated study at Siple Station of Antarctic Peninsula. This area was the precipitation of energetic electrons chosen because of its high concentration from the magnetosphere. The project, of marine life, especially krill. which began this month, calls for the use On the first leg of the Melville's cruise of rockets, balloons, and polar orbiting the scientists will study which properties satellites. It was cancelled last season of the northern boundary of the Weddell because of the operational demands of Sea outflow are important to the high other projects. densities of krill, and to krill develop- ment. Specific areas identified as being of the tectonic development of West An of most biological interest will be studied tarctic and its relationship to the East on the second leg. Antarctic craton. A survey of the Antarctic continental A radiometric survey begun in the margin in the Bellingshausen Sea and 1975-76 season to assess the potential along the Antarctic Peninsula will be resources of uranium and thorium in the continued by a marine geological field exposed rocks of Antarctica will be con team from Rice University, Houston, tinued by a team from the University of Texas, during the voyage of the United Kansas, which will include two West States Coast Guard icebreaker Glacier German scientists. In past seasons the from McMurdo Station to Palmer Sta resource and radioactivity survey has tion. Core samples of ancient sediments covered the mountains of Victoria Land, will be taken, and iceberg sediment exposed rocks in Marie Byrd Land, and transport will be surveyed. The con the Darwin Glacier area. Last season it tinental margin survey will include the was extended to the Ellsworth Moun construction of detailed maps of water tains. depths, and the collection of geological This season a return to Ross Island samples. It is expected to provide infor and selected areas from the Koettlitz mation about the hydrocarbon potential Glacier to the Convoy Range is required. of the margin. One reason is that the equipment now held enables simultaneous recording of MINERALISED AREAS the individual counts from uranium, With the support of the research thorium, and potassium, thus aiding vessel Hero a team from Ohio State evaluation of the uranium potential of University's Institute of Polar Studies the area. The other reason is that in will investigate and sample mineralised 1978-79 substantial concentrations of areas in the northern Antarctic Penin thorium minerals were found in the sula Intensive sampling and petrologic Brown Hills. An effort will be made to and geochemical studies will be focused identify similar anomalies in the Windy on two known areas, south-western Gully sandstone. Anvers Island, and the South Shetland Islands. Data collected will help to deter OFFSHORE OIL mine the mineral resource potential of Field research in the Antarctic Penin the area, and assist the development of sula area is related to the Antarctic programmes to evaluate the mineral ecosystem, and studies of seals, birds, resource potential of more isolated and and penguins. But there are other pro less exposed areas of Antarctica and jects dealing with the weather, the endu other parts of the world. rance of insects to prolonged freezing, Tectonic development of West and food web relationships. One project Antarctica and its relation to East expected to provide data for a baseline Antarctica will be the subject of a co in the event that the exploitation of off operative project between a team from shore oil begins in Antarctic waters is the the Lamont-Doherty Geological Obser use of water samples to determine the vatory of Columbia University, New levels of petroleum-derived and related York, and the British Antarctic Survey. compounds, and of synthetic and The project will consist solely of air natural organic chemical compounds in borne geophysical investigations. Ice the marine food webs. echo-sounding data will be gathered, Another project co-ordinated with using a BAS Twin Otter aircraft near the studies of food web relationships is the Ellsworth Mountains. To develop a capture, tagging, and release of leopard balanced assessment of Antarctic seals in the pack ice near the Antarctic hydrocarbon resources, a better Peninsula. A ship will be used as a understanding of the nature of the crust mobile research platform, and the seals between East and West Antarctica is will be tracked and located again more necessary, and it is hoped that this easily this season by the use of tem season's study will add to understanding porary radio tags. ANTARCTIC December 1980

This season a team from the University VLF transmitter at Siple Station. The of Houston, Texas, will continue its rockets will carry instrumented electron examination of the physiological and spectrometers, and vector electric and biochemical basis of freezing in ter magnetic field sensors. restrial arthropods in the Palmer Station With NASA assistance four Super area. These insects represent the highest Areas rockets will be launched for a phylogenetic system capable of enduring University of Houston project to natural prolonged freezing without measure from the magnetosphere elec discernible damage. The research on tron precipitation induced by the VLF insects that function normally in temp transmitter. The scientists will measure eratures many degrees below freezing x-rays caused by the precipitating elec could provide information critical to low trons, energetic electrons, and VLF temperature storage of tissues and emissions. Payloads on the rockets will organs. return to earth by parachute. A field team from the State University of New York will study thermo-regu- BALLOON LAUNCHES latory mechanisms in Adelie penguins and giant petrels, working from Palmer In another University of Maryland Station. Radio telemetry will be used to experiment scientists will launch 12 measure body temperatures and locate balloons with x-ray scintillation penguins in rookeries and at feeding counters. These will be used to gather grounds. data relating to electronic precipitation near the plasmapause, and to study the KRILL MONITOR physical processes involved in magneto- Biologists from the Mount Desert spheric wave-particle interactions. The Island Biological Laboratory, Salsbury, launches will be co-ordinated with the rocket launches from Siple, balloon Maine, will make a comparative study of the behaviour and ecology of krill- flights from Roberval, Quebec, the sta tion's conjugate point in the Northern consuming penguins (Adelie, Chinstrap, and Gentoo). Research has shown that Hemisphere, and the operation of the pygoscelid penguins may be a valuable Siple VLF transmitter. monitor of the Southern Ocean's krill stocks. The biologists will work in SUN STUDIES Admiralty Bay, King George Island, in Surface features of the sun will be the South Shetlands. studied from the South Pole this sum Rockets and large balloons will be mer by United States and Swedish scien launched from Siple Station to enable tists. Two projects will be carried out at scientists from the United States, Bri the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station tain, and Norway, to study tne precipita because the site offers unique advan tion of energetic electrons from the tages to solar astronomers. They will earth's radiation belts. The precipitation have the sun continuously below the is caused by very low frequency (VLF) horizon at a relatively constant altitude signals generated by lightning discharges for many weeks. in the Northern Hemisphere or by a VLF Observations of the sun have been transmitter at Siple Station. Scientists made with a compact solar telescope in hope to learn more about the interaction past seasons. This season the scientists between electromagnetic waves and will study the growth and evolution of charged particles, a process that is now supergranules on the sun (granules are poorly understood. "specks" on the surface each about One experiment conducted by scien 1609km in diameter) with a refracting tists from the University of Maryland telescope set up in a tower 8.2m high and will use three Nike-Tomahawk rockets 6.4km from the station. The telescope has a 20cm objective lens, a 29.8m provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to investigate mirror, and a focal length of 19.9m. controlled wave-particle interactions This project will be undertaken by the produced in the magnetosphere by the Bartol Research Foundation at the December 1980 ANTARCTIC

University of Delaware in co-operation Two stations will be located on the with the solar observatory of the Royal flank of the volcano at altitudes between Swedish Academy of Science. Another 1508m and 2011m; the third, consisting astronomy project will be conducted by of a seismometer and an acoustic sensor the Sacramento Park Observatory, New will be installed near the crater of the Mexico. The team will probe the sun's volcano. Data from these stations over a interior by making observations of its long observation period will provide a normal modes of oscillation with a com more complete file of earthquake activi pact portable refracting telescope. ty, more accurate location of earth Geophysical monitoring for climatic activity centres, and a better understand changes in Antarctica will be continued ing of the circulation of magma between at the Pole Station this summer and next the deeply buried magma chamber and winter by a team from the National the magma lake in the centre. Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra GAS EMISSIONS tion. The team headed by Miss Cynthia McFee, who will be the third woman to Large increases in the levels of winter at the Pole, will continue long- aerosols have been noted in the Antarc term measurements of trace atmospheric tic atmosphere during the southern sum :onstituents that may influence climate. mer. These aerosols could originate from volcanoes, stratospheric sub ICE DRILLING sidence, oceans or long-distance Scientists from the State University of transport from man-made sources. A New York at Albany will carry out a team of scientists from the University of related project at the Pole Station, Washington will make airborne McMurdo Station, and Vanda Station, measurements of gas emissions from where they will co-operate with New Erebus. These will extend the team's re Zealand meteorologists. The purpose of cent airborne studies of six volcanoes in the project is to determine the the Northern Hemisphere, and add to knowledge of volcanoes' role as sources meteorological processes which of atmospheric aerosols. transport aerosols to and from Antarc tica. Once again most of the research in the Ice drilling at the Pole Station to ex McMurdo Sound area will be concen tract a core for use in the study of past trated on seals and fish. Between climated will be carried out by a team January and October next year scientists from the University of Nebraska. The from the Scripps Institution of team will drill to obtain a 500m core. Oceanography will study the biology of Scientists from the Virginia Polytechnic Weddell seals, working from a winter Institute and the University of Kansas camp on White Island, and in McMurdo will analyse the core to determine the Sound. Their study will focus on aspects concentrations of nitrate and am of the winter behaviour of the seals. monium ions over the last 7000 years. A long-term project — monitoring the Fluctuations of these ion concentrations Weddell seal population in McMurdo in polar snow may record such past Sound — begun several seasons ago by events as climate or solar variations. University of Minnesota scientists will be A major project in the McMurdo continued this summer. Using a radio Sound will be the study of Mt Erebus by tracking system with remove sensing the an international team of scientists to ob research team will monitor for census tain a long-term record of seismic ac purposes near Hutton Cliffs, about tivities and information about the 16km from McMurdo Station, and on volcano's magma lake in the active selected islands in McMurdo Sound. crater. Three permanent seismic stations Two Australian scientists from the with radio telemetry links to Scott Base University of Queensland are making will be established by geologists from studies of lactation in Weddell seals. Ohio State University and the University They have established a "seal farm" of Alaska in collaboration with Japanese with an electric fence at Turtle Rock in and New Zealand scientists. Erebus Bay where they can observe the

V-vi ANTARCTIC December 1980

parent-offspring relationship, the in- two New Zealanders, Dr C. Hendy and flence of changing activity patterns on Mr Howard Conway, will map glacial suckling patterns, and obtain milk erosion and depositional features of samples from mature females. Some of Marshall Valley, the Quartermain the samples will be frozen for transport Mountains, and the Asgard Range. to Australia where they will be analysed for milk proteins, fats, fatty acids, and METEORITE SEARCH Scattered sites in South Victoria Land will be examined in the continuing FISH CATCHES search for meteorites which started in For several seasons Dr Arthur L. the 1976-77 season. Last season a team DeVries, of the University of Illinois, from the University of Pittsburgh col has flown south early in the season to in lected 24 meteorites from a large patch vestigate the synthesis of the unique of bare ice that extends from Reckling glyco-protein anti-freeze in certain An Peak about 100km. This season another tarctic fish which enables them to sur team will travel by helicopter to the vive while swimming in ice-laden sea Allan Hills area, and then by motor water. He and his team began early toboggan to the Reckling Peak ice again this summer, and were catching patch. It will also search for meteorites fish from holes drilled in the ice early in at Griffin Nunatak, Brimstone Peak, October. By early November they had Ricker Hills, and on an ice patch 50km caught 102 Antarctic cod (Dissoctichus west of this group. mawsonii), the largest weighing 51kg. Newly-discovered glassy silicic in University of Southern California trusive rocks in the Ferrar Supergroup biologists will also work in McMurdo rocks from Butcher Ridge near the Dar Sound to learn how micro-algae com win Glacier, are unlike any known at munities, which are dominated by present in this geologic formation. This diatoms, survive the winter under the summer an Ohio State University team annual sea ice when continual darkness will map in detail and sample these rocks precludes photosynthesis. An en which are of Jurassic age (abot 175 vironmental chamber will be built to million years old). simulate changes in light, temperature Several seasons ago Dr E. Imre Fried- and salinity associated with the onset of mann, of the University of Florida, winter, and the information gained will determined that endolithic organisms — increase understanding of how other ac- life inside rocks — exist in snow-free quatic life forms survive in the harsh An arid areas of Antarctica previously tarctic environment. believed to be too hostile to sustain life. For the next two seasons or Several of these micro-organisms have nithologists from the Point Reyes Bird been successfully grown in laboratory Observatory, California, will make a cultures. census of banded south polar skuas of This season Dr Friedmann and his known age at Cape Crozier. This season team, which includes his wife, will con they expect to find 200 birds that were tinue their studies of the microbial flora banded between 1961 and 1970. To living inside rocks in the dry valleys and estimate survival, longevity, and emigra other arid areas. They will insert micro- tion they will compare their data with sensors inside tiny cracks and fissures in that collected between 1964 and 1976. the rocks to record the temperature, To obtain evidence for testing the humidity, and light in the ecosystem in hypothesis that the West Antarctic ice which the organisms live. sheet retreats to its present position and maintains large ice shelves during in- LAKE DIVING terglacial periods, a team led by Dr Studies of benthic algal mats and their George H. Denton, of the University of role in the biological acticity of the dry Maine at Orono, will work in the dry valley lakes will be continued by a team valley areas of South Victoria Land for from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute. three months. The team, which includes It will work at Lakes Fryxell, Hoare and December 1980 ANTARCTIC

Bonney in the lower Taylor Valley. Half climatic change and ice-surface lowering the team will repeat last season's scuba have been generated by the inland move diving observations and make immediate ment of the Rennick Glacier, the largest analyses of algae samples at Lake outlet glacier in the region. The interface Hoare, which is about 30m deep. between floating and grounded ice has To gather detailed information on the been migrating inland ever since the distribution, speciation, and transporta removal of marine grounded ice from tion of trace metals and nutrients in the coast more than 10,000 years ago. Lake Vanda and the Onyx River, which Late last month four scientists from feeds into the lake, scientists from the University of New Hampshire were Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, will flown from McMurdo Station to the take water samples every week between eastern side of the Morozumi Range December this year and February next near the Rennick Glacier. Travelling by year. These measurements will provide motor toboggan they will remain in the data for global and regional monitoring region until late in January, studying studies, and the scientists hope to deter changes in outlet, tributary, and alpine mine whether trace metals and nutrients glaciers, in snow and ice patches, and in are being recycled, and how this in ice-marginal lake distribution. fluences Lake Vanda's ability to support life. Beyond Ross Island and the dry valleys scientists from the United States Writers' Antarctic Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New cruise Hampshire, will try to determine whether the sea ice layer under the Ross Two Antarctic tourists aboard the Ice Shelf can be detected by radar sound Lindblad Explorer this summer will be the English writers, Richard Adams and ing. The layer was found when Ross Ice Shelf Project scientists drilled through Ronald Lockley. Adams is best known the sheld in 1978. as the author of "Watership Down" and "Shardik". Lockley, who is a naturalist If the radar technique is feasible, the now living in New Zealand, has written scientists will try to determine the crystal extensively on birds, seals, and other alignment of the sea ice. This will give wildlife, and his book, "The Private them information about the orientation Life of the Rabbit", inspired Adams to of sea currents under the shelf which is write his famous novel, "Watership 423mm thick at the site of the experi Down". ment. Early next year the two writers will WEATHER STATIONS join the Lindblad Explorer for her cruise to the Ross Dependency, which is plann Early next year three more automatic ed to end at Lyttelton about March 8. weather stations will be added to the They have ideas of writing a book about three set up last season between the Antarctic conservation. Appropriately, French base, Dumont d'Urville and the publishers interested are Penguin Dome C in the Wilkes Land. These will Books. provide more data for better understand ing of the katabatic or gravity winds. In addition a team led by Dr Gerd Wendler, of the University of Alaska, will carry out two airborne research mis <•£*$& sions over the stations at D59, D49, and Dumont d'Urville to collect vertical pro file wind data. In Northern Victoria Land a long- range project this summer has been planned to show what effects in regional ■H" ^^^^^H :-3.;A" ANTARCTIC December 1980

ANARE REPORTS Geological mapping in Prydz Bay area Scientists in the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) will carry out a summer research programme in the Princess Elizabeth Land region this season from Davis Station. Three helicopters will be used for work in the Prydz Bay area, which will in clude geological mapping, geochemistry and geochronology, geophysical studies, and a reconnaissance geomorphology survey. The Lambert Glacier-Prydz Bay region is considered to be a prime hydrocarbon exploration area. Glaciologists at Casey Station will be Messrs P. L. Butler (Mawson), G. H. measure ice movement and thickness J. Wantenaar (Davis), and B. J. along the 2000m ice-cap contour from Johnson (Casey). the station towards the French station, Once again the Nella Dan provided Dumont d'Urville. Ice thickness and the main support for ANARE parties. In velocity measurements will also be made late October she relieved the winter on the Law Dome and the Vanderford party of 18 at the sub-Antarctic station Glacier. The main summer glaciological on Macquarie Island, and last month project at Mawson Station will be left Melbourne on her first voyage with measurement of the ice movement of the relief parties for Mawson and Davis. She Jelbart Glacier, and at Prydz Bay aerial carried three Hughes 500 helicopters for soundings will be made of ice thickness. ice reconnaissance and the summer Biologists will take part in the First In scientific programme in the Princess ternational BIOMASS Experiment Elizabeth Land region. (FIBEX) on the second voyage of the Nella Dan to Davis and Mawson. Other SECOND VOYAGE shipboard programmes will include the installation of two satellite beacons on In the New Year the Nella Dan will return to Melbourne. She will leave on icebergs, the deployment of glaciological her second voyage, which is expected to drifting buoys from the Nella Dan, and be around 73 days, early in the month, meteorological observations. Oceanic and is due back in mid-March. soundings will be made on passage to Antarctic waters and the approaches to One voyage under sub-charter from Casey (Thala Dan, Nanok S), Mawson Expeditions Polaires Francaises will be (Nella Dan, Nanok S) and Davis (Nella made by the Thala Dan. She will leave Dan, Nanok S). Sea ice and iceberg Melbourne early in January and call at observations will be made on all Commonwealth Bay, Dumont d'Urville, voyages, and bird and whale sightings and Casey. Early in February she will will be recorded. call at Macquarie Island to bring the This year 77 men wintered at summer party back to Melbourne. On Australia's three Antarctic stations. her voyage she will carry two Bell 206 There were 31 at Mawson, 21 at Davis, helicopters for ice reconnaissance and and 25 at Casey. Next year there will be other logistics support. 86 men, and one woman. Mawson will This season the Danish ice- have 33, Davis 25, and Casey 29. The strengthened ship Nanok S has been medical officer at Davis will be Dr chartered again to carry cargo to the Louise Halliday. Officers-in-charge will three Antarctic stations. She will leave December 1980 ANTARCTIC

One of the new buildings under construction at Mawson, the oldest of Australia's three Antarctic stations, which is being rebuilt. Work on the sleeping quarters and medical centre began early in 1979, and should be completed early in 1982. Antarctic Division photo Melbourne this month for Casey and Christchurch to McMurdo Station in a Davis. On her second voyage in January United States Air Force Starlifter, and she will call at Davis and Mawson and is then to Casey by a United States Navy due back at Melbourne in the second ski-equipped Hercules on November 12. week of March. Two Hughes 500 The party, included two botanists, one helicopters will be carried on the first from the University of Melbourne, and voyage for ice reconnaissance and other the other from the Japanese National In logistics support. stitute of Polar Research. In addition to the science programmes at the three stations the Antarctic Divi Scientists from the Soviet Union, sion will continue the rebuilding pro Japan, and the People's Republic of gramme which began in 1978, and is ex China, will take part in ANARE pected to be completed in 1990. The pro research programmes this season. A gramme, under the control of the An Soviet physicist will conduct auroral tarctic Division and the Department''of radar studies at Mawson this year, and Housing and Construction includes the his work will be continued by a colleague progressive replacement of all existing next year. The Japanese botanist will facilities at Mawson, Casey, and Davis. spend the summer at Casey, and a Chinese oceanographer and a geomor- EARLY FLIGHT phologist will also do research~at Casey. Fiften construction workers, who will Later in the season the geomorphologist PMC? spend 15 months at Casey, arrived there will move to Davis. Another Chinese nearly a month before the rest of the oceanographer will take part in FIBEX relief party. They were flown first from aboard the Nella Dan. '^v-i^?h>'\- v*i-nflj9rTiT*yTB,.>

ANTARCTIC December 1980

TRANSGLOBE Ice team past 80deg south on way to Pole Three members of the British Transglobe Expedition who began their crossing of Antarctic by snowmobile towards the end of October ex pect to reach the South Pole late in December at the earliest or, more probably, by the middle of January. The leader of the expedition, Sir Ranulph Fiennes, and the other members of the ice team, Charles Burton and Oliver Shepard, left their winter base in the Borga Massif on October 29. By November 28 they had driven their three snowmobiles to 81 deg 15min S/ldeg lOmin E and were more than halfway to the Pole. Bad weather and the need to establish responsible for communications, and a major food and fuel depot with the the others house generators and radio support of the expedition's Twin Otter equipment. aircraft kept the ice team at 80deg S for For more than eight months the four more than a fortnight. A four-day storm members of the expedition shared their caused another delay, but the three men isolation with Bothie, the long-haired were under way again by November 26. Jack Russell terrior belonging to Lady By December 4 the ice team had Fiennes. Their frail hut was shaken by reached 84deg 32min S/2deg 5min E, storms, temperatures dropped to minus and was 607km from the Pole. Its pro 40deg Celsius, and then minus 45deg, gress had been slowed to 16km a day in and wind recordings ranged from 33 to an extensive field of sastrugi up to 2m 36 knots. high. When the sun disappeared early in One of the two sledges being hauled May the party experienced the full by Charles Burton's snowmobile was rigours of an Antarctic winter. Power damaged when it hit sastrugi. Supplies cables were split by the intense cold, were loaded on to the remaining five visibility outside the huts was reduced at sledges and the damaged sledge was left times to just over a metre, and the behind on the ice. sledges were buried under snow. To Early this year the expedition maintain the expedition's VLF whistler established its winter base in the Borga programme Lady Fiennes had to make Massif at 72deg 38min S/2 deg 45min her way to the radio hut regularly in W, about 375km south of Sanae, the darkness and driving snow. South African base on the Fimbul Ice Shelf. Borga, the small base used by SNOW CLEARING South African geological field parties in past seasons is at 72deg 50min S/3deg In September Ryvingen was still hit by 48min W. storms, and constant digging was needed Named Ryvingen after Mt Ryvingen to clear snow from the sledges and (72deg 55min S/3deg 29min W) the ex power cables. One task between storms pedition's base consists of three was to remove .6m of winter snow from prefabricated insulated cardboard huts. some 80 45-gaIlon drums of petrol, An One has been occupied during the winter tarctic diesel fuel and kerosene needed by the ice team and Lady Fiennes, who is for the crossing to Scott Base. Another task was to overhaul the seven snowmobiles, the gales had dropped. snowmobiles — three for the departure The three men sheltered to wait for an for the Pole, three for emergencies, and air drop of fuel and supplies by the Twin one for the base camp. Otter from Ryvingen. Towards the end of October the Although the party reached 79deg winter party's isolation was relieved by 12min S/40min W on November 9, the arrival of the Twin Otter aircraft having travelled 796km since leaving with welcome mail and supplies. Captain Ryvingen, and were able to drive on to Giles Kershaw and Flight Sergeant Gerry 80deg S during the night, the terrain past Nicholson had flown the aircraft from 75deg S took its toll of both men and England to Fimbulisen, the base camp vehicles. Sastrugi 7cm to a metre high on the Fimbul Ice Shelf, 3.2km inland reduced the average daily run to 72km, from Sanae, refuelling at the British An and Sir Ranulph Fiennes and Charles tarctic Survey bases, Rothera and Burton were jolted off their snow Halley. mobiles. At 77deg S Burton's snow To prepare for the journey to the Pole mobile overturned twice. the air support team began ferrying fuel and supplies from Fimbulisen to RADIO CALL Ryvingen. Captain Kershaw and Sergeant Nicholson were assisted by Later the drive shaft of the leader's Simon Grimes and Anthony Birkbeck, snowmobile was shattered. Lady who had wintered at Fimbulisen to en Fiennes, back at Ryvingen, could not sure that stored and equipment were not pick up the team's radio call because of buried by snow and lost. severe atmospheric disturbances. But On October 29 Sir Ranulph Fiennes, Captain Kershaw, on a flight to Fim Charles Burton, and Oliver Shepard left bulisen, heard the call, and within two Ryvingen on the first stage of their cross hours another snowmobile and more ing — 1448km along the polar meridian fuel and food had been flown to the ice to the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Sta team. tion. They made their way out of the Four days after reaching 80deg S the Borga Massif down the Kirwan Escarp ice team reported that it intended to ment, and then headed their light remain there for 10 or 12 days, and plan snowmobiles towing laden stainless steel ned to reach the Pole between Christmas sledges in the direction of 90deg S. and the New Year. The Twin Otter was to make 10 shuttle flights between Fim FASTER PACE bulisen and Ryvingen with fuel and sup Once on the Polar Plateau the three plies for a depot at 80deg S. men travelled faster than expected, and On November 15 the party reported on October 31 had reached 74deg 32min that there had been bad weather at 80deg S/2deg 26m W. They were at 75deg S. for several days, and it was awaiting 12min S/ldeg 50min W on November 2, the Twin Otter's next flight. Because of 75deg 45min W on November 4, and the storm the party had no communica 77deg 29min S/17min W on November tion with its London headquarters until 5. November 18, and radio contact with In the first 10 days the team covered Ryvingen was lost for 60 hours. about 485km, battling against gales of Air support was delayed as the Twin up to 67 knots in driving snow with Otter was grounded at Fimbulisen. But temperatures ranging from minus 24deg later on November 18 the party reported to minus 51deg C. Despite their heavily that the aircraft had managed to take off loaded sledges the snowmobiles, driven and was on its way to 80deg S. 10 hours a day, averaged 80km a day, By November 22 the ice team was still and one day's run was 105km. at 80deg S, and reported that a major By November 7 when the team had depot would be established within four laboured up a climb of 2000m on hard or five days. When it was resupplied the ice which offered little traction for the party would get under way again.

.TST--* #-'?C' ■ r-T^iCTR*,:

ANTARCTIC December 1980 SCAR XVI Antarctic resources and environment A group of specialists which will study the environmental impact of mineral exploration and exploitation in the Antarctic was established by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) at its 16th meeting, which was held in Queenstown, New Zealand, from October 13 to 24. SCAR made this decision after it was asked by the 10th consultative meeting of the Antarctic Treaty nations to consider the scientific issues raised by the possibility of future exploration and exploitation. SCAR XVI chose a group of eight issues to be discussed, among them the specialists for their expertise in a range rapidly developing request for resource- of scientific disciplines related to the An related research. tarctic environment. The group will "We have lived through the era of work for the next four years in co pioneer scientific exploration of Antarc operation with SCAR working groups to tica during which SCAR provided the in identify gaps in knowledge and proposed spiration for, and co-ordination of inter research programmes. Its purpose will national scientific efforts in Antarctica," be to estimate the status of the environ said Professor Knox. "We are now ap ment before any exploration and ex proaching an era in which economic, ploitation begin, and also to predict and consequently, political interests may what environmental impact would tend to dominate Antarctic research ac result. tivities. SCAR XVI was the first meeting to.be held in New Zealand since 1961. It was RESOURCE PLANS attended by 77 representatives from 13 "There is also the danger within of the 14 SCAR member countries, and SCAR itself that concentration on the international unions of biological responses to requests from the Antarctic sciences, geodesy and geophysics, Treaty nations, and on large inter- geological sciences, and the World discplinary research programmes design Meteorological Organisation. Also pre ed to provide the scientific basis for sent were an observer from the German resource management and assessment of Democratic Republic, and two from the environmental impact may be detrimen People's Republic of China, which in tal to the individual scientific disciplines tends to develop an Antarctic research as represented by the permanent work programme. Belgium was the only ing groups." SCAR country not represented because When New Zealand's Minister of of the death in September of its per Science and Technology (Mr W. F. manent delegate, Professor J. Van Birch) officially welcomed the delegates, Mieghem. he emphasised the significance of An Professor G. A. Knox welcomed the tarctica as one of the world's untouched, delegates as president of SCAR and untapped, environmental resources. In chairman of the New Zealand National the face of possible exploitation of both Committee for Antarctic Research, and the living and the mineral resources on behalf of the host body, the Royal there was a clear need for some sort of Society of New Zealand. He outlined the programme for international co- December 1980 ANTARCTIC operation. This, if unable to present en Mr Laclavere, who is regarded as the tirely the exploitation of Antarctic father of SCAR, was one of the resources, would at least provide founders of the organisation in 1958, machinery for scientific investigation of and was its first president. To succeed the various ecosystems. him as vice-president the meeting elected the Argentine delegate, Captain R. M. SCAR's co-ordination of the 10-year Martinez Abal. BIOMASS programme in the Southern Ocean, which involves 13 of the member Dr Law, who has also retired as chair countries, was one of the main topics man of the Australian National Com discussed by the delegates. They decided mittee on Antarctic Research, has been that it will be necessary to establish a associated with Antarctic research pro BIOMASS data system to deal with the grammes for more than 30 years. He was large volume of biological material col the first director of the Australian An lected. tarctic Division, and established There is a need also for a data centre Australia's first base on the Antarctic Continent at Mawson in 1954. His suc- :ssor is Professor David Green, pro Australian Government, which has ex fessor of geology, University of pressed interest. The need to establish a Tasmania, Hobart. BIOMASS secretariat was recognised by SCAR's next meeting will be held in the delegates, and SCAR will look to 1982 in the Soviet Union, provisionally member countries for financial con in Leningrad. The arrangement is sub tributions towards the cost. ject to confirmation by the Soviet Antarctica's contribution to the world Academy of Sciences. Chile has extend climate programme planned by the ed an invitation for the 18th meeting to World Meteorological Organisation and be held there in 1984. the International Council of Scientific Unions was considered by the meeting. Scott Base accident It decided to co-operate in the pro gramme, and set up a group of As assistant maintenance officer at specialists on Antarctic climate research. Scott Base was hurt in a tractor accident The group has been asked to prepare a on October 15. Mr S. Nickson, one of plan for the Antarctic countries' con the summer staff, fell from a Caterpillar tribution to the programme. 920 loader he was driving and one wheel ANOTHER MEMBER passed over his body. SCAR XVI agreed to the admission of Mr Nickson was bruised but suffered another country, the German no injuries. He was flown back to Democratic Republic, which acceded to Christchurch on October 16, admitted to the Antarctic Treaty in 1974, and has hospital, and discharged the next day. been engaged in Antarctic research ac A New Zealand Army driver, Mr R. tivities since 1959 as an associate in Cannon, flew south later in the month to Soviet Antarctic expeditions. SCAR replace Mr Nickson. He remained at now has 15 members. Originally Scott Base until Mr Nickson returned to membership was confined to the 12 duty this month. signatories of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959. Since then Poland and the Federal Republic of Germany have been admit No tropical fish ted. Movements of tropical fish will not Two delegates who have had a long relieve the monotony of next winter for" association with SCAR announced their New Zealanders at Scott Base. The dog retirement at the meeting. They were the handler, Allan Taylor, had planned to French delegate and vice-president, have an aquarium stocked with tropical 84-year-old Mr G. R. Laclavere, and the fish installed this season, but because of Australian Dr P. G. Law, who had held the fuel situation only priority cargo the position since 1966. could be flown south. H f ^ ^ ^ i f ^ ^ B f t g l * i > -

ANTARCTIC December 1980

■.'-. ■ iaj ■ .' " fe^i£* PCf^*3 • •• •*','*" , ■■■■' >: Bellingshausen Sea oil survey A survey for geological indications of oil in the Bellingshausen Sea will be made by the Japanese Metal Mining Agency's geological survey ship Hakurei Maru (above) this season. The survey which is being carried out by the Japan National Oil Corporation for the Na tional Agency of Natural Resources and Energy, is expected to be followed by similar surveys in the Weddell Sea in 1981 and the Ross Sea in 1982.

With a crew of 35 and 20 scientists ed the National Oil Corporation to do from the National Oil Corporation and the work. The agency plans to ask for the Tokyo University Ocean Research more funds for the Weddell Sea and Institute, the Hakurei Maru sailed from Ross Sea surveys. Officials of the Funabashi, near Tokyo, on November Ministry of International Trade and In 24. She will call at Wellington on dustry expect approval of the December 10 to refuel, and will make application to be a mere formality. the first leg of the survey between December 17 and January 8. Leaving Valparaiso on January 19 the ship will complete the survey between January 26 and February 8, returning to Wellington on February 22. She is due back at Funabashi on March 13.

In April the Japanese Government appropriated 530 million yen from the Wi Budget for the survey to the Agency of Natural Resources and Energy, a divi sion of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, which commission December 1980 ANTARCTIC

JARE-22 Three Japanese ships in Antarctic waters Three Japanese research ships will work in Antarctic waters this season. Two oceanographic research ships, the Kaiyo Maru and the Umitaka Maru, will take part in the First International BIOMASS Experiment (FIBEX) project from December, 1980 to February, 1981, and marine geophysical and geological surveys will be con ducted by scientists aboard the Hakurei Maru during the same period. Radio-echo soundings of the Antarc Hiroshi Fukunishi is the deputy leader tic ice sheet near the Yamato and of the summer party of 10, and the Mizuho Mountains, and along the Soya deputy leader for next winter is Dr Kat- Coast, and a search for meteorites on sutada Kaminuma, who worked on Mt bare ice near the inland mountains, are Erebus last season. among the projects of the 22nd Japanese Under the command of Captain Antarctic Research Expedition Shigeru Nei the Fuji called first at (JARE-22) this season. The programme Fremantle, and is expected to reach the will be conducted at Syowa Station and pack ice late this month. The transport Mizuho Station, about 300km to the of JARE-22 to Syowa by helicopters is south-east on the inland ice sheet, and expected to begin early next month, and from the icebreaker Fuji. the relief of the JARE-21 winter party A Pilatus Porter fixed wing aircraft will begin in February. owned by the National Institute of Polar Upper atmosphere research will be Research will be operated at Syowa Sta continued at Syowa this season. The tion by a civilian crew from January, programme includes the reception of 1981 to January, 1982, except next geophysical data from the scientific winter. Trials will also be made this satellites ISIS I and II, TIROS-N, and season of an experimental hovercraft, NOAA-6, aurora and ionosphere designed for ship to shore use, and in studies, meteorological and seismo- land transport in the Antarctic environ logical observations, gravity and aero ment. magnetic surveys, and tide observations. Built by the Mitsui Engineering and Geological and geophysical surveys Shipbuilding Co., Ltd, the MV-PP05A will be made on ice-free areas in the in weighs 2.8 tonnes and carries a driver land mountains, and along the Soya and a crew of two. Its payload is 600kg, Coast, and a search for meteorites on and it has been designed to operate at a bare ice areas near the inland moun minimum temperature of minus 20deg tains. Other projects include a radio Celsius, climb a three-degree slope, and active survey, radio-echo soundings of cruise at 30 kmh a smooth surface in a the ice sheet near the inland mountains, 7ms head wind. and along the Soya Coast, and geomorphological and sedimentological EXPEDITION LEADER surveys on the continental shelf of This season's programme was initiated Lutzow-Holm Bay. on November 25 when 44 men of the An environment survey will be made JARE-22 winter and summer parties left of chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy Tokyo on board the Fuji. The leader of metals, and a pollen analysis of snow the expedition, and of the winter party and lake sediments. Other environmen of 34, is Professor Yoshio Yoshida. Dr tal science projects include limnological ANTARCTIC December 1980

studies of fresh and saline lakes, con service since 1974. She was designed to tinuous measurement of atmospheric make geological surveys of mineral gases, and a population census of seals resources on and under the seabed. Last and penguins. summer one month of her four-month Scientists at Mizuho Station, which cruise was spent studying sedimentary has been occupied continuously since formations in Antarctic waters. May, 1976, will make meteorological This season the Hakurei Maru's observations and glaciological and geo research programme will include a magnetic studies from February, 1981 to reflection seismic survey, depth soun January, 1982, and will also work on the ding, sub-bottom profiling, and a sono- Mizuho Plateau. Records of blowing radio buoy refraction survey. Other pro snow will be made at the station, at jects are magnetometer and gravimeter 73deg lOmin S/53deg 30min E, and at surveys, measurements of terrestrial heat 69deg 50min S/47deg 40min E. flow, and bottom sampling. Micrometeorological observations will Leader of the research expedition, and be made with sensors mounted on a 30m chief scientist, is a geologist, Dr tower at Mizuho Station. These observa Yasafumi Ishiwada. He will lead a tions will also be made with sensors on a research staff of 17, the principal 10m tower carried on a snow vehicle in members of which are four geologists, the Yamato Mountains area and at Mr Kenchiko Yasukochi, Dr Hideo 73deg lOmin S/53deg 30min E. Aero- Kagami, Mr Seizo Nakao and Dr Kat- logical soundings will be made in the suhiro Kimura, and a geochemist, Dr same areas, and at Mizuho Mountains. Shuji Sato. A new krill research ship, the WEATHER STATIONS 2359-tonne Kaiyo Maru, which is Automatic weather recorders at four operated by the Japanese Fishery Agen unmanned stations will provide informa cy, will survey an area south of 63deg to tion on temperatures, wind speeds, and the pack ice, and between 30deg and solar radiation. These stations are at 85deg East. Seven scientists will be on 69deg 02min S/40deg 04min E; 69deg board to carry out the national pro 37min S/42deg Olmin E; 71 deg 16min gramme of fisheries and biological S/46deg 30min E; and 71deg 46min surveys, and also to take part in FIBEX. S/48deg 55min E. After calling at Fremantle early this Samples of firn snow will be taken month the Kaiyo Maru will begin her along the traverse routes between Syowa Antarctic cruise from Cape Town early and Mizuho Stations. Other glaciologi in January next year. She is expected cal projects include photographic obser back at Fremantle in the last week of vations of sea ice and land ice from the February. Pilatus Porter aircraft, and the use of An acoustic survey of Antarctic krill is laser-radar equipment to obtain a sur the main project in the research pro face micro-relief of the Mizuho Plateau. gramme. Scientists will also make obser Marine geological research, and vations of oceanographic environments, surveys of krill and fish, will be carried the primary production, and the three- out by the three ships which will make dimensional distrubition of young and cruises in the Antarctic Treaty area this adult krill. Samples of the larval stages summer. The 1821-tonne geological of krill will be taken, and visual observa survey ship Hakurei Maru will work bet tions of marine mammals and seabirds ween 60 and 71deg South and 70 and will be made. lOOdeg West, starting her first cruise Dr Yuzo Komaki, who is a biologist, from Wellington in the second week of will be the chief scientist in charge of December, and the second cruise from research aboard the Kaiyo Maru. Other Valparaiso in the middle of January. She members of the staff are Dr Uno Shiro is expected back in Wellington about (chemistry and primary production), Dr February 22 next year. Shozo Sawamoto (planktology), and Built for the Japanese Metal Mining Messrs. Mikio Naganobu (physical Agency, the Hakurei Maru has been in oceanography),Tsukasa Kikuno, Junishi December 1980 ANTARCTIC

Sugai, and Yoichi Nakamura (biology). Members of JARE-22 and their duties Several officers and members of the (surnames first) are:— crew will support the survey and Summer staff aboard Fuji (1980-81) — research from the Hakurei Maru. Fukunishi Hiroshi, Dr., (upper atmosphere physicist), Kuramoto South and from 120deg and 170deg East Sigeki, (physical oceanographer), will be covered by the 1828-tonne Koyama Kaoru, (chemical oceanograph Umitaka Maru, which is operated by the er), Nakajima Yasushi, Watanabe Kentaro, (marine biologists), Osakabe Tokyo University of Fisheries. After calling at Singapore she will sail from Masayuki, (surveyor), Hiroi Yoshikuni, Fremantle towards the end of this month Dr., (geologist) Kasuga Takashi, Dr., on her first cruise, and return to '-eophysicist), Miyashita Yoshio, Melbourne on January 16. Her second cruise from Melbourne will end at Winter Staff (1981-1982), Syowa and Sydney on February 14. Mizuho Stations:— Yoshida Yoshio A research staff of 18 headed by Pro Professor, (geomorphologist), Kam- fessor Masaaki Murano, who is a inuma Katsutada, Dr., (geophysicist), biological oceanographer, will carry out Tezuka Masaichi, Satou Motoyasu, 15 projects. These include temperature Sakuma Kiyoshi, Mabuchi Kazuo, and salinity observations, water sampl (meteorologists), Kurihara Noriyuki, ing for pollutants, measurements of Sato Natsuo, Seo Yoichi, (upper solar and underwater irradiance, and the atmosphere physicists), Sakai Ryoki, collection of particulates by a sediment (geophysicist), Inoue Jiro, Sato trap. Kazuhide, Nishimura Hiroshi, (meteor Krill research will include measure ologists), Moriwaki Kiichi, (geo ment of primary production, and morphologist), Sasaki Kiyotaka, Dr., plankton and krill collections. Con (sedimentologist), Nagao Toshiyasu, tinuous sampling of krill will be made by (geophysicist), Sweda Tatsuo, fish pump, and other research will cover (dendrologist), Hidaka Hideo, rearing experiments, assessment of krill (geochemist), Takahashi Shigeo, stocks by fish finder, the collection of Terasaki Masayoshi, Kamitani Norio, fish and squid by vertical long-line and Sato Tadashi, Tomura Kiiti, (mechan angling, and visual observations of ics), Omomo Zenichiro, (radio marine mammals and seabirds. engineer), Ishimura Akira, Takahashi Yuichi, (radio operators), Ishida Yukio, Most of the scientists are from the Mishima Hirofumi, (cooks), Tsuji Tokyo University of Fisheries. There are Takahiko, Drs., Hayama Keiichi, eight biological oceanographers, Assis (medical officers), Yamane Makoto, tant Professor Yukuyo Yamaguchi and (pilot), Okumura Mutusi, (aircraft seven research assistants, Messrs. Hiroh mechanic), Nakajuma Daisuke, Satoh, Susumu Segawa, Takashi Mashima Tamotu, (general assistants). Maruyama, Shigemi Suzuki, Yoichi Four members of JARE-22 will take Sasada, Mitsuo Kato, and Yoshiaki Shibata. part in the United States research programme this season. Messrs Kei There are also four physical Terai (leader), Tetsuo Takanami, and oceanographers, Professors Juichi Noboru Osada will make geophysical Katoh and Satoshi Nishizawa, and two surveys of Mt Erebus in co-operation research assistants, Messrs. Tsutomu with United States and New Zealand Morinaga, and Noboru Matsuura. The scientists. four chemical oceanographers are In addition the field team will help to research assistants, Messrs. Eiichiro instal several seismological recording Tanoue, Naoji Fujita, Shinsuke Tanabe, stations on the flanks of the mountain to and Masahide Kawano. There is one measure volcanic activity. Instruments biologist, Mr Kazue Nakamura, chief will also be set up at Vanda Station for curator of the Kanagawa Prefectural use in a survey of micro-seismicity Museum. patterns in the dry valley region.

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ANTARCTIC December 1980 BAS NEWS Heavy pack ice affects early programme Unusually severe ice conditions in the Scotia Sea and the northern part of the Weddell Sea prevented the early relief of seven of the 83 men who wintered at the five British Antarctic Survey main stations this year. In mid-September the ice conditions were the worst for many years, and the ice edge was 100 miles north of South Georgia. Last season the seven men who worked on Signy Island in the South Orkneys had to remain there for the winter. They could not be picked up by the Royal Research Ship John Biscoe because of heavy pack ice. The John Biscoe returned to the area in mid-October this season — earlier than usual — but could not reach Signy to pick up the men, and returned to the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) by way of South Georgia. BAS began its summer programme on is a long-term programme to investigate September 23 when the John Biscoe sail the biology, environment and principal ed from Southampton. She arrived at predators of krill, (euphausia superba) South Georgia a month later and called which forms the food base for the dense at Grytviken where 18 men wintered this populations of seals and penguins in the year. Field huts were inspected, and a Southern Ocean as well as the remnants summer field party was landed on Bird of the baleen whale population. Island. When she returned to the Falkland KRILL MOVEMENTS Islands from her unsuccessful attempt to This programme includes a study of reach Signy Island the John Biscoe the occurrence and movements of krill embarked men who were to be flown to and other important zooplankton, by the Damoy air facility on Wiencke means of net hauls and echograms, Island, and then flown south to Rothera while measurements of the physical and and southern field sites. By that time ice chemical characteristics of the ocean at conditions were almost normal for the various depths are made with electronic time of the year, but before the ship probes. In February, the ship will join could sail south again she was diverted the First International Biomass Pro back to South Georgia to pick up a man gramme (FIBEX) investigating the with suspected appendicitis. distribution of krill. This task completed she once more set FIBEX is part of the larger interna off from the Falklands for Damoy, but tional BIOMASS programme the aim of it was then found that her propeller was which is to achieve a better understand badly damaged, causing severe vibra ing of the status of the Southern Ocean tion, and she will have to be dry-docked living resources. (Last year the commer for repairs. Because of this, the cial catch of krill amounted to about Bransfield had to undertake the run to 130,000 tonnes). Damoy while the John Biscoe proceeded Having completed her offshore work, to Montevideo. the John Biscoe will return to the It is still hoped that it will be possible Falkland Islands to discharge the marine for the John Biscoe to undertake this scientists. She will then support earth year's phase of the Offshore Biological sciences research in the region of the An Programme (OBP) as planned. The OBP tarctic Peninsula before returning again

'.^■ ^ ■ ^^X^i December 1980 ANTARCTIC to Montevideo. Then she will sail for In mid-November the two Twin Otter Southampton, where she is expected to aircraft left Canada for Rothera to begin arrive in April. ferrying summer field workers and As in past seasons the R.R.S. replenishing depots. Bransfield will be responsible for the AIRCRAFT DELAY major part of the relief of the five main stations. When she sailed from One arrived at Rothera on November Southampton on October 23 she carried 23 but the other was delayed at Punta in addition to routine cargo a new two- Arenas with a mechanical fault and had storey building for Signy, an advanced to await the arrival of a spare part. On ionospheric sounder (AIS) for Halley, arrival the first aircraft reported that and materials for rebuilding the BAS jet much of the west coast of the Antarctic ty at Grytviken. Passengers included Peninsula south to the Argentine Islands builders who will erect and fit out the was clear of ice, so the Bransfield would Signy hut, and a detachment of Royal be able to reach Damoy without diffi Engineers who will work on the Gryt culty. The aircraft will begin ferrying viken jetty. This task will include diving summer field-workers from Damoy and and pile-driving in difficult conditions. replenishing depots as soon as possible. A party of geologists will be taken to MAIN PROJECT James Ross Island to carry out a general reconnaissance, two ionosphericists will Installation of the AIS at Halley is by be flown to Halley to await the arrival of far the most important BAS project this the AIS, and other groups will be taken season. The equipment is housed in a to George VI Sound. Ice cores will be large insulated metal container, and con picked up from Glaciologists drilling in siders of 250,000 worth of micro central Palmer Island and on an east processor and computer-controlled coast ice rise and stored temporarily at radar equipment. This has been specially Rothera. One aircraft will also spend purchased from the United States. The two months carrying out radio echo ice- equipment is powered by its own diesel depth soundings. generators housed in a similar container. Considerable assistance will be given AIS is designed to evaluate much to BAS, as usual, by the H.M-sS. Endur more of the information contained in ance, the Royal Navy's ice patrol ship, the radio signals reflected from the and her helicopters in between hydro- ionosphere than is possible with the graphic surveys. At the beginning of the older and much simpler ionospheric season, vertical photography for seal sounders. The initial studies will be censuses will be undertaken on South directed towards the improved under Georgia, and in the South Sandwich standing of the trough, which is a low Islands. value of electron density occuring at In the New Year, support will be given night in high latitudes. to the geologists on James Ross Island, This trough lies at the foot of the and to others who will be collecting plasmapause aligned along a line of samples from otherwise inaccessible force of the earth's magnetic field which localities on the west coast of the extends 2,000 km from the earth's sur Antarctic Peninsula. Later priority will face. The plasmapause is an improtant be given to the continuance of a general boundary layer in the earth's ionised survey of the approaches to Marguerite environment which was first discovered Bay, and also the approaches to Rothera, by studying the "whistler" pheno within Marguerite Bay, where the menon. This research is an important ex Bransfield ran aground last season. periment which can be carried out only in regions which experience long periods ICEBERG TILT of winter darkness. The results will have During the 1980-81 season the Endur considerable relevance to radio com ance's helicopters will also assist a party munications as well as providing new in from the Scott Polar Research Institute, sights of a fundamental scientific nature. and the Norwegian Polar Institute, to PVVMMIMBfyvMH'

ANTARCTIC December 1980 install automatic equipment on an be the nearest point at which unloading iceberg to monitor tilt and strain. is possible. A former BAS ship, R.R.S. Shackle PENGUIN COLONY ton, which is now operated by the From September onwards, Halley men research vessels services unit of the enjoyed recreational journeys to the Natural Environment Research Council, local Emperor penguin colony. (It is will also operate in Antarctic waters estimated that there were 11,000-12,000 again this year. Staff from the Depart penguins present this year). The distance ment of Earth Sciences at the University to the colony is increasing as the ice- of Birmingham will use the ship to con shelf on which Halley is situated is mov tinue work on their long-term Scotia Arc ing westwards by about .8km a year, Project. The Shackleton is due to arrive while the penguins return to precisely the at South Georgia in the middle of this same longitude. month and will remain in the area for Parties from Rothera travelled around three months. northern Marguerite Bay and visited the Preparations for summer activities Argentines 112 km away at San Martin. were made by all stations in September Two members of the Argentine team and October. At Rothera, 700 drums of paid a return visit to Rothera. Journeys aviation fuel transported to the landing were also undertaken from Faraday, area 4.8 km inland at a height of 274 m, Signy and Grytviken. an airstrip was marked out and radio At Signy, it had been predicted that a navigation beacons installed. tame skua, "Red", which has fre At Halley, routes down from the ice quented the station in past years, would shelf to the sea ice, a few kilometres arrive at 8.30 a.m. on October 13, but he away, were reconnoitred in preparation was 10 minutes late. Another tame skua, for the Bransfield's arrival. A route to "Fred", which has spent about nine the "low shelf", 64 km to the north summers at Faraday has not yet reap east, was also marked out in case, as has peared, but he does not usually arrive happened in some years, this proves to until November.

Japan and Argentina replace icebreakers Japan will have a new icebreaker to Like the Fuji the new icebreaker will replace the Fuji in the support of its An carry three helicopters, two to transport tarctic research expeditions by the sum cargo from ship to shore, and one for ice mer of 1983. A contract for the ship's reconnaissance. She will be able to construction has been let to Nippon transport 1000 tonnes of cargo, and will Kokan K.K., and it is planned to be have accommodation for 60 scientists delivered from the Tsumuri shipyard, and a crew of 174. Laboratories and Yokohama, in November, 1982. The equipment will be provided for research total cost is estimated at 25 to 30 billion in upper atmosphere physics, earth yen. science, oceanography, biology, and gravity data analysis. Designed to transport scientists and cargo to Syowa Station, and for research Argentina's new icebreaker and supply along the route to Antarctica, the new ship Almirante Irizar has been in service icebreaker has a displacement of 11,647 since the 1979-80 season. She was built at Helsinki by the Finnish shipyard tonnes, compared with the Fuji's 7,760 tonnes. Her dimensions are: length: Wartsila, the contract price being 134m, width, 28m, depth, 14.5m. With a $US60,000,000. cruising range of 25,000 nautical miles at Built to carry 80 passengers and a crew 15 knots she will be capable of breaking of 153 (including loading and unloading level ice 1.5m thick at a speed of about staff) the Almirante Irizar can do 16.5 three knots. knots in open water. Her tonnage is 14,000 tonnes, and her dimensions are: hangar and platform for the operation length, 119m, width 25m, depth 12.6m. of two Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King heli To reduce friction when navigating copters or similar aircraft. She also car amid ice the Almirante Irizar is fitted ries two 15-passenger hydrographic with an air bubble system. She was boats and two loading barges. Other designed to navigate at a fairly constant facilities include laboratories for speed across winter icefields one metre meteorological and oceanographic thick, and to ram her way through research, a hydrographic plotting room, floating ice five to six metres thick. a sewage treatment system, and a Astern the Almirante Irizar has a garbage and oil disposal burner. Norwegian and British iceberg research Scientists from the Norwegian Polar Institute and the Scott Polar Research Institute will participate in a joint iceberg research project in Antarctica this summer. The research will be conducted from H.M.S. Endurance, the Royal Navy's ice patrol ship, as part of a British expedition to the Scotia Arc area.

Three scientists will study icebergs to BIOMASS Experiment (FIBEX) with determine their response to waves and the United States Antarctic research pro winds. They are Dr. Olav Orheim and gramme. He will work aboard the Miss Monica Kristensen, of the research ship Melville with scientists Norwegian Polar Institute, and Dr. from the United States, Argentina, Peter Wadhams, of the Scott Polar Australia, Chile, and Japan. Research Institute. Their studies will in In the 1977-78 season a Norwegian clude short-term measurements on field team led by Dr. Orheim planned to several icebergs, using various lower equipment through the access hole sophisticated instrumentation, and the drilled through the Ross Ice Shelf to placement on three icebergs of measure the mass balance and heat flow automatic recording stations which, for of sea water under the ice. This could a year, will transmit various data on the not be done because of the closure of the icebergs'behaviour to satellites. access hole. The equipment, designed to This project will continue the pro transmit data to a tape recorder on the gramme of iceberg research started by surface was placed in position in the the 1978-79 Norwegian Antarctic 1978-79 season. It remained there last Research Expedition during the second season, and will be recovered this sum cruise of the Polarsirkel to Queen Maud mer in co-operation with the United Land and the Weddell Sea. Numerous States. icebergs were studied, and automatic stations were placed on eight of them. Last season two Norwegian scientists conducted iceberg research as part of the West German expedition aboard the Polarsirkel to the Weddell Sea and the Bouvet Island area. As part of this season's research pro gramme one Norwegian biologist will take part in the First International ffi^IF q I .-.- TT* Tanr=r—un ■ ■ Mm\ Sv'S't #;.L:

FIBEX 1980-81 Biological research in Southern Ocean A fleet of 15 research ships and supply ships with research capability, backed by 13 member countries of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, will participate this summer in the first co ordinated international research programme to provide a sound basis for the wise management of the living resources of the Southern Ocean. Known as FIBEX, it will be the largest biological oceanographic programme yet mounted, and will concentrate on the study of krill. FIBEX, the First International Accompanying observations of the BIOMASS Experiment, is a major pro acoustic survey will include, as far as ject in Biological Investigations of possible, estimation of phytpplankton Marine Antarctic Systems and Stocks abundance, primary production, and (BIOMASS), a 10-year programme in sampling of krill, other zooplankton, itiated in 1976, and co-ordinated by and ichthyoplankton. Observations will SCAR. Its main scientific objective is also be made of the abundance and the study of the krill population in their distribution of krill predators (birds, environment in the West Atlantic, and in seals, and whales.) two smaller areas in the Western Pacific. Krill is the largest under-exploited PATCH STUDIES marine resource in the world, and the After the acoustic survey middle and key species in the food web linking small-scale patch studies will be made of primary producers with ultimate con krill swarming behaviour. To make these sumers. studies ships will follow krill patches for Between December and March ships seven to 10 days, and will use data from of 11 nations will take part in a multi- satellite-monitored drifting buoys to ex disciplinary study of the Southern amine the relationship between krill drift Ocean's marine ecosystem. Scientists and water movements. aboard the ships will also study the FIBEX ships will also study fish distribution and biology of in population, and make oceanographic vertebrates, fish, birds, mammals, and surveys to elucidate features of impor plankton. At the same time orni tance to krill distribution, behaviour, thologists from seven to eight countries will take part in the first stage of the In and life history. Short-based field and laboratory FIBEX projects will include ternational Study of Antarctic Seabirds studies of krill feeding behaviour and (ISAS), a programme which will con physiology, fish studies, bird and seal tinue until 1983. population dynamics and tropho- In February next year FIBEX ships dynamics, and inshore studies of water will carry out a 25-day acoustic survey of column processes. krill in the western part of the Atlantic Nations which will take part in FIBEX sector of the Southern Ocean, and sup or contribute to BIOMASS, their ships, porting parallel studies in the eastern Atlantic/Indian, and Pacific sectors. working areas, and periods at sea are:— The aim is to estimate the abundance of Argentina: krill in the survey area, and so determine Ship: Edwardo Holmberg the feasibility of echo surveys for krill Area: South-west Atlantic stock assessment. Period: January, February ,nV-;-.?« Area: South-west Indian Ocean Ship: Nella Dan Period: During relief voyages to Area: South Indian Ocean Syowa Station Period: February Poland: Chile: Ship: Professor Siedlecki Ship: Itsumi Area: South-west Atlantic Area: North of Atlantic Peninsula Period: End of January to March 10 and Bransfield Strait. South Africa: Period: January, February Ship: Agulhas France: Area: South-wesi Indian Ocean Ship: Marion Dufresne Period: February 5-28 Area: South Indian Ocean United Kingdom Period: January 25-March 6 Ship: John Biscoe Federal Republic of Germany Area: South Georgia Ship I: Walther Herwig Period: Leg 1, December 27 to end Area: South-west Atlantic of January; leg 2, February Period: Leg 1, January 26-March 3; 1-25 leg 2, March-April 10 United States Ship II: Meteor Ship: Melville Area: South-west Atlantic Area Period: November 20-March 10 (Leg 1): Drake Passage to Bouvet Ship III: Polar Queen Island Area: Weddell Sea Period: December Period:Period January-March Legs Japan 2 and 3: East of South Georgia Ship I: I: Kaiyo Maru Periods: Leg 2, January 5-February 5; Area: South Indian Ocean (65 - 100 leg 3, February 15-March 25 E and south of 62 S) U.S.S.R. Period: About 20 days in (January) Ship I: Odysee February Area: South-west Atlantic Area II: Scotia Sea Period: December to March Period: About 14 days in January Ship II: Academic Knipovich. Krill (February) studies and ecology as part of Ship II: Umitaka Maru a national programme. Area: Western Pacific (120 E — Area: Scotia Sea and western part 180 E south of 55 S) of Lazarev Sea (20 to 30 W). Period: January, February Ship III: Yoshimo Maru (chartered Three of the ships operating in An trawler) tarctic waters this season will contribute Area: Eastern Pacific, off Marie to the BIOMASS programme. They are Byrd Land the Fuji, and Academic Knipovich, and Period: December to February H.M.S. Endurance, the Royal Navy's Ship IV: Fuji ice patrol ship. Butter Point justifies its name There is still butter at Butter Point. working on the western side of Mc Scott's first expedition left three tins Murdo Sound. They noticed what look there 77 years ago; last month a New ed in the distance like a group of small Zealand field party found tins of butter penguins. When they drew closer they perfectly preserved in snow and ice since discovered a number of drums and cans 1957. protruding about a metre out of the ice. On November 17 two surveyors, Colin Using ice axes the party chipped 23 Fink and Gary Neale, and a field assis years' accumulation of ice away and tant, Bruce Garrick, were returning to found tins of butter, wafer biscuits, Scott Base from New Harbour after dehydrated beetroot, canned peas, ANTARCTIC December 1980 golden syrup, Christmas hams, and party which ascended the Ferrar Glacier about 200 blocks of chocolate. The three in 1903. Three tins of butter were left men made immediate inroads into the there on October 14 because the party chocolate, and found that nothing had hoped to obtain fresh seal meat on the been lost in 23 years of natural refrigera return journey. tion. If anything the chocolate was In 1957 Butter Point was considered superior to the fresh chocolate of as a site for Scott Base. A food depot today's field rations. was established there in January by a All the food except the chocolate was reconnaissance party from the New taken to a nearby survival hut for the use Zealand section of the Commonwealth of other field parties which might have Trans-Antarctic Expedition. After Scott to shelter there. The rest of the chocolate Base had been built at Pram Point, was brought back to Scott Base where it about 70km away, the depot was was sampled with equal enjoyment by restocked by a tractor party which made the field party's colleagues. a spring journey to Butter Point in Butter Point, which forms the south September. side of New Harbour, was named by the West German research programme West Germany's Antarctic research programme this season will be concentrated on the construction of its permanent station on the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, and an extended expedition by the research vessel Meteor in the Scotia Sea and the northern Weddel Sea. Sixteen West German and 14 foreign institutions will take part in investiga tions of plankton, krill, and fish.

Apart from the crew of the research programme for substantial scientific re ship Polar Queen, which will carry search activities in Antarctica was materials for the new station, and the prepared, and about DM380 million has construction team, about 125 West since been allocated for the period end German scientists and technicians will be ing in 1983. engaged in scientific studies in Antarc Among the measures planned and tica during the 1980-81 season. They will their estimated costs are: construction of take part in the First International the research station (DM20 million) and BIOMASS Experiment (FIBEX) to study a polar research and supply ship (DM185 the Antarctic ecosystem, and will work million) and establishment of a polar with Polish scientists at Arctowski Sta research institute (DM40) million). The tion in the South Shetlands, on South institute's operations are expected to Georgia, and in the dry valleys of cost DM28 million to DM30 million a Victoria Land with the United States year. research programme. Other projects will Last season a site for the research sta be undertaken in co-operation with tion was selected on the Filchner-Ronne scientists from Argentina, Australia, Ice Shelf west of Berkner Island. It is New Zealand. Norway, and the United 20km south off the edge of the ice shelf Kingdom. at 77deg 08min S/50deg 30 min W. To In 1978 the Federal Republic of prepare for construction this season a Germany decided to seek consultative field station was built to serve as a base status in Antarctic Treaty meetings. for thorough exploration of the site. The After it acceded to the treaty last year a expedition also made investigations in December 1980 ANTARCTIC the fields of marine biology, ocean Sciences, Kiel, will include investigations ography, glaciology, geodesy, and ice by marine biologists and fishery dynamics. biologists into stocks and early life history of krill and fish, and food web SNOW ENGINEERING relationships. Fishing gear and process This season scientists from seven ing technology will also be studied. universities and other FRG scientific in During the Polar Queen's voyage to stitutions will carry out a programme of the Weddell Sea will carry on work glaciology and geophysics on the related to the BIOMASS programme Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, and marine from January to March. They will study biological and oceanographic studies the distribution of krill and ichyoplank- aboard the Polar Queen in the southern ton, survey seals in the Weddell Sea, and Weddell Sea. Projects include radio- make pollution studies of seals. echo soundings and seismic investiga Two FRG scientists will work on tions, ice movements and deformation South Georgia next year with the studies, meteorological and nivological support of the British Antarctic Survey. investigations, snow engineering experi They will study herbivorous insects and ments, and the collection of trace their adaptation to plant nutrition in a elements. There will also be studies of cold environment. micro-meteorites and cosmic dust from Antarctic ice probes, and magneto- On the other side of the continent three scientists will join United States spheric VLF emissions. field parties at work in the dry valleys of West Germany's main contribution to Victoria Land. They will investigate land marine research in the Southern Ocean forms and land-forming process, search this season will be made by the Meteor. for meteorites, and take part in a The expedition, which began last month, resource and radio-activity survey. will work in the Scotia Sea and the northern Weddell Sea until early March RESEARCH SHIP next year. Its studies of the Antarctic ecosystem will emphasise food web rela In 1982 West Germany expectes to tions, and the interactions between krill have its polar research and supply ship and its food base, phytoplankton. completed. The contract was awarded in July this year to shipbuilding firms in Scientists aboard the Meteor will Kiel and Rendsburg. With a- length of study primary production, physical 117m, a width of 25m, and a draught of oceanography, marine chemistry, 11m, the ship will be the biggest West sedimentology and benthos, krill German research vessel. biology, plankton, and trace elements. The Meteor will also participate with the Designed for research in polar fisheries research vessel Walther Herwig regions, and to supply the station on the in the krill patch study, which is part of Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, the ship will FIBEX. also be employed for experimental Between January and April next year studies in the fields of shipbuilding, ice- the Walther Herwig will take part in the breaking, and comi FIBEX acoustic survey and krill patch nology. It will be able to ca tonnes of supplies eac' study in the central Scotia Sea, and the research station. scientists aboard will make observations of seabirds and mammals. The second Scientific equipment will include leg of the ship's cruise will concentrate laboratories, workshops, and special on the distribution and abundance of devices for research in meteorology, krill and fish in the Atlantic sector of geology, geophysics, oceanography, Antarctica. biology, and fishery science. There will be provision for two helicopters, and KRILL STOCKS balloon launching. This co-operative venture of the Federal In addition to the regular crew and the Institute for Fishery Research, Ham scientists and technicians on board the burg, and the Institute of Marine ship will be able to accommodate ir.. "—J,.;- _- aaaaaaj aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaj aaaaaaaaaaj

ANTARCTIC December 1980 another 26 persons for passage to the ogist, and died on the Greenland ice in Antarctic research station. This will 1930. bring its total complement to 90 if There will be four departments in the necessary. institute for basic research in various fields of polar science, and one for As part of the Antarctic research technology and logistics. The institute's programme the polar research institute logistics functions will be to co-ordinate was established in July this year at and support relevant scientific activities Bremerhaven. It has been named after carried out by other institutions in the Professor Alfred Wegener, the German FRG. It is planned to staff the institute polar explorer, who won international with about 45 scientists and 30 fame as a geophysicist and meteorol technicians and clerical workers. Marine research by East German scientists Reconnaissance surveys of the distribution pattern of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic fish and krill stocks are planned by East German marine biologists this season. Five scientists from the Institute for Deep-sea Fishery and Fish Processing will work in the sea areas of the South Orkney and South Shetland Islands, the northern Weddell Sea, and west of Graham Land. Other projects in the German Democratic Republic's Antarctic research programme include geological studies in the Pensacola Mountains with Soviet field expeditions. East Germany, which acceded to the research base close to Novolazarevskaya, Antarctic Treaty in 1974, and was which can accomodate eight people. It accepted as a member of the Scientific was established during the 21st Soviet Committee on Antarctic Research this Antarctic Expedition, and opened on year, has been engaged in Antarctic April 21, 1976. research as far back as 1959 when a first ,,„„ . ._. group of scientists took part in the 5th GDRU scientific programmes at the Soviet Antarctic Expedition. Since then research b.ase have included auroral and 98 GDR Scientists and technicians have ionospheric studies, geomagnetic and taken part in Soviet expeditions, carry- meteorological observations and the ing out independent but fully integrated investigation of env.ronmental isotopes research in meteorology, geodesy, glaci- The geomagnetic and evmronmental ology, geophysics, biology, isotope isotope programmes will be continued physics, and medicine. ""'" 1981. ^«nocr. ™v "> uecemoer, This research has been carried out at Soviet stations which have been used as Marine biologists began their studies bases for investigations or starting of various species of Antarctic and sub- points for field expeditions. Most of the Antarctic fish off South Georgia in work has been done at Mirny, Novola- 1977» an<3 in the 1977-78 season extended zarevskaya, Vostok, * lolodezhnaya, and their work to the South Orkneys. They Druzhnaya. In 1979 GDR biologists also made their first investigations of the began studies of birds and seals from biology and the catch techniques of krill. theu c bouth B L cl bhetlands. i aS g a the In 1979 South the Orkneys, research and was the continued waters off in For the last four years East Germany Joinville Island, Elephant Island, King has had a partly self-sufficient winter George Island, and Livingston Island. December 1980 ANTARCTIC

Early this year the main objects of study structural-geological field work in the in the South Shetlands and the South Neptune Range, operating from a field Orkneys, and off Joinville Island, station in the Pensacola Mountains. Bouvet Island, and Graham Land, were Last season the field work was con krill and six fish species. This season tinued with the mapping of tectonic and reconnaissance surveys are planned sedimentological features. This season between January and May next year in GDR scientists based at Druzhnaya, the the sea areas of the South Orkneys and summer station on the Filchner Ice Shelf South Shetlands, the northern Weddell will continue their structural-geological Sea, and west of Graham Land. studies in the Pensacola Mountains. Geological research began in 1974 Last season GDR biologists began when GDR scientists worked in the studies of birds and seals, working from southern Prince Charles Mountains and Bellingshausen Station. The main work on Reinbolt Island. In the 1977-78 consisted of bird and seal counts, and season structural-geological field work 866 birds were banded with rings of the was concentrated mainly in the Shackle GDR ornithological station Hiddensee. ton Range, and short visits were made to The ecological relations between dif the Theron and Pensacola Mountains, ferent bird species were also studied. Touchdown Hills, Whichaway Nuna- This month the investigations will be takas, and the Dufek Massif, for sampl continued until March, 1982, particular ing. ly in the Nelson Island and King George In the 1978-79 season geologists began Island area. Lyttelton and Antarctic ships Lyttelton's role in early Antarctic Discovery and the Terra Nova. exploration has been recognised by the But on October 8 this year the plaque placement of a plaque there which was unveiled by Mr J. E. Mannering, records that the New Zealand port was chairman of the Lyttelton Harbour used by four ships as their main point of Board. One man who was unable to departure. The plaque was paid for by attend was Mr William Burton, of the the Lyttelton Harbour Board and pro crew of the Terra Nova, and now sole duced by the New Zealand National survivor of the expedition. The cere Historic Places Trust. mony was attended by representatives of Several years ago Mr Clements the Harbour Board, Lyttelton Borough Markham Colbeck, second son of Council, Historic Places Trust, New William Colbeck, who wintered at Cape Zealand Antarctic Society, and the Adair in 1899 with the Southern Cross United States naval support force, Expedition, and later commanded the Antarctica. Morning on her first voyage south, As the vessels of the three expeditions visited New Zealand. He came to Christ left from different wharves the plaque church and wanted to visit the point of has been placed in a central position on a departure of his father's ship from concrete pillar of the overhead bridge Lyttelton on December 6, 1902. close to the end of No. 2 wharf from After his visit Mr B. N. Norris, which the Morning sailed in 1902. honorary curator of the Antarctic sec On the plaque the inscription records tion of the Canterbury Museum, and that during a decade of Antarctic ex curator of the Lyttelton Historical ploration the Discovery, Morning, Museum, conceived the idea of a plaque Nimrod, and Terra Nova, each less than to mark the association of expedition 486 tons, used Lyttelton as the main ships with the port. Difficulties in agree point of departure. The departure dates ing on a suitable text, and other factors, are: Discovery (December 21, 1901), delayed the project for almost five years. Morning (December 6, 1902), Nimrod One problem was that Port Chalmers (January 1, 1908), Terra Nova was the final point of departure of the (November 26, 1910). ANTARCTIC December 1980 First Emperor penguin chicks hatched Three Emperor penguin chicks, the first to have been bred and hatched outside the Antarctic Continent made their way into a Californian world in September this year. One arrived on September 16, and was followed by two more on September 20. Sea World, of San Diego, has Parents of the three chicks are among established, in conjunction with the 45 of the Emperors airlifted from United States National Science Founda McMurdo Sound in 1976 and 1977. tion, an Antarctic penguin facility, the Emperors are the largest of the 17 only one of its kind in the world, at the penguin species, weighing 36.2kg to Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute. It 45.3kg, and standing up to 1.2m tall. houses 300 penguins, primarily Unlike many birds, including some Emperors and Adelies. They are main penguin species, Emperors do not build tained strictly for research and are not nests. The female lays a single egg in on public display, but Sea World plans July at the start of the Antarctic winter. to construct a polar exhibit within the At Sea World as they would in Antarc next few years. tica the females transferred the eggs to Five years ago Sea World began its their mates who incubated them for 64 project to establish a self-perpetuating days under their warm abdominal folds. colony of Antarctic penguins available During the incubation period the for research all the year round. Long- males were kept inside a special term biological research in Antarctic is enclosure in the Sea World freezer unit. difficult because of the severe weather. Females remained outside to imitate be In 1975 Sea World transported 80 haviour in Antarctica where, normally, Adelies and 20 Emperors safely by air to they would return to the sea to feed dur California from McMurdo Sound, but ing the two-month period. After the all died from smoke inhalation in a fire chicks hatched the mothers were reunited which destroyed their quarantine build with the fathers. ing. Another 95 Adelies and 40 Emperors Staff members at the penguin facility from Cape Crozier and the McMurdo now have a unique opportunity to study Sound area all arrived safely in little-known Emperor breeding and November, 1976. The last collection of chick rearing behaviour. A video 80 Adelies and 20 Emperors from the cameram installed in the unit allows same area was flown to San Diego in them to monitor the chicks' progress 24 November, 1977. hours a day. Mr Scott Drieschman, To accommodate these penguins curator of birds at Sea World, expects 19,312km from their natural environ the continual observation to reveal in ment Sea World has constructed a build formation on feeding frequency and ing 10.3m by 25.2m where temperatures duration, growth rates, chick-parent are maintained below freezing point. behaviour. Every day 3628.7kg of flaked ice are When the Emperors were collectea produced to approximate the penguins' they were believed to be sub-adult, natural environment. Lighting in the about three to four years of age. They unit is timed to simulate Antarctic light are now seven to eight years old, the age cycles; six months of darkness follow six at which breeding begins. Studies of the of light, with the Southern Hemisphere Emperors are expected to provide infor winter coinciding with summer in the mation that will help to develop safe Northern Hemisphere. guards to protect the species. December 1980 ANTARCTIC

Only days old, the first Emperor penguin chick ever to have been bred and hatched outside Antarctica peeps out from under the protective abdominal fold of its father in the Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute's Antarctic penguin facility at Mission Bay, San Diego. Sea World pholo ANTARCTIC December 1980 Amundsen's pocket knife bought by N.Z. museum A pocket knife which Roald Amund Before Amundsen left the Maud to sen carried to the South Pole has been finish her voyage under Wisting, and added to the Antarctic relics in the concentrated on his plans to fly to the Canterbury Museum. Nearly 60 years North Pole, he gave his knife to Ham ago, when he was in Seattle, Amundsen mer. The Maud returned to Seattle in gave the knife to a Norwegian-Ameri October, 1925, having spent more than can, Haakon Hammer, who was a life three years in the pack ice, and reached long friend, and had explored islands of 76deg 51min North. the Spitsbergen archipelago in the 1920s. After Haakon Hammer died his wife Before they reached the Pole on remarried. As Mrs J. F. von Rosen she December 14, 1911, Amundsen and his came to New Zealand in 1978, and four companions lashed together a pair visited the Canterbury Museum. She was of bamboo ski sticks as an improvised impressed by the displays in the National flagstaff and bent the Norwegian flag to Antarctic Centre, and decided to give it. Oskar Wisting, one of the dog the museum the opportunity to buy the drivers, used Amundsen's knife to knife if she disposed of it. sharpen the end of the ski stick which was planted in the snow by the five men Other relics have gone to the Norwegian Polar Institute. The knife together. was bought for $US 1000 provided by Mr In between observations to establish P. J. Skellerup, chairman of the their position at 90deg South the Museum Trust Board, and Sir Robert Norwegians scratched watches, knives, son Stewart. With it is a letter written by Amundsen's old briar pipe, and other Dr Sverdrup, later director of the articles with the date and place as sou Norwegian Polar Institute, which venirs of the Pole. Amundsen described establishes that the knife belonged to Wisting as a first-class engraver, who Amundsen. marked many of the articles. A bronze bust of Australia's greatest Wisting scratched on one side of Antarctic explorer, Sir Douglas Mawson, Amundsen's knife the words Syd Polen has been acquired by the museum, which (South Pole) and the date, 12-14-11. also has busts of Amundsen, Scott, Amundsen had put his own initials on Shackleton, Byrd, Fuchs, and Hillary. the other side of the knife when he was a The Mawson bust was completed early young seaman. this year by an Australian sculptress, Nearly seven years later Amundsen Mrs Jean Perrier, who lived in Christ and Wisting were together again on the church for several years. Maud when she sailed from Tromso to Sir Peter Denham, chairman of the make her way through the North-East Australian branch of the Australia-New Passage — the seond ship to do so — Zealand Foundation, which met the cost and reach the pack ice for the planned of the bust, presented it to the museum drift across the North Pole. Also aboard in July this year. The bust will be was an oceanographer, Dr Harald Sver-, displayed with other relics of Mawson's drup, who also served as seaman, navi expeditions. gator, and cook. In the northern summer of 1921 the Maud arrived at Seattle for repairs, hav ing spent three winters locked in the ice, and broken her propeller. Amundsen returned to Norway to obtain additional funds for the drift experiment. With Wisting in command the Maud left Seat tle in June, 1922, to resume her drift. '.'t-i[:^*;fm %r^^3^^;^ December 1980 ANTARCTIC

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Argentina's new icebreaker and supply ship Almirante Irizar which replaced the General San Martin inn the 1979-80 season. Shackleton's motor-sledge now has both its engines After 67 years the motor-sledge built success in Antarctic conditions. for Shackleton's Imperial Trans- Thirteen years later Mr. G. W. Na Antarctic Expedition, 1914-17, now has tion, storekeeper at Scott Base for the both its four-stroke two-cylinder 1970-71 season, made a caretaker trip to Coventry-Simplex engines — the Scott's hut at Cape Evans, collected the original and the spare. The sledge, part original sledge engine, and brought it of the Ross Sea Party's equipment, was back to the base where it was crated for left behind at Cape Evans in 1917, and return to New Zealand. The Antarctic was brought back to New Zealand in Division, Department of Scientific and 1957. But it has taken another 23 years Industrial Research, had it shipped back for the two engines to be reunited with early in 1971. the sledge in the Canterbury Museum. During the Aurora's stay at Port In 1913 the sledge was shipped to Chalmers the spare engine was acquired Australia, and was aboard the Aurora by a local resident, Mr. Thompson, and when she arrived off Cape Evans on is believed to have been used as a sta January 16, 1915. It was unloaded tionary engine. Mr. Thompson moved before the Aurora was blown out to sea to Christchurch and brought the engine by a gale on May 16, 1915. with him. About 10 years ago a city With equipment for the Ross Sea Par garage owner, Mr. J. Gobbe, acquired ty, including the spare sledge engine, the the engine from Mr. Thompson's grand Aurora became locked in the ice until son. February13, 1916. She reached Port Now Mr. Gobbe has decided to Chalmers on April 3, 1916, and returned restore the engine, still in remarkably to McMurdo Sound on January 1, 1917, good condition for its age, before he to pick up the surviving members of the gives it to the Canterbury Museum. He Ross Sea Party. has to make new bushes, bearings, and In 1957 a party from H.M.N.Z.S. gaskets, but is confident he can put the Endeavour, the Royal New Zealand old engine back in full working order. Navy's first Antarctic supply ship, brought the motor-sledge back to New Reference: "Antarctic," March, Zealand. It had performed with little 1971, Page 33. .•p-~r^~?i T. I

ANTARCTIC December 1980 Antarctic calendar dates May 11-13, 1981. Conference on An Additional information can be obtain tarctic weather and climate organised by ed from the organising committee in the Australian branch of the Royal Columbus, Ohio. Letters should be ad Meteorological Society, and jointly dressed to the chairman, c/o Institute of sponsored by the Australian Academy Polar Studies, Ohio State University, of Science and the Department of Columbus, Ohio, 43210, U.S.A. Science and the Environment, Univer August 16-20, 1982. Fourth Interna sity of Melbourne. tional Symposium on Antarctic Earth Papers are invited on aspects of the Sciences, University of Adelaide. Spon observation, analysis or modelling of the sors to date are the Scientific Committee environment of high southern latitudes. on Antarctic Research (SCAR), the Provisional topics include ocean-sea-ice International Union of Geological interaction, boundary layer and Sciences (IUGS), the Australian tropospheric processes, general circula Academy of Science, Geological Society tion and climate, atomospheric of Australia, and University of chemistry, and precipitation. Adelaide. Additional information can be obtain Previous conferences have been held ed by writing to the Antarctic Con at seven-year intervals in Cape Town ference Chairman. The address is (1963), Oslo (1970), and Madison Department of Meteorology, School of (1977). The Adelaide conference has Earth Science, University of Melbourne, been brought forward to 1982, which is Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. the centenary of the birth of Sir Douglas September 7-12, 1981. To accommodate Mawson, professor of geology, Univer the changed calendar of Ohio State sity of Adelaide, from 1921 to 1952. University and some preferences by par All aspects of Antarctic earth sciences ticipants, the dates of the Third Interna will be discussed at the symposium. tional Symposium on Antarctic Scientists interested in attending can ob Glaciology have been changed to tain additional information by writing to September 7-12, 1981. This symposium Dr J. B. Jago, School of Applied was to have been held at Ohio State Geology, South Australian Institute of University from August 31 to September Technology, P.O. Box 1, Ingle Farm, South Australia 5098, Australia.

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NEW ZEALAND ANTARCTIC SOCIETY (INC.) The New Zealand Antarctic Society was formed in 1933. It comprises New Zealanders and overseas friends, many of whom have seen Antarctica for themselves, and all of whom are vitally interested in some phase of Antarctic exploration, development, or research. You are invited to become a member, South Island residents should write to the Canterbury secretary, North Islanders should write to the Wellington secretary, and overseas residents to the secretary of the New Zealand Society. For addresses, see below. The yearly membership fee is NZ$5.00 (or equivalent local currency). Membership fee, overseas and local, including "Antarctic", NZ$11.00.

New Zealand Secretary: P.O. Box 1223, Christchurch Branch Secretaries: Canterbury: P.O. Box 404, Christchurch. Wellington: P.O. Box 2110, Wellington. &%£gmmBNmmffl&Wti" ■ ^HI -.7,7^0*^ ■ ■ ■ ■ H ■ j^^^:*!.y-:■ ^H

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