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Bulletin Vol. 13 No. 6 June 1994 VOIlOdVlNV Antarctic Vol. 13 No. 6 Issue No. 149 June 1994 Contents Polar

New Zealand 226 Australia 238 France 240, 263 ANTARCTIC is published Germany 246 United Kingdom 249 quarterly by the New Zealand United States 252 Antarctic Society Inc., 1979 ISSN 0003-5327 Sub Antarctic See France Editor: Robin Ormerod Please address all editorial General inquiries, contributions etc to the: Editor, P.O. Box 2110, Able restored 269 Wellington N.Z. Antarctic Heritage Trusts 268 Telephone: (04) 4791.226 Antarctic Treaty 262 International: + 64 4 + 4791.226 Cape Roberts deferred 229 Fax: (04) 4791.185 Last dogs leave 249 International: + 64 4 + 4791.185 Emperors of Antarctica 264 Lockheed Contract 231 All NZ administrative enquiries Vanda Station 232 should go to the: National Secretary, P O. Box Obituaries 404, Christchurch All overseas administrative Dr Trevor Hatherton 271 enquiries should go to the: Overseas Secretary, P.O. Box Books 2110, Wellington, NZ Mind over Matter 274 Inquiries regarding back issues of Shadows over wasteland 276 Antarctic to P.O. Box 16485, Christchurch Cover: En route to the Emperor pen guin colony at Cape Crozier April 1992. \C) No part of this publication may be produced in any way without the prior permis sion of the publishers. Photo: Max Quinn ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6

New Zealand

Successful airdrop breaks winter routine for 11 New Zealanders

The midwinter airdrop took place in good conditions as scheduled on Tuesday June 21 and Thursday June 23. Each flight was undertaken by a Starlifter, refuelled en route by KC10 Extender, and crewed by up to 28 members from the selected team, some of whom came from 62nd Group McCord Airbase in the US. Among the cargo handlers were four from the New Zealand army including Staff Sergeant Wayne Henry who has been involved with the drop for many years and who was making his last trip before retiring. Approximately 50001bs of goods and equipment packed into five bundles was designated for Scott Base. Overall it comprised some 5001bs of mail, over 4001bs of fresh fruit and vegetables, 201bs of chocolates, and, packed separately, making up the actual cargo of 3,877 lbs, was one axle and some field equipment required for the summer programme. The resupply, which included some 37,056 lbs of cargo for McMurdo, was dropped from 1,000 feet in the designated zone at Williams Field shortly after 1100 hours on both days. The next series of flights south are scheduled to begin on August 22 when between nine and 12 will be made as part of WINFLY

Six of the Scott Base team assisted 26 with a dinner on the Saturday and a with the first airdrop, two in a Search BBQ and swim on the Sunday. The and Rescue, capacity and four in the dinner was to begin about 7 p.m. Al cargo recovery and five of the Scott though the final menu was not available Base team helped with the second the likely format was a smorgasbord operation, two on SAR and three on including whitebait fritters with garlic cargo recovery. The drop was made in and herb butter; grilled sea-food in Ital good conditions and, as press time for ian sauce; oriental kebab with chutney Antarctic coincided with midwinter cel curry and rice; fried chicken; corn in ebrations, it was assumed that the Spanish aspic; roast beef and roast cargo had arrived accordingly. pork with roast potatoes, fresh mid- Midwinter weekend was being cel Winter Williams Garden Salad, baked ebrated at Scott Base on June 25 and Mt. Erebus Flame Thrower; hot choco- 226 Vol.13. No.6 June 1994 ANTARCTIC

late sauce, coffee and Alabama iced tea. fined mainly to ground based measure (No mention has been made of the alco ments at Arrival Heights. During the holic component but Antarctic is confi winter one of the NIWA team Stephen dent this would not have been over Wood has been launching balloons to looked.) gather data. The programme involves a The fresh supplies dropped at mid range of balloons. winter are being supplemented by the The first winter flights of the produce from the hydroponics depart 160,000 cubic metre balloons with in ment This programme has operated struments to measure the concentration for a number of years now but this of nitric acid, particles of various sizes, season it has been split into two sepa ozone and temperature was launched rate units to allow a broader spectrum on March 27, later than scheduled of plants to be grown. Lettuce and because of problems with the equip tomatoes are regularly produced but ment that allows the liquid helium to because they require very different lev cool to an extraordinarily low tempera els of nutrients, a stronger solution has ture. However the flight went well been used in the tank where tomatoes covering 54 km in three hours and land are grown while in the other, it is of ing only 23 km from Scott Base. The medium strength. The second tank is equipment was recovered by ground being used for lettuces, herbs and other vehicle. A second flight was attempted leafy greens. In the greenhouse basil, on May 12 by which time the whole of thyme, chives, mint, lettuce, savoy cab the atmosphere up to 30km had expe bage, silverbeet, capsicums chillies, rienced sunset. Because of premature sugarsnap peas, radishes, daikon (Japa balloon failure and instrument prob nese radish) are being grown. Mari lems a second flight was launched on golds and petunias are also being pro May 27 after waiting several days for duced in the programme which is oper calm enough weather. This was more ating under the watchful eye and at successful but it will be the last flight of tendance of Belinda "Green-fingers" the big balloons until further supplies of Bennett, the Scott Base Hydroponics liquid helium arrive on WINFLY in Au Horticulturist, who also doubles as an gust. assistant science technician and base In the meantime smaller 19,000 support officer. cubic foot balloons with ozone and tem Since March the science and engi perature sensors are being flown twice neering work programmes have been a week with additional equipment to proceeding according to plan and some take water vapour measurements on are ahead of schedule. alternate flights. Slightly larger 54,000 cubic foot Winter ozone studies balloons with particle counters are also being launched about once a fortnight One of the major winter science when polar atmospheric clouds are likely to be present. The timing will be judged programmes is the measurement of trace from temperature soundings from the gases in the atmosphere to see how they small balloons, satellite measurements affect the amount of ozone. The pro and the lidar experiment operating at gramme is being undertaken by the McMurdo and is important because the NIWA (National Institute of Water and clouds are one of the key elements in Atmosphere) team at Lauder in Central ozone depletion. Otago and it has previously been con The final sunset for the winter team 227 ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6 this year was on April 22. Although by other facilities to dabble in ceramics, that time it hadn't been seen from the country and western dancing, and ori Base for two weeks team members trav gami while three are involved in run elled regularly to Castle Rock to observe ning a popular music session on the its departure. The occasion was marked local radio station. by a formal dinner, a sunset swim and the usual barbecue. For the dinner Winterising French onion soup, garlic bread, a seafood platter and pasta, New Zea Not all the New Zealand activities land lamb a la Wellington, Chicken have been confined to base or McMurdo. dumplings, curry and rice with chutney, In late March three parties travelled to and roast potatoes and steamed veg Black Island, some, with the intention of etables made up the first two courses. climbing Mt. Aurora, which at 1041 They were followed by Pavlova and metres, is the highest point on the is cream chocolate mousse, fruit salad land. The exercise was designed to fa and Baked Mount Erebus. It was all miliarise the party with winter condi served with a Corbans Marlborough tions and was tempered with a little Muller Thurgau 1993, a Montana team building. Gisborne Chardonnay 1992 and a From the reports the composition of Corbans Gisborne Cabernet Sauvignon the parties is not totally clear but the and followed drinks in the bar. first comprising Grant West, Dominic A shuttle service brought 46 espe McCarthy, Jeremy Ridgen and two cially invited Americans to the base in Americans left Scott Base in "nippy" groups of eight or ten. All, including the but clear and calm conditions unaware New Zealanders, wore ties and dinner that the temperature was dropping. It suits, or evening gowns and when the reached - 43 Celsius one of the coldest mess (sorry) dining room doors opened March temperatures ever recorded at at 7.30 p.m. there were rows of neatly Scott Base. About 100 metres from the arranged tables, complete with cloths, top of Mt. Aurora the air temperature wine and port glasses, a full suite of was -47deg C, with a wind of 35 knots cutlery and candles. giving a chill factor of -90 C. They The occasion created quite an im turned back! pression on the participants. Regular The second party were more fortu contact is now being maintained with nate and Steve Wood, Eric Trip, Grant the Americans at McMurdo with drinks Avery and Arturo Bosman took four once a week which, as the leader says, hours to reach the summit "taking a should ensure that each of the neigh rest once an hour or after a particularly bours has enjoyed some Kiwi hospitality tough patch or whichever came first!" over the winter months. From it they could see Mt Erebus and Observation and Crater Hills, sunset Sports activities popular over the Royal Society Ranges but at the time Scott Base was in shadow. The Sports programmes particularly vol third party comprised David Lucas, leyball, basketball, indoor soccer, ten Belinda Bennett, Angela Bocock, Grant pin bowling, pool, darts and table tennis West and (by an editorial process of are popular and competitive and the elimination probably) Bruce Janes They newly opened climbing wall at McMurdo camped out at the island but had already has attracted the New Zealanders. Some decided that climbing was not crucial to of the team are taking advantage of the expedition and tobogganed the lower

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slopes of Mt. Aurora instead. weight of 183.libs. The small gain seems to have been infectious as even Weather and weight watch Tiddles the (stuffed, for Environmental Protocol watchers) cat has increased in The temperatures during March weight. He was 10.5 in March and ranged from -12deg C to -42.7 with an alleged to be 14.5 lbs by mid April. average at 0.900 each morning of - The annual beard growing competi 24.2 deg C The maximum wind gust tion took place over an unspecified four was 75 knots. Ih April the maximum weeks during which all manner of growth temperature was -7.1 deg C and the promotion was tried. Judging, under minimum -35.6 deg C with a 0900 taken by Angela Bocock and Belinda average of -20.6 deg C and maximum Bennett, took an unprecedented four wind gust of 60 knots. The May and hours after which awards were made for June figures were not available at press "The most square footage" and the time (around midwinter). "Highest density" as well as the "Most A weight watch is being maintained hen pecked". Not only do the names of and the team report that in March the winners remained undisclosed but the average weight of its members was beards vanished within minutes of the 183.01bs which by mid April had judging - a testament, no doubt to the dropped back to 182.51bs while by mid effectiveness of modern Antarctic cloth May they were reporting an average ing with its enhanced protection. Drilling at Cape Roberts postponed for a year

Preparations continue for the Cape cepted. The final decision was made at Roberts Project, a multinational effort a meeting initiated by the New Zealand to core off the coast of Antarctica to Antarctic Programme as the project study variations in Antarctic climate and operators, and involving the Institute of tectonic history. However, a recent Geological and Nuclear Sciences as drill review has concluded that the first drill ing contractors, New Zealand funding ing should now take place in October agencies and representation from the 1996 rather than 1995 as originally project's International Steering Com planned. Extended preparation time mittee. has become necessary because of the This summer, the camp buildings, complexity in financial planning and now under construction by Works Con long lead times involved, particularly in sultancy in Christchurch, will be trans coordination between the different plan ported on the Italian supply ship to ning processes and timetables in each Cape Roberts, along with much of the of the participating countries - Britain, drilling equipment. The balance of the Germany, Italy, New Zealand, and the equipment will be shipped next summer United States of America. for drilling in October and November of A recommendation to extend the 1996 and 1997. Further planning preparation time for the project was meetings among scientists and circulated in early May to participating logisticians from the five participating national programmes, and this was ac countries have been schrJ'iled during

229 ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6 the SCAR/COMNAP meeting in Rome Cowie, Project Manager, New Zealand in August/September 1994. The ap Antarctic Programme, P.O. Box 14- proximate level and type of commit 091, Christchurch (Fax + 64 3 358 ment from each country has now been 0211) or about project science from confirmed, and generally follows the Peter Barrett, Project Science Coordi Record of Understanding negotiated in nator, Victoria University of Welling Washington last September. ton, P.O. Box 600 Wellington ( Fax + Further information about project 64 4 495 5186). logistics can be obtained from Jim Good, but could be better - New Zealand's environmental management

The New Zealand Antarctic Pro and Health and Safely Legislation. gramme's activities in Antarctica have a Although the audit notes a high high level of compliance with the Ma level of compliance with the Protocol drid Protocol on Environmental Protec there are still some areas of non-com tion but there are still some areas which pliance or where compliance can be could be improved according to an inde improved. pendent environmental audit report re The report notes that compliance is leased early in April. The audit, under demonstrated by the appointment of an taken by Royds Consulting Ltd, envi environmental officer to the New Zea ronmental consultants based in land Antarctic programme, the under Christchurch, is thought to be the first taking of an audit, the training of New independent review by a member coun Zealand Antarctic Programme and sci try of the Antarctic Treaty and high ence personnel in environmental im lights New Zealand's desire to be at the pact and awareness as well as the envi forefront in implementing the high level ronmental assessment of all science of standards of the Protocol. and logistic activities prior to their be Two of the three members of the ing included in the programme. audit team travelled south last summer. Compliance has further been dem Jim Bradley and Linda Smith spent ten onstrated through measures to con days in January examining Scott Base serve Antarctic flora and fauna, includ and related activities before visiting ing in specially protected areas, imple Vanda Station, Bratina Island, Granite mentation of a permit system for the Harbour, Arrival Heights and Cape collection of specimens, controls of vis Royds. The third team member was its to areas of special value and the Christine Birch. restriction of activities within those Two separate reports, have now areas. Historic sites and monuments been published, the first costs $20 and are included in this protection policy. deals with Compliance with the Antarc A waste management officer has tic Environmental Protocol while the been appointed and each year the waste other, available at $8, covers the pro management policy will be reviewed. grammes' requirements in terms of the This ensures that detailed attention will New Zealand Resource Management Act be given to waste management issues 230 Vol.13. No.6 June 1994 ANTARCTIC both at Scott Base and, in the field with gested and it is recommended that the sorting and return to New Zealand alternatives to PVC in products and of recyclable and non-burnable waste. packaging supplied to NZAP for use in Among the recommendations for Antarctica should be found. improvement are the monitoring of impacts. It is suggested that this be undertaken following the environmen Air New Zealand secures tal evaluation to record impacts and their consistency with the Protocol, to contract for Hercules provide information to minimise/miti Late last year Air New Zealand's gate impacts or on the need to either cancel or modify any specific activity. Christchurch engineering base won a The report suggests that more prac $15 million dollar contract from tical advice should be provided on the Lockheed in the States to manufacture environmental impact of camping by three sets of ice skis for Hercules CI30 science personnel in the field. New transport aircraft by January 1995. It Zealand Antarctic Programme staff train is the first time that Lockheed has sub contracted directly and the deal not ing should be enhanced by the adoption of improved techniques such as an envi only creates 30 new jobs at the base ronmental code of practice to encour which currently employs 700 people but also benefits other local machining age greater awareness and hence own ership of Antarctic environment pro companies. The project is reported to tection requirements. Enactment of the be on schedule with the assembly com NZAP Oil Spill contingency Plan during ing together in the jigs at the base. the summer of 1994/95 is recom Air New Zealand has had a mainte mended as is the development and nance contract with the National Sci enactment of a further plan to cover ence Foundation since 1981 and has been undertaking ski work since 1987. integrated chemical spills. Further Until recently there were three C130's improvements to waste management at the base, one awaiting parts and disposal procedures at Scott Base are recommended by fitting the appropri another undergoing repairs after a pro ate filters to the Scott Base incinerator peller dislodged and struck the side of to reduce emissions and monitor them; the aircraft. The third, which had dam aged an undercarriage in an accident on improved facilities to disposal of sew the ice, has now returned to the States. age, waste and hydroponics water from Scott Base to ensure direct discharge into the sea are also among the recom Research grants mendations. Further consideration is to be given announced to the impact of sewage disposal on the The Foundation for Research Science environment and the establishment of a and Technology has recently an waste inventory system to cover mate nounced the following grants as part rial from old work and waste disposal of the Antarctic Research Strategy sites, to categorising the wastes and embodied in the public good science producing a database, which can be funding. updated each year, on activities to Cawthorn Institute for work on Ant enhance future management and plan arctic anaerobes $30,000; Geological ning. Examination of current waste and Nuclear Sciences: Cape Roberts storage transport and recycling is sug Project $275,000, Antarctic Earth 231 ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6 scien $286,000; Antarctic Water and $30,000; Landcare for continued soil contamininants, $18,500. Indus study of Adelie penguin population trial Research Limited for work on dynamics, $135,000, National Insti the breakup of sea-ice, $270,000; tute of Water and Atmosphere for Land and Soil Consultancy for re Antarctic atmospheric research re search into the human impact on soils ceives $676,000. Vanda Station to be removed in 1994/95 season

A final Initial Environment Evaluation on the decommissioning of New Zealand's Vanda Station has been prepared and is being circulated. The document will determine if the proposed removal of the Station buildings will have more than a minor or transitory impact n the environment. If so, a more comprehensive evaluation of the removal activities will be carried out. The process of evaluation is required under the Environmental Protocol of the Antarctic Treaty, of which New Zealand is a signatory, and means that any activity in Antarctica, whether it be science, logistics or tourist based is now subject to review and monitoring.

Currently (June 1994) it is pro made for setting up a permanent station posed to remove all buildings during the in the ice and snow-free McMurdo Oa coming summer season and to estab sis. It was intended that a station should lish a monitoring programme in the be jointly established this summer by area. Two small huts will be located the New Zealand Antarctic Research within the vicinity of the station, but Programme and the United States Ant further from the Lake and used to arctic Research Programme with possi support ongoing science projects. ble Japanese participation but this did In Antarctic Vol 13 No. 2 (pages not eventuate because of the USARP 51-56) we began to trace the history of commitments. New Zealand then took the station and in this article, part two of the initiative and is now in a strong four, we cover the completion of the position to diversify and improve her station and the two winters during scientific involvement in Antarctica." which it was occupied. Considerable interest in participation in In December 1967 Antarctic re Vanda's programmes was being ex ported that "Construction has been com pressed by a range of organisations in pleted of what will ultimately be a year New Zealand, Japan, USSR and in the round scientific station at Lake Vanda USA. in the Wright Dry Valley, Victoria Land, "This summer season", Antarctic some 70 miles from Scott Base. continued, "the newly completed base "The building of Vanda Station is an will be used by scientists from Victoria impressive milestone in New Zealand's University of Wellington and in 1969 it scientific exploration of the Ross De is proposed to have a party winter-over pendency. Since the International Geo at Vanda Station. When the station is physical Year, proposals have been continuously manned, New Zealand's

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scientific element in relation to logistic Vanda Station and the adjacent Lake support will be one of the highest for in the summer of 1992-1993. any signatory nation to the Antarctic Photo: Yvonne Martin Treaty. as having great potential as a staging By March 1968 actually only two of station for the Dry Valley field parties the proposed three huts had been as "with scientists from New Zealand, USA sembled and the third, intended to be and Japan have carrying out extensive the main accommodation hut, still lay in work during the summer." By Septem a dismantled state at the foot of Hogback ber, however, a sub- committee of Hill where it had been deposited by RDRC reported that it was not so fa helicopter from the Burton Island at vourably situated for access to other the end of the previous summer. The glaciers in the dry valleys such as the hut came from Cape Royds where it had Canada Glacier which would be better been used by scientists from the Uni for glaciological research than those in versity of Canterbury Antarctic Biologi the immediate vicinity of Vanda Sta cal Unit who were studying penguins. tion. In spite of this, for a proper Completion of this hut on site at Vanda understanding of the unique area, it would give the station a total floor area was still considered essential that stud of 864 square feet. ies of the meteorology, (smaller scale) A helicopter pad had been built glacial monitoring, lake temperature adjacent to the station during the sum and chemistry as well as soil studies be mer and Vanda was widely recognised carried out throughout the year. In addi- ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6 tion, a seismograph and auroral equip ing the flow of the river which began on ment should be operated in conjunction December 19 and finished on February with Scott Base programmes. A winter 8. The timing of the flow of the Onyx, party of four New Zealanders and one which varies each year, would later overseas scientist (probably American) become the subject of a sweepstake at was considered. The meteorological Scott Base. In Wellington further sur programme was to include visual and vey work and the establishment of a instrumental measurements of the ordi permanent survey station in the area nary climate, incoming and outgoing was on the RDRC agenda for discus radiation, temperatures and wind sion. speeds at heights above and in the The first team to winter over, in valley and measurements of soil tem 1969, was led by Bill Lucy, who had a peratures to a depth of one metre or long history of Antarctic experience, more. This called for an observer full including two trips on the research ship time for two years. Eltanin. A six week-period of medical Initially winter occupation of the base training in the Casualty Department of had been planned for 1968 but finan Wellington hospital was regarded as a cial constraints precluded this. Instead necessary requirement for the coming a party scientists from Victoria Univer winter isolation. The rest of the party sity continued their programme of lake included Ron Craig, meteorologist with studies which included measurements the New Zealand Meteorolgocal Serv of temperatures and levels as well as of ice, Simon Cutfield as scientific officer, the lake ice. In 1960-61 scientists from Warren Johns as technician and US the University had found that the lake exchange scientist Allan Riorden, a was 218 feet deep but old levels sug meteorologist with the University of gested that it had once been 370 feet Wisconsin. deep. They also discovered that the There was still much preparatory waters were warm - 25deg C - at the work to be done berfore the station was bottom and highly saline. With Antarc ready for winter occupation. A helicop tic Division staff working at the station ter reconnaissance on 20 October 1968 in 1968-69 the university team camped determined a route for the tractor- out on the lake ice close to their work train into the Lower Wright from the area. Wilson Piedmont Glacier. On board the Overall, a detailed surveying pro helicopter were the Scott Base Leader, gramme was undertaken. Marks, later Robin Foubister, the engineer, the die to be resurveyed and become perma sel mechanic and Bill Lucy. nent, were established around the mar On 22 October 1968, a tractor train gin of the lake so that regular measure carrying five tones tons of cargo and ments of the level could be made. The comprising a D4 bulldozer, two Lower Onyx River was surveyed in de Ferguson tractors and one of the snocats tail too. Already it was known to flow used by Sir Vivian Fuchs in the Trans inland and westwards from the Lower Antarctic Crossing, left Scott Base, trav Wright Glacier for a short time each elling north to Cape Royds, then west to summer. It was proposed to install the Wilson Piedmont. Rostering of the measuring equipment the following six-man team gave them 24 hour con spring. That season, using the markers tinuous travel and the tractor train ar established around the lake, it was rived at the top of the Wilson Piedmont found that the level rose eight feet dur overlooking the Wright Valley at mid-

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night on 28 October. After such an D r C l i v e H o w a r d W i l l i a m s f r o m excellent start to the supply trip, things Christchurch and Julie Hall from began to go wrong. Hamilton assess the nute nutrient and Leading the way in the Sno cat Bill sediment loading at Lake Vanda. Lucy moved on towards the Wright Photo: Yvonne Martin Valley. Following him, in the eight-ton accident and the party now waited for bulldozer, Hugh Clark suddenly broke spare parts. through a crevasse snowbridge. Lucy Finally the two Ferguson tractors, turned back to help, but 50 yards away together with equipment were lowered felt the rear pontoons of the Sno cat down to the Wright Valley floor and broke through another crevasse. Both driven up to Vanda Station. The tractor men escaped from the vehicles un wheels created huge clouds of dust and harmed. grit, which by the time they reached It would be two weeks before the Vanda, had choked the engines of the tractor train could continue. Severe trailers. radio blackout delayed transmitting news By the end of the season Vanda of the problem to Scott Base, and after Station was ready for its first winter recovery gear had been flown out, it occupation. A 12 volt battery supply took several more days to extract the was maintained by a wind-driven gen bulldozer which then hauled out the erator, backed up by a small motor Snocat. The differential, a universal generator for calm periods. Wind gen and also a spring had been broken in the eration would ensure an "electrically ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6 quiet" background for scientific record ment and returned to Vanda after three ing. Radio communication with Scott days. The temperature was -26deg F. Base was provided by 20 watt H.F. Vanda's first winter party proved to transceivers. be a good one: remarkably healthy with The station had been officially an excellent morale. Important meas opened by the Governor General, Sir urements were made throughout the Arthur Porritt, on 9 January 1969. winter with fortnightly recordings of During his speech Sir Arthur described water temperatures and salinity from a one of the team's scientific objectives as small hut frozen into the ice which being "to determine the lake's heat as became known as'' Lake Chalet''. These originating from either heaven or hell." recordings were the result of extreme Other important aims of the Vanda party dedication and heat from the primus were to maintain continuous meteoro stove; they took ten hours to make! logical and seismic programmes, and Well away from the base site weekly record ground temperatures over an records were also made of ice surface entire year to help scientists under ablation. Results from the regular stand more of the unique Dry Valley meteorological measurements were area. passed to Scott Base by radio telephone Unfortunately the last helicopter for four times a day, and seismic records the season left Vanda in February 1969 collected for comparison with the re without delivering the scientific equip sults of the Scott Base programmes. ment needed for the winter. Two Scott These lapsed, however, at the end of Base dog teams tried to cross the sea ice April when the galvanometer mirror in on March 1 to deliver the equipment the seismometer became distorted by and the last of the summer mail, but cold. found access to the Bower Piedmont In the end of his winter report, Bill Glacier cut off by open water. The Lucy wrote "If we have not found the cargo was returned to Scott Base and answers to all the problems encoun put aboard the USS Burton Island. tered, we have at least found most of the Later one of the icebreaker's helicop problems." Among them were the ters carried it to the New Zealand refuge lack of sealing in the mess quarter walls wannigan in the Bay of Sails. causing icing and a heat loss that the Bill Lucy and Simon Cutfield tried to stove could not offset. Then there was reach the depot running the the Vanda the unexpected lack of wind during the Gnat over the lower Wright and Wilson winter months so the wind generator Piedmont Glaciers, but found themselves could not be used. The small back up continuously bogged down in soft snow. petrol driven machine was barely ad Five, arduous, days later they returned equate. Calm periods lasted for up to to Vanda. three weeks, and temperatures fell as After fitting tracks to one of the low as -57deg C. There were only six Fergusons, Bill Lucy set out once more snowfalls during the*winter, each one on March 16, this time with Warren less than one inch. This too, was unex Johns and Allan Riorden. The party pected. had extreme difficulty negotiating the Towards the end of the winter power terminal face of the Lower Wright Gla generation was becoming desperate. It cier and finally anchored a strong rope was alleviated by the arrival of a petter at the top of the face and slowly winched diesel unit in mid-September. The the tractor up. They collected the equip diesel generator had been built at Scott

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Base, quite rapidly, from components tality for many of the field parties work flown into McMurdo by Hercules on ing in adjacent areas. A timber weir was September 1. Snocat Abel left the built across the Onyx River bed to meas Base with a load of seven tons includ ure flow rates. It was completed a few ing the generator as well as urgently hours before water reached it on De required fuel and replacement parts for cember 5. Recording equipment was various scientific equipment. Twenty installed the following day. miles out, the party was confronted by Supplies for Vanda were ferried over very thin new sea ice - only four inches the sea ice from Scott Base in five trips thick - and discovered and depoted in the Bay of Sails. They they had "parked" on ice only 16 inches were to be delivered by helicopter early thick. Retreating cautiously to a safer in the season but bad weather and route they continued onto the Bowers rescheduling of helo-hours after a crash Piedmont meeting the Vanda party in in the Asgard Range delayed their ar the Lower Wright Valley a few days rival. Once the field season had begun, later. it proved difficult to fit the Vanda Five drums of urgently needed petrol resupply into the helicopter schedule. was dumped 18 miles from Vanda in On the 1 February 1970 Harold favour of hoisting the heavy diesel gen Lowe took over as winter leader at erator onto the trailer tractor with the Vanda from Arnold Heine, who had help of the snocat party. The petrol was been acting leader following the depar collected later. The Sno cat arrived ture of David Lowe on January 13. back at Scott Base on September 12 Bob McKerrow, another technician, also after crossing 70 miles of sea ice in fog arrived at the station. with only their outgoing tracks to guide The 1970 winter party proved to them. be a very active one and a full scientific The 1969 winter over party for programme was completed. Regular mally handed over the station to David weekly trips were made to the met screen Lowe, the new leader, on November 9. at the far end of the Lake. Another, Garry Lewis was to be technician and which had been installed on top of the Tony Bromley, the meteorologist. Dias, was visited once or twice each During the summer, Vanda was pre month after a walk of 14 miles and a pared for its second winter of occupa climb of 2600 feet. A third screen, tion which would conclude the planned next to the Asgard Hut and beside the two years of continuous scientific obser Jeremy Sykes Glacier, was also visited vation. Scott Base staff sealed the and meteorological observations were living quarters and installed a coleman made at the Meserve Glacier. Some of heater. A 1700 gallon capacity reser the party camped on Lake Vanda to see voir comprising a series of drums, was how radio equipment would perform in built adjacent to the mess hut and filled temperatures of -51deg C. from the lake. This overcame the ne There was more wind during the cessity to collect ice from the lake every second winter and also higher tem four to six weeks throughout the winter. peratures, the lowest recorded being - Ice could now be chipped out of the 53deg C. drums, whenever it was needed. Although a full summer programme Further survey work and hydrologi- was implemented from Vanda during cal studies were made over the summer 1970-71. RDRC confirmed its decision of 1969/70 and Vanda provided hospi not to continue with its winter occupa-

237 ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6 tion of the base at that time. Among the ported. Although it was still to see problems cited to at least one applicant many more years of service the first was that the wind generator did not references to Vanda as a temporary produce anywhere near the power hoped station now appeared in the RDRC for and, with the restricted number of records. helicopter flights available for resupply, sufficient fuel for a continuously oper Antarctic acknowledges considerable ating motor generator could not be assistance from Margaret Bradshaw, provided. Therefore, in spite of the President of the New Zealand Antarc interest, new programmes requiring tic Society Inc., in the preparation of continuous power could not be sup this article. ANARE Private contractor assumes army role After 46 years an association be perform much of the ship to shore trans tween the Australian Army and the na port whenever there is enough open tions Antarctic programme has come water to permit their use. to an end. A special ceremony at the In recent years the 10th Terminal Antarctic Division's Kingston Head Regiment has provided a detachment quarters in late March marked the occa to operate the amphibious LARCs and sion. In the summer of 1947-48 the the powered barges that can ferry huge Army first used their amphibious water- containers of equipment and supplies to craft to land equipment and the Antarctic stations. Army restructur expeditioners at the newly established ing and an increased reliance on heli Australian research station on Macquarie copters means that the Army will no Island. Fittingly they completed their longer provide the amphibious equip final run in the heavy surf at the Island ment which has been an integral part of in March. Antarctic expeditions for five decades. Throughout Australia's modern Ant The opportunity to participate in arctic operations, the Army's LARCs Antarctic expeditions has been a much (Light Amphibious Resupply Cargo) and sought after privilege among Army per the World War II DUKWs from which sonnel. The successful applicants trained they evolved have proved to be versa in the lead-up to the Antarctic resupply tile vehicles used in ship to shore trans season by loading boxes of rocks on and port in the Antarctic and subantarctic. off their LARCs in Sydney's Middle Essentially, boats with large wheels, they Harbour. The "Duckies" and "Larcies", have been invaluable in ferrying people as they are known, had become part of and stores through breaking waves on the Australian Antarctic community. rock-strewn beaches at Macquarie Is There were many instances where the land, taking their loads directly from professionalism, skill and courage of the ship's sides to the station. In the the army watercraft detachment averted Antarctic where the ships may have to potentially dangerous situations. One stand well out from the coast the LARCS of these was the rescue of expeditioners 238 Vol.13. No.6 June 1994 ANTARCTIC and crew from the grounded Nella Dan at Macquarie Island in late 1987. Station leaders for the winter Helicopters and barges operated under contract to the Antarctic Division of 1994 and 1995 will take the place of the Army opera tions next summer. Two men and two women lead the 1994 winter parties at Australia's four Programme information in stations. Michael Carr, a principal in a brief management training consultant com pany, leads the party at Davis. As part At Mawson a multi-year study of the of his normal job he designs and con foraging ecology of Emperor penguins ducts training programmes for public is being continued. At Davis the pro and private enterprise clients. Previ duction, nature and utilisation of dis ously, he was a member of the ADF solved and particular particulate organic (Army) for over 20 years attaining the carbon in the ocean offshore from the position of staff officer. At Mawson station and in the lakes of the Vestfold Bob Jones, leader at Macquarie in Hills Region. Studies of the lichens, 1992, is in charge. Bob is a qualified mosses, algae and micro-organisms con veterinarian who has been director of a tinue at Casey with a particular focus on regional veterinary laboratory and man the impacts of environmental change ager of Animal Health and Welfare for on physiology, biomass distribution, the Victoria Department of Agriculture adaptability and survival strategies. The and Rural Affairs. Antarctic Division has a physicist at Angela Rhodes is in charge of Casey. both Davis and Casey supporting the She has been a member of the Austral ongoing Auroral and Space physics Pro ian Defence Force for 20 years and is gramme. The ASP programme is currently a Squadron Leader in the reorienting its research effort in the RAAF responsible for 146 personnel, middle and upper atmosphere towards her duties including financial manage better understanding and detecting cli ment, policy implementation and day to mate change. day decision making. Joan Russell, a There is no work being undertaken project manager with the South Aus at Heard Island this winter. During this tralian Government, is in charge of the last year Dr Pat Quilty has written a party at Macquarie. Her normal job paper on the volcanic activity at the responsibilities include policy develop Island in 1992 which is being circulated ment, human services delivery, research as part of peer review process prior to and personnel management. In 1990 publication. (Antarctic hopes to carry she was station leader at Casey. more information about this in the Sep The station leaders for 1995 have tember issue), but at Macquarie the recently been announced. Australian Antarctic Programme con Peter Melick will be in charge at tinues to support the Tasmanian Gov Casey. He is a motor coach driver and ernment's management of the research organiser with a company specialising with, among other programmes one of in remote area travel and has held invertebrate pest control and another similar positions since 1987 involving on the environmental impact of pelagic complete responsibility for group rela plastics which will provide information tions, repairs, itinerary and problem- on marine debris in the Southern Ocean solving in overseas and out-back areas. region. Diana Patterson will lead the party 239 ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6 at Davis. She is currently manager of Hospital in East Sydney where he is a the Land Protection branch for the Vic team leader responsible for individual torian Department of Conservation and counselling, supervising staff and chair Natural Resources where she is respon ing groups and family conferences. Paul sible for policy, planning and research Butler will be in charge at Mawson. He with a staff of 110. She was leader at is currently a Senior Grade Officer with Mawson in 1989 and has spent a sum the Department of Environment, Sport mer at Casey. and Territories where he is Assistant Allan Redpath will lead the party at Director Cocos (Keeling) Section. He Macquarie Island. He is currently a so has wintered with ANARE three times cial worker employed by Prince Henry previously, the last being in 1987.

France

Further preparations made for building of Dome Concorde

Note: This article, translated from and GPS. An attempt to establish the French, covers work at Adelie Land, bed rock topography via a sled-borne Dumont d'Urville, Kerguelen and radar failed when the equipment Crozet. Antarctic acknowledges the dysfunctioned. assistance of Dr Graeme Claridge with A second traverse was attempted in the translation. order to deposit some material, mainly The focus of French activities for fuel for future expeditions. By Febru the 1993-94 season were logistical ary 2 the team were 640 km from the operations associated with the French- coast and some 60 tons of fuel was Italian programme to build a scientific cached before they returned to Cape station at Dome C. Basic facilities were Prudhomme and Dumont d'Urville. prepared at Cape Prudhomme on the Working along the route to Dome C continent which is considered the best French and Italian scientists are docu starting point for convoys to the re menting with good resolution the geo mote location. graphically different climatic param Seven personnel for the first such eters and chemicals both on the surface convoy last season travelled south and in recent layers of snow layers on aboard MV Icebird, chartered by the the route from Dumont d'Urville to Australian Antarctic Division but di Dome C. This cooperative programme verted to Dumont d'Urville to off load will come fully into effect with the the party on November 2. This gave building of the station at Dome Con them an early start and they reached cord. A preliminary "radar" reconnais the Dome C site on November 25 stay sance was undertaken in the 1993-94 ing for 11 days undertaking pro season and long term parallel studies of grammes of geographical mapping the chemistry and climate were begun.

240 Vol.13. No.6 June 1994 ANTARCTIC

The accumulation in the area around lowing work on the polar troposphere Dome Concord will be measured as part undertaken on the continent. The new of the project. study focuses on sulfur, hydrocarbons In addition to the logistical and originating in the circumpolar ocean. scientific efforts aimed at Dome C a For a start MSA and S04 were meas new station was set up at Gouverneur ured with the aerosol work being ex Island for the study of atmospheric con tended to a analysis of the gaseous stituents, further collection of micro precursors of DMS and S02 and the meteorites were made within the frame grain size of aerosols. This atmos work of the EUROMET Project and a pheric study of derived sulfur will be study of katabatic winds begun using complemented by the measurement of Italian sodar equipment. di methyl sulfide in the sea water during On the continent scientists continue to study the layer of katabatic winds. Automatic Meteorological stations have been established at strategic locations including the Dome C site and D57 and D47 from which pressure gradients can Airstrip damage be estimated. Italian sodar equipment is being used in this study. It will be Further details regarding dam positioned after the winter when bal age to the airstrip at Dumont loons will be used to obtain temperature d'Urville have recently been released profiles and measure the flux, data from by French authorities. The severe which will be matched with the ground storm, which we reported in our last based results to establish the limits of issue Antarctic Vol 13 No. 5 pages the coastal katabatic winds. 199ff occurred on January 26. It A new collection of micro-meteor partly destroyed the flanks of the airstrip over a length of 300 metres ites was begun by French scientists to a depth of six to seven metres and early this year. They are working within the framework of the EUROMET Project some of the facilities situated on the and use is being made of a new labora reclamation. The equipment, nec tory, built at Dumont d'Urville, which essary for aircraft operations includ provides much improved facilities for ing the control tower, hangar for analysis and a reduced risk of contami repairs and navigation system were nation. Scientists visited a 2000m2 not damaged. area of blue ice at Cape Prudhomme in An inspection team comprising pilots, engineering specialists in har 1988 and 1991 and this appears to be bour and runway construction and the most favourable site for collection of from the Administrateur Superieur samples. The blue ice moves towards the sea at a rate of seven metres a year des TAAF visited the site in Febru and samples can only be collected ary. By mid-April the report had not once every three years if scientists are been released and there has been no to avoid the pockets of contamination further communication with the caused by previous visits to the site. French authorities. However it is Seasonal evolution of the emissions known that the report should give an of sulfur and light hydrocarbons origi evaluation of the work required to repair the runway making it suitable nating in the circumpolar ocean, are the for several different types of aircraft. subject of a two year programme which was initiated at Dumont d'Urville fol 241 ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6 the summer. Previous work on carbon be compared with similar work at St. aerosols was re examined following con Paul. tamination from the base. This pro Birds and mammals: In addition gramme may be undertaken on the to the routine monitoring of birds and neighbouring island of Gouverneur. mammals specific programmes were begun in the summer of 1992-93. This Earth science programmes. last season plankton and the small There were no earth science pro petrels at Kerguelen were the focus of grammes in Adelie Land last season but scientific work. Another study on eco scientists in France continue to analyse logical evolution of two species of bird, samples obtained in the 1990-91 and one being the black petrel was also 1992-93 seasons. Further earth sci initiated. ence work was, however, undertaken at Animals introduced to the is Kerguelen where scientists are studying lands: Further work was planned on alkaline and non alkaline silica in the the population of Corsican sheep at layers of rocks in the central plateau Kerguelen. Population dynamics, re and on the Loranchet Peninsula. production strategy, the changing na Work on the potential currents and ture of the population in response to variations in the earth's magnetic field environmental changes are all part of continues with observations being made the programme which also includes work at both Port of France at Kerguelen and on the role of the trophic factors and Port Alfred at Crozet. Construction of parasites on the regulation of the popu automatic electromagnetic stations has lation. The reindeer population are begun. They will measure three circuits also being studied, mainly with helicop and two currents in the earth's mag ter counts at different seasons in order netic field Finance for a further station to collect data on which to base man in the area of the Magellan Sea has been agement plans. Rabbits have been eradi deferred. cated on two islands in the Kerguelen Geomorphological work at Crozet Archipelago and the recovery of the was completed at the end of 1993 and vegetation and indigenous animal life is glaciological programmes are being being monitored. On the Island of undertaken on a collaborative basis at Guillon an environmental study of the Vostock. nature and distribution of various types Life science programmes: The of soils has been implemented along marine biological programme begun in with work on the various groups of 1992-93 off Adelie Land continues. At vegetation and the populations of birds Kerguelen a new programme involving and invertebrates. Eradiation of rab the study of the carbon cycle in the life bits, mice and cats is scheduled to begin of Macrocystic grass was implemented on July or August of 1994. in January. Animal physiology: Metabolic Soil biology: At Kerguelen and adaptation of birds to the cold is being Crozet further interdisciplinary work further studied this year. Following a involving physiology, biochemistry, programme on Adelie Land in which biometric and morphology continues as research was undertaken into heat re scientists study the function and coloni tention in Adelie Penguins in the sum sation of the terrestrial ecosystem. On mer and the emperors in the winter. At the Island of Amsterdam further study Crozet the role of thyroid hormones of terrestrial invertebrates at low alti and glucagon among penguins is being tude was undertaken and the results will studied while at Kerguelen work is be- 242 Vol.13. No.6 June 1994 ANTARCTIC

TERRES AUSTRALES ET ANTARCTIQUES FRANQAISES

Amsterdam St >au

co»##&&4»rA*crt Crozet..f"* Kerguelen

ing undertaken on proteins and fatty Location map of French Antarctic sta acids and their role as potential regula tions and territory. tors of lipid metabolism. The energetics of penguins both on land and at sea continues to be studied. related to seasonal reserves of food sup In one facet of the overall programme plies. penguins are being used as bio indica Marine invertebrates are the subject tors of the evolution of resources in the of work at Kerguelen where the focus is Southern Ocean. At Adelie Land ecol on the study of the structure and spatial ogy of emperor penguins over the and temporal populations of winter is being studied. The birds are echinoderms and metazoa or more spe being tracked by radio beacons and the cifically annelides defined with the help stomach contents of some are being of genetic markers in previous seasons analysed. At Crozet the focus is on the The species have been chosen because royal penguins and their foraging habits of their development in relation to their as well as their breeding success while at dispersal and previous observations Kerguelen scientists are studying the made while diving both in the gulf at different zones of food supply as well as Kerguelen and in adjacent waters has their foraging habits. allowed scientists to study individuals, Considerable work is also being un populations densities and the process dertaken on the role of fatty acids in the of recruitment. Sampling is being Adelie's at Adelie Land and on the royal continued over the winter when the penguins at Crozet where the study is reproductive strategies will be studied

243 ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6 as well as the genetic relationships of populations at varying distances. Permanent At Adelie Land a study of biochem istry and microbiology of fish along the observatories: theme of molecular adaptation at low temperatures was established last sum The operation of permanent observa mer. tories continues with some minor The winter ecology of sea trout is changes. being studied at Kerguelen with a focus Permanent observatories at on demography, kinetics, spatial distri Kerguelen have been established for bution, migration and spawning char the study of cosmic rays, the iono acteristics. The habitat and population spheric and the magnetosphere structure are also being studied as well Atmospheric science programmes as their relationship to hydrological are centred on stations in Adelie Land models and seasonal variations. and at Kerguelen. In the station at Oceanography: The sea level is a Adelie Land a permanent observatory major parameter in work on ocean and has been established to measure cosmic climate dynamics. Variations of level at rays and an auroral programme is be different times whether it be every ten ing undertaken. This programme stud years, each year, seasonal or daily are ies the origin of the auroral forms in important. During 1994 scientists will relation to interplanetary magnetics. study the dynamics of the ocean over Although it requires more observations the Kerguelen Plateau, the relationships than the scientists are able to make at of the data acquired previously at sites present they find it useful to have the in the area, analyse the data from GEEST measurements of the different levels of 86-88, TOPEX/POSEIDON 92-93 and solar and magnetic activity and infor from Crozet, Kerguelen and Amster mation about the magnetic properties. dam Islands in order to study the spatial Research is also being undertaken into structure and time differences between aligned arcs. These are a rare phenom months, years and ten year periods. ena which occur once or twice a month; They will also design a procedure which their general conditions and appear will enable them more easily to link up ance have been studied by solar cycle the results from the earth stations with 21 and the results will be compared with the GPS. those that scientists expect to obtain In 1992-93 medical researchers from the following cycle. This study, as implemented a medical research pro yet incomplete, requires complemen gramme at the four stations but this tary work to be undertaken on space year at Dumont d'Urville the winter missions. The ionospheric programme team will be subject to an Antarctic continues without new equipment. Psychological Programme. The objec Ozone studies also continue. Equip tive is to use the real situation of a polar ment for the Lidar experiment operates station to evaluate and validate the at Adelie Land and a programme of methods and instruments of socio psy ozone soundings is being undertaken at chology from the perspective of me Dumont d'Urville and on board the dium and long duration space missions. Astrolabe or the Marion DuFresne for The results will help psychologists de studies to be continued for the next few vise a means of preventing problems years. This work focuses on the of maladaption in small groups who are evolution of chemical species, isolated and confined. stratospheric clouds and the aerosols. 244 Vol.13. No.6 ANTARCTIC

Overall the ozone work undertaken Seismology: The programmes of wide mainly by French scientists is con band and short period seismology will tributing variously with real time be continued. They provide seismologi- measurements, verification and inter cal information from the high latitudes pretation of data to the NASA ER-2 of the southern hemisphere. The pro and DC-8 flights from New Zealand, gramme GEOSCOPE developed for a the European Meteorological agency and French seismological agency in 1982 is for the Southern Hemisphere satellite being continued but it now includes cer operations. The performance of the tain aspects c more regional research in SAO Z spectrometers have has been the short domain and wide band. improved for measurements of oxygen In 1994 the station at Crozet was chlorine and oxygen bromide as well as to be re equipped with new standard the lidar. VBB. The three stations the Port of Equipment for a UV-B programme France, Dumont d'Urville and Port Al was dismantled last season and trans fred will conform with the new standard fer to the Dome C site as part of a co GEOSCOPE. These regional studies will operative venture with the Italians. greatly enhance the overall seismologi At Kerguelen the cosmic ray and cal programme. As in previous years magnetics programmes are being con the results will be archived on CD- tinued. Rom and distributed in accordance with Earth sciences: Four geomagnetics international plans. observatories and five stations have been Life sciences: Throughout the year established in French Antarctic and the programme of monitoring of birds sub-Antarctic territory. They measure and marine mammals will continue and the elements of the terrestrial magnetic include studied studies of the dynamics field, including daily variations, and of animals leaving the various colonies transmit in semi real time results to the being observed. international programme Intermagnet Following programmes already es for which observatories have been es tablished epidemiology, psycho-social tablished at Crozet, Kerguelen and adaptation and personality in natural Amsterdam.. The calculation of indexes conditions of stress will continue to be of activity, the determination of real studied. mean values and the daily variation are Marine biology: Fish at Kerguelen also part of the overall programme. Fish stocks subject to exploitation The registration of rapid magnetic vari (particularly D. eleginoides and C. ations in the range of 5 - lOOseconds, gunnari) were monitored in the 1993/ temporarily interrupted in 1992 for the 94 season with two French fishing ships installation of new equipment, resumed operating in the area Ukrainian fishing in 1993 in conjunction with a Russian in the region was programmed to con programme. A data base has been tinue at least until the end of 1993. established on magnetic optical disk for Observations of birds and fish from the the assembly of the results available vessels continued. from Crozet from 1978 to 1985; from Kerguelen from 1978 to 1992 and from Adelie Land from 1978 to 1992.. The detailed measurements should help make the abnormally conducting struc tures first recognised in 1988 and 1989 more precise. ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6 Germany Data gathered during 11th cruise of Polarstern supports long-term research programmes

The fifth and final leg of the 11th cruise cause scientists are attempting to simu of RV Polarstern comprised a south- late the possible impact of north transect through the Atlantic a n t h r o p o g e n i c e m i s s i o n s o n Ocean and involved 27 scientists from trophospheric chemistry it is essential seven German research institutions and to measure the distribution from high one in Holland. Sailing under the southern to high northern latitudes as command of Captain E.P. Greve, the part of the overall programme. vessel left Capetown on 21 May 1994 For the first time ship-based FTIR and was scheduled to return to (Solar Fourier Transform Infared) Bremerhaven on June 17 after a short spectroscopy measurements were made stop in Rotterdam on June 15. The in order to study stratospheric trace atmospheric sciences, environmental gases relevant to stratospheric ozone and marine chemistry were the main chemistry. The FITR spectrometer research foci supplemented by mete permits measurements of the gases to orological programmes, and marine be obtained from "ground level''. When biological and geological investigations. combined with a specially developed On the voyage back from Antarctica solar tracker the sun, or even the Polastern became a mobile platform moon, can be used as a light source and for investigations of global scale proc column densities of a reasonable number esses taking place in the atmosphere of trace gases can be measured in the and in the ocean. spectral region from 5000 to 500 cm- During the cruise, the horizontal 1. This work supplements the ozone distribution of ozone was measured and measurements and will provide valuable recorded continuously with a ship based information about the chemical compo ozone analyser. From Capetown to sition of the stratosphere. Rotterdam balloons with ECC ozone During this cruise, air samples were sondes were launched daily to provide collected regularly by scientists from profiles of atmospheric trace gases up the AWI and stored in stainless steel to an altitude of 35 km.. The research, bulbs for later analysis at their home being undertaken by the air chemistry laboratory where they hope to measure group from the Alfred Wegener Insti and quantify a selected group of volatile tute, was begun during Polarstern organohalogen compounds in order to cruises X/8 and XI/1. The programme estimate the global distribution of these is important because ozone is the promi trace substances, their sources and sinks. nent photo-oxidant in the troposphere In addition rain samples were collected and knowledge of the distribution and in the intertropical convergence zone mixing ratios of ozone is a key compo for subsequent analysis for their con nent for atmospheric modelling. Be tent of the various trace metals. The 246 Vol.13. No.6 June 1994 ANTARCTIC objective of this study is to obtain further phere and uptake by terrestrial vegeta information on atmospheric pollution tion are thought to be the major sinks. and the transport mechanisms of at In March-April 1987 scientists aboard mospheric pollutants. Because of the Cruise VII/5 established the existence risk of contamination of samples by ex of a significant gradient of OCS be haust gases from the ship the measure tween hemispheres and found that ments and sampling programme was to levels were on average 25 percent be controlled by observations of wind higher in the northern hemisophere, a speed and direction, by a carbon black result confirmed by recent work in the monitor and continuous measurements United States. Explanations may be of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. that terrestrial anthropogenic sources Further profiles of nitrogen combi dominate the northern hemisphere or nations measured initially during the first that the data from the 1987 cruise leg of the cruise were to be obtained depicts the meridional variation of a during Leg 5. The deposition of the seasonal signal in the atmospheric OCS combinations can be estimated with caused by assimilation by terrestrial models and the profile measurements vegetation and is in phase with atmos can be compared with those previously pheric carbon dioxide. Using gas chro obtained on a west east transect in the matography with flame photometric Indian Ocean. detection, scientists will analyse the Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) is the most samples on board in order to monitor abundant sulfur gas of the remote at the gradient during the northern sum mosphere and due to its long mer. trophospheric lifetime, it is one of the A passive microwave and line scan dominant carriers of sulfur molecules camera will be used to measure the into the stratosphere where it sustains wind speed over the open ocean. Pas the sulfuric acid aerosol layer. Sources sive microwave radiometer data ob and sinks of this gas are not yet well tained from a satellite operating as part known but the ocean is believed to be a of the US Defence Meteorological Sat major source. Oxidation in the atmos ellite Programme, launched into polar

FS Polarstern Photo: Plotz ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6 orbit in June 1987, already provides part of a general one of global environ reliable wind field information on a glo mental chemistry involving the charac bal scale. By using suitable algorithms terisation of pattern and levels of vari and the data from different microwave ous classes of anfhropogenic and emissivities, information on wind speeds biogenic compounds on the basis of a can be obtained but the method is inac highly developed analytical chemistry curate because the roughness of the of organics including chemometric meth sea surface varies with changes of the ods. Special attention is given to the wind and because there are only a few air-sea exchange of organics in this, the reference measurements. The Line third phase of their study aboard the Scan Camera will offer precise informa Polarstern. tion about the foam concentrations or Biological and biochemical research white caps on the ocean surface and work undertaken by scientists from AWI wind speed will be measured aboard on benthic invertebrates will supple ship with meteorological equipment. ment investigations of biogenic com The data sets derived will be analysed pounds sampled in Antarctica by com with a special algorithm to provide a parison with animals from moderate relation between wind speed and foam and tropical climates. Neuston and concentrations which will be used to pleuston were collected using a neuston improve the wind speed information sledge. Comparison of the amount of derived from the passive microwave selected primary and secondary measurements. metabolites will provide answers to ques Carbon dioxide exchange between tions of how the extreme natural envi the ocean and the atmosphere will be ronments can influence the biogenic studied during the cruise. This is impor production of substances in the investi tant because the oceans take between gated animals. A further objective of 20 and 40 percent of the C02 released the biological programme are studies of by fossil fuel burning. The objective of the latitudinal distribution abundance the study is to determine the C02 vari and activity of marine microfungi and ables in surface water and the flux be fungus-like protists within the produc tween the ocean and atmosphere dur tive layer of the Atlantic Ocean. ing the regular crossings made of the The geological research work dur Atlantic by the RV Polarstern. In com ing this cruise will continue previous bination of earlier measurements this investigations on particle flux in some will improve their estimate of the C02 high-production areas in eastern and exchange between the South Atlantic equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Moorings, Ocean and the atmosphere. Measure deployed last year, in the Guinea Basin ments made on previous cruises were and north of Gran Canaria Island were part of this programme. Water sam recovered and redeployed at their same pling to determine nutrient and chloro positions. The aim of the programme phyll content will be undertaken to de is to determine the seasonal variations termine flux in the chemical, isotopical, mineralogi- Three projects make up the ma cal and species composition of the sink rine and environmental chemistry pro ing particulate matter. gramme for the cruise. Sources of A considerable number of the in halogenated compounds and organic vestigations performed during the cruise nitrates in the North and South Atlantic will provide data and information im are being studied by scientists from the portant to long-term research pro University of Ulm whose programme is grammes. 248 Vol.13. No.6 June 1994 ANTARCTIC BAS Dogs rehabilitated in traditional environment after 50 years with BAS

The end of the 1993-94 summer field on February 8. During their time in the season for BAS personnel was tinged field both dogs teams safely covered with sadness with the departure of the 250 miles and the party successfully dogs from Rothera in compliance with completed their assigned science tasks. the Madrid Protocol to the Antarctic On their return to Rothera most staff Treaty under which all non-indigenous enjoyed their last opportunity to run the animals must be removed from the con dogs on Adelaide Island. tinent by 1 April 1994. Dogs have been Then, after all the necessary vacci part of British Antarctic operations for nations, the dogs .were familiarised 50 years and they have now returned to with their transport boxes and travel their original habitat in the Canadian food and flown to the Falkland Islands Arctic where they are supporting a tra in the Dash-7 aircraft on the first leg of ditional way of life. The transition is their long journey to their new home reported to have gone well. Excellent co-operation from the UK To mark their last season in Antarc Ministry of Defence led to a dedicated tica the dogs were used in a commemo RAF flight to the UK via Ascension rative field project, code-named Lost Island. After an overnight stop in the Heritage. The project was based in quarantine kennels at Heathrow, where Alexander Island and comprised a GPS there was intense press interest, the mapping task for the BAS Mapping and dogs, accompanied by John Sweeny Geographic Information Centre in the were flown to Boston in the USA. They region of the Milky Way and Uranus were then transported by road from Glacier as well as a shallow ice-core Boston to Chiasibi in James Bay in drilling traverse in the centre of the Quebec where both teams began their Island. sledge journey to their new home, an Both dog teams were used in the Inuit village, Inukjuak, on the north operation, the Admirals: Wendy, Tom, western shore of Hudson Bay. Biff, Jimmy, Elwood, Jake, Rachel and Latest reports are that they are now Rex and the Huns: Pris, Roy, Max Pujok, rehabilitated in the Inuit Village where Urza and Morgan. Field personnel com they are being retained as two small prised a field assistant and dog handler working teams, six in one and seven in John Sweeny, from Rothera and John the other, with two different handlers. Killingbeck, an ex-FID surveyor who The group of seven are with the had been Base Leader at Deception Inukjuaks' cultural teacher who has been Island and had run dogs during the running dogs for many years and is now 1960's. With the dogs teams was a film passing his knowledge of handling teams crew, travelling in the now conventional onto his students. The smaller group of style on skidoos. six are with a local trapper who guides The dogs were deployed to Alexan small expeditions during the early sum der Island by Twin Otter aircraft on 14 mer months and has a trapping and December and flown back to Rothera fishing camp for the rest of the season. 249 ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6

The guides in the area are respected for trips in the very near future providing their ability to hunt, navigate and han both a direct link with the past and a dle dog teams. means for potential income from guid All of the indigenous huskies in the ing and tourism. Hudson Bay area were exterminated in The guide and handler from Maine the late 1950's and even by 1970 there in the USA, who has been assisting BAS were very few on the east coast of the with the resettlement of the huskies, Bay. The Inukjuak community regard maintains regular contact with the vil the BAS dogs as a gift to their village lage of Inukjuak and all the reports are and there is considerable interest in good. their welfare as they represent the po In returning the dogs to a traditional tential to greatly strengthen the gene environment the British Antarctic Sur pool of the existing native dogs. Their vey have made a strong endeavour to introduction also coincides with the be ensure that something positive comes ginning of a tourist development initia from what they perceive as an unfortu tive by Makivik, the Inuit government. nate Antarctic Treaty decision to re It is probable that the huskies will be move the dogs from the continent. used on hunting and cultural tourism

RRS Bransfield makes safe journey to home port

RRS Bransfield, disabled by a major pack ice, some 1600 nautical miles from electrical fault, first reported as a fire, her destination and 11 n.m. south of in the propulsion motor unit on Febru the edge of the pack ice with clear water ary 20 arrived at Stanley on March 3 beyond, the damping effect of the pack where the damaged motor was thor ice on the southerly swell made condi oughly inspected on March 12 by a tions on board reasonable comfortable. GEC engineer flown from the UK. The But winds of up to 12 knots were motor, though seriously damaged, was causing the Bransfield to drift at 0.4 considered repairable and the after knots west north west with the nearest motor assessed as satisfactory for the iceberg some 12 n.m. away to the north ship to return to the UK. The ship west. Initially it was thought that the sailed from Stanley on March 15 arriv repair of the motor was beyond the ing at Grimsby on April 3 after an un capabilities of the ship's staff and that eventful passage. towage would be required. Overall the The mishap occurred approximately assessment suggested that the ship was 24 hours after her departure from in no immediate danger but there was Halley Station on February 20 She no room for complacency. had just deployed equipment and pro Early on February 21 the RRS visions for a forthcoming international James Clark Ross was diverted from a project, had taken aboard scientists science cruise around South Georgia to from the station and was bound for assist the RRS Bransfield. She esti Stanley. At the time she was in 7/10 mated her time of arrival at the vessel's

250 Vol.13. No.6 June 1994 ANTARCTIC side at 71 deg 45min S/20deg48min passage time between the vessels was W to be 1500 hours. no more than five hours. Communications between the two On March 3 both vessels arrived at vessels and Cambridge were frequent the port. The '' Brannie'', as she is affec with the Bransfield regularly updated tionately known by &AS personnel, is on assistance which could still be avail currently at Tyne Dock Engineering in able from either HMS Endurance at South Shields in the north of England. Stanley which the Royal Navy had placed The motor has been removed from the on standby or a number of tugs and vessel and is currently being stripped by others vessels in the broader area. Ur G.E.C. Alsthom in Rugby. After re gent communication was maintained building it will be returned to the vessel too, with the motor manufacturer, GEC and fitted probably during the first or Alsthom of Rugby, to ensure that all second week of September . After brief possible remedial measures were being trials she will then head for her home taken. Acting on the initiative of the port of Grimsby to take cargo aboard ship's staff it was agreed that all the for the 1994/1995 summer season and damaged and undamaged parts of the base resupply. forward motor, would be relocated in order to maintain a balance on the Future of Faraday still rotating armature and allow the, still serviceable, ship's after motor to oper uncertain ate. The work was undertaken by the engineering staff on board, some of Among the British guests in the Ant whom fashioned a number of special arctic this last season was Dr. A. tools for the operation, and volunteers Cheburkin of the Antarctic Research from among the outgoing Halley per Centre of the Ukrainian Academy of sonnel, all of whom worked under the Sciences in Kiev. He inspected Fara direction of A. Allison the Chief Engi day at which British activities are neer. Preparations were also made for being significantly scaled down. possible towage by the RRS James Transferring the station to another Clark Ross. national operator is preferred to Shortly after noon on February 24, total closure but a condition of the after working 24 shifts, some seven deal will be the maintenance of the tons of damaged parts had been relo long term monitoring of the sea cated and the after motor started. The level, synoptic meteorology, ozone ship's Master, Captain S. Lawrence, recordings and ionospheric pro advised that the vessel could be moved grammes. under half power. At 1500 hrs RRS The negotiations between the James Clark Ross was sighted and soon governments of the UK and Ukraine manoeuvred along side. Following a over the transfer may have lapsed as brief exchange of mail, water and stores latest reports indicate that the Brit the vessel made passage through the ish are still looking for another na pack ice to open water with the tional operator. Alternative plans Bransfield following closely behind. are, however, in hand to automate Progress to Stanley was excellent and the scientific programmes should no the James Clark Ross even made a other national operator be found who brief visit to Signy on February 28, all is willing to continue with the current the while maintaining radio contact with work of the station. the Bransfield and ensuring that the 251 ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6

Assistant. At Signy there is a party of 12 Winter personnel at led by Dr M.C. Davey a terrestrial biolo British stations gist and at Faraday there are ten, led by D. Haigh, a meteorologist and ozone Five British bases are operating research assistant. At Rothera there is throughout the winter of 1994. On a team of 15 led by S. Rumble, an Bird Island there are four scientists and electrician, while at Halley there are support personnel under the leader 17 in the winter team led by B. Mallon, ship of N. Huin, a Marine Research who is also an electrician.

USAP Major period of construction at McMurdo over winter

A USAF Starlifter made two 2130 hours. On the second flight the southbound flights, June 21 and June aircraft departed Christchurch at 0.515 23, to McMurdo, the first continuing to hours, and returned after approxi the South Pole, as part of the 1994 mately ten hours. The Mission Com midwinter airdrop. All up some 37,056 mander this year was Lieutenant-Colo lbs of cargo packed into 58 bundles nel Smith from 62nd Group at McCord were destined for McMurdo Station Airbase and the pilot Captain Ross. along with 15,000 lbs of mail and Twenty eight crew, 'including a flight 10,000 lbs of "freshies". surgeon and cargo handling teams were For the South Pole there were aboard the first flight with 21 on the 2,0001bs of mail, 90 dozen fresh eggs second. and cargo of 6,5971bs dropped in 16 The next scheduled flights south are bundles. The deliveries were made the series undertaken as part of WINFLY from 1,000 ft. with the aircraft refuel which should begin on August 22. This ling from an accompanying KC10 Ex year between and nine and twelve tender before and after the airdrop to flights will make up the WINFLY series. compensate for the extra fuel consumed Some months ago it was intended to during the low altitude runs when the continue flying throughout September drag is greatly increased. Extra refuel but this decision has now been reversed ling was also undertaken on the flights and the extra requirement will be met to and from the Pole. by extending Winfly. It is possible that On June 21 the aircraft departed WINDET, (the extended flying over Sep Christchurch at 5.30 a.m., made its tember) will come into operation in first drop at Williams Field at McMurdo 1995. The first main body flights in at approximately 1100 hours before support of the new season are to begin proceeding to the Pole where the drop on October 3. was made at 1310 hours. It touched Approximately 250 scientists, per down at Christchurch at approximately sonnel from Antarctic Support Associ- 252 Vol.13. No.6 June 1994 ANTARCTIC

ates and construction workers are at tion of ozone at sunrise. Scientific McMurdo this winter. One hundred and knowledge of the formation and physi twenty of them are undertaking con cal state of stratospheric cloud particles struction comprising work on two in the polar stratosphere is limited but dormitory wings, the foundations for a should be improved with further under SARSAT station at Arrival Heights and standing of the clouds. for the Black Island Earth-satellite sta A third element of the ozone pro tion. gramme involves infrared measure The scientific programmes at ments which are being undertaken at McMurdo Station and at the South Pole both McMurdo and at the South Pole. continue to focus on upper atmosphere Scientists from the Physics Department studies, astrophysics, monitoring of the at the University of Denver are using an long-term atmospheric changes and infrared interferometer to monitor some seismicity. of the trace constituents in the atmos At McMurdo ozone studies are a phere above both stations. priority. Two types of measurements are be Four different facets of the ozone ing made, one of the absorption mode problem are being studied at McMurdo to detect the sun's IR radiation shining and at the South Pole station this year. through the atmosphere and the other In co-operation with the USAP, Ital of the emission mode to detect radia ian scientists from the Instituto di Fisica tion emitted by the atmospheric gases dell'Atmosfera-CNR in Rome are mak themselves. ing laboratory-based lidar observations The first technique allows very sensi of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) tive measurements of a number of trace above McMurdo Station. The results constituents, especially during the local will add to the available information springtime when the Antarctic ozone about the annual springtime depletion depletion is taking place. The second of ozone in the Antarctic stratosphere allows less sensitive but still critical and enhance scientific understanding of measurements during the long dark the role of PSCs in the depletion proc polar night when the chemical interac ess. An environmental unit in the tions that set the stage for the spring Crary Laboratory complex has been time ozone depletion take place. dedicated for lidar measurements and Compounds being measured include associated instrumentation. The project hydrogen chloride, nitric acid, operates closely with two others. chlorofluorocarbon 11 and 12 and ni Of these, one involves the regular trous oxide, methane, ozone and chlo launching of a series of balloons carry rine nitrate. All play a role in ozone ing equipment to measure ozone, polar depletion and several are also impor stratospheric cloud particles and con tant greenhouse gases. This project is densation nuclei above McMurdo Sta a precursor to establishing an Antarctic tion. These measurements are impor network to detect stratospheric change. tant because the principle cause of As part of this the team hope to ozone depletion is the interaction of establish a similar station on the high chlorine with ozone. Polar stratospheric polar plateau possibly at Dome C. clouds have a major role in the chemis In another ozone related study per try that frees elemental chlorine from sonnel from the Aeronomy Laboratory reservoir gases, hydrochloric acid and of the National Oceanic and Atmos chlorine nitrate which then becomes pheric Administration have for five available for the photocatalytic destruc years now been making ground-based 253 ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6 visible and ultraviolet spectroscopic projects such as the European Center measurements of stratospheric column for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts abundances of ozone, nitrogen oxide, and the Australian Bureau of Meteorol nitrate radial, chlorine dioxide and bro ogy. It also receives other environmen mine monoxide. The simultaneous tal data from sources outside Antarctica measurements of these gases and their and acts as a repository for existing seasonal and daily variations are valu archived data bases. The principal in able for studying polar ozone holes and vestigators are from the Space Science the photochemistry responsible for the and Engineering Center at the Univer destruction of the stratospheric ozone sity of Wisconsin. layer, particularly in the presence of volcanic aerosols from the eruption of Automatic stations Mt. Pinatubo. Data from McMurdo is being aug The Satellite Tracking Facilities mented by that collected from other (Satrack) at Black Island in the McMurdo polar sites such as Palmer Station and area and South Pole Stations were Sondre Stromfjord. The programme is decommissioned early last season and being managed over the winter by the retrograded to the states by ship. ASA science technician for the investi Part of the overall research pro gators from the R/E/Alb at the NOAA gramme being undertaken by the Ap in Boulder, Colorado. plied Research Laboratories at the Uni versity of Texas in Austin, comprised a Meteorological research Global Positioning System (GPS) Satel lite Tracking system which was relo The Antarctic Meteorological Re cated at McMurdo and automated for search Centre at McMurdo is one of year round operation. The observatory three research centres in the Albert P. is collecting data from the navigational Crary Science and Engineering Centre satellites which are part of the interna (CSEC) at the Station. It began operat tional CORE network being run as a ing in the 1991-92 summer season as a component of NASA's solid earth sci resource for meteorological research ence programme. and improved operational synoptic fore The satellites transmit real-time pre casting. The first element of the AMRC- cise positioning information which is Sun Sparc2 computer system with added to data collected from other sites TeraScan software, which collects sat in the network to provide for the pro ellite overpass data (HRRPT and DMSP) duction of precise GPS ephemerides, to enables scientists to process data at the support earth orbiting space missions CSEC in near real- time via a fiber optic that involve on-board GPS receivers and cable connection to MacWeather in to provide data for the determination of building 165. The second element of Earth orientation parameters, such as the AMRC - the man-computer inter spin-axis orientation and variations in face data acquisition system (McIDAS) length-of -day. was installed in the Atmospheric Sci ences Pod of the CSEC during the Arrival Heights 1992-93 season. This system captures the flow of meteorological information An Extremely low frequency and very from polar orbiting satellites, automatic low frequency ELF/VLF radiometer, weather stations, station-based synop installed at the Arrival Heights Upper tic observations and other research Atmospheric Physics Facility, is being 254 Vol.13. No.6 June 1994 ANTARCTIC maintained by the contractors science AT and T Bell laboratories in New technician over the winter. Jersey gather data on the coupling of The radiometer is one of seven sys interplanetary medium into the tems that Stanford University operates magnetospheric cusp region and the at different sites throughout the world. propagation of low frequency It measures the intensity of electro h y d r o m a g n e t i c w a v e s i n t h e magnetic radiation making possible the magnetosphere. Because of the unique study of wave-particle interactions in climatic conditions at the South Pole the magnetosphere plasma (low energy they are able to correlate the optical ionized gas that permeates the measurements with particle precipita magnetosphere). Naturally occurring tion and with hydromagnetic-wave phe radio noise in the 5-hertz to 30-kilo- nomena recorded by the magnetometer. hertz range can then be studied. With At both Antarctic stations the ASA the resulting data the scientists hope to science technicians will maintain the develop a long term climatology of natu equipment, and record the data on ral background noise that will be used magnetic tape. At the end of the season to further understanding of coherent the tapes will be forwarded to the radiation from the magnetospheric University of Maryland. plasma. The results can also be applied A magnetic micropulsations experi to communications, remote sensing of ment is being continued at both the magnetospheric plasma and modifica Arrival Heights Upper Atmosphere tion of magnetosphere and ionosphere Physics Facility at McMurdo and at the by wave-induced particle precipitation. South Pole station Skylab facility The ASA science technician is main throughout the year. The data from the taining the equipment over the winter magnetic pulsation sensors located at and will handle the digital and audio high-geomagnetic latitude stations in tape recordings which will subsequently the Arctic at Sondre Stromfjord in be transferred to Stanford University Greenland as well as in the Antarctic is for analysis. analysed by a team from the Space Science Center at the University of New Other McMurdo and South Hampshire in the States. The measured pulsations, which Pole programmes range in frequency from a few millihertz to a few hertz, are used in conjunction Many of the science programmes with similar data acquired from a being undertaken by USAP operate ei number of satellites and are vital to a ther in tandem or on a supplementary scientific understanding of the mecha basis at both McMurdo and South Pole nism by which energy is transferred staations. Over the summer consider from the solar wind to the earth's able effort is dedicated to training per magnetosphere. sonnel for winter operations. Riometry in Antarctica and conju Magnetometer data continues to be gate regions is being studied by a team acquired at both McMurdo and South from the Institute for physical science Pole stations. The equipment is part and Technology at the University of of a network installed in the Northern Maryland. They have installed equip and Southern hemispheres specifically ment for broadbeam and riometry at Iqaluit, North West Territories, experiments at both the Arrival Heights Canada and Sondre Stromfjord in Upper Atmosphere Physics Facility at Greenland. The investigators from the McMurdo and at the South Pole Skylab 255 ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6

Facility where auroral photometers are to determine the three-dimensional being operated throughout the winter structure of turbulence in space and to in order to collect data for a study of the understand the mechanisms by which processes of energy transfer from the energetic charged particles scatter in solar wind to earth's magnetosphere this turbulence. and ionosphere at high geomagnetic For years, the results of intermittent latitudes. The emphasis is on the un ground observations have hinted to sci derstanding of the ionospheric .signa entists that Earth's high-latitude iono tures of dayside auroral phenomena as sphere emits radio waves in the low- sociated with particle entry into the frequency to high frequency band (0.15- cusp and boundary layers as well as the 9.6 megahertz). Rocket and satellite nightside substorm effects associated observations in the upper regions of the with the magnetotail and plasma sheet. ionosphere and magnetosphere com The South Pole imaging riometer is monly indicate the existence of these part of a complex of three, the others terrestrial radio signals, particularly in being at Sondre Stromfjord in Green the lower portion of the frequency range. land and at Iqaluit in the Northwest Theoretical studies have indicated that Territories of Canada, the magnetic some of these emissions should pen conjugate to the South Pole. Each pro etrate the ionosphere and be detectable vides continuous, simultaneous conju at ground level, but ground-based re gate measurements of polar auroral cordings are needed to confirm these phenomena. theories and to provide insights into The Cosmic Ray monitoring equip auroral emission and wave-propagation ment will continue to operate through processes. out the year in dedicated laboratories at To gather data about this poorly un McMurdo and South Pole Stations. derstood frequency band investigators Neutron monitors provide a vital three- from the Department of Physics at dimensional perspective on the Dartmouth College in Hanover, New anisotropic flux of the rays, with ener Hampshire, are using programmable gies upwards of one billion electron low-frequency/high-frequency receiv volts, that continuously bombard earth. ers, arrays of small ferrite-rod anten Analysis of the data will advance nas, power subsystems, and data com scientific understanding of a variety of pression software at three sites; one at fundamental plasma processes occur the South Pole, and others at McMurdo. ring on the Sun and in interplanetary The receivers are being operated space. Neutron monitor records, which throughout the year by the ASA Sci began at McMurdo in 1960 and in ence technicians at both bases. 1964 at the South Pole, will play a crucial role in efforts to understand the South Pole operations nature and causes of cosmic-ray and solar-terrestrial variations occurring South Pole station operations and over the 11-year sunspot cycle, the 22- maintenance support during the sum year old Hale cycle and even longer mer comprised the construction of a time scales. new well utilising waste heat to produce At the other extreme, the investiga potable water. It was brought into line tors from the Bartol Research Institute in order to reduce the station's depend at the University of Delaware will use ency on a snow melter. Efforts to new methods to study height high-time- upgrade the infrastructure of the station resolution (10 second) cosmic-ray data to correct safety and health deficiencies 256 Vol.13. No.6 June 1994 ANTARCTIC and maximise the life of existing facili some 6,000 feet from South Pole Sta ties continued. Long-term plans are tion but was moved before the winter to being developed for a phased replace the new location. The COBRA telescope ment of the South Pole Station infra was set up at the CMBR site in Novem structure systems. ber 1993 and run until mid December. An augmented LC-130 airlift deliv Using a platform near the AST/RO ered the construction materials for the facility the telescope was moved and new science facilities and emergency operations are now established inside generators to be installed in the 1994- the facility. A team from the Depart 95 season. Equipment for many of the ment of Physics at the University of science programmes was upgraded dur California, Santa Barbara, continued to ing the summer months and some of it improve their previously successful was also relocated. measurements of the cosmic microwave The contractor from Antarctic Sup background radiation (CMBR) variations port Associates (ASA) completed the from a site near the Station. The CMBR structural foundations and enclosure is radiation left over from a few thou for the AST/RO facility. This is the sand years after the creation of the new Antarctic Submillimeter Telescope universe and any variations detected and Remote Observatory, the complex reveal the structure of the universe. for which is also now accommodating Because the left over radiation now the AMANDA/CARA facility being the reaching Earth is in a wavelength range network of equipment for the Antarctic in which water vapor is absorbed, these Muon and Neutrino Detector Array and measurements must be taken from the Center for Astrophysical Research places such as the South Pole where it in Antarctica. So far, also within the is extremely dry and cold or from above complex are the telescopes for SPIREX, the atmosphere. the South Pole Infrared Explorer and Over the summer they adopted one COBRA, Cosmic Background Radia of the two Jamesways at the CMBR site tion Anisotropy and ATP, the Advanced in early 1993 to set up the equipment Telescope Project. which included a wind fence. Nitrogen Senior CARA administrative staff and helium, both in liquid form, were visited the site for evaluation and plan delivered to the site and measurements ning purposes. The AST/RO project taken until mid January when the ex field team began preparation of the periment was dismantled and returned facility for telescope operations install to the States. ing cryogenic compressors and tel In support of AMANDA's winter escope computer systems in readiness programme, personnel from PICO, the for full implementation of all pro Polar Ice Coring Office, melted six to grammes in November 1994. Then the nine ice holes to depths of 1.2 kilome S P I R E X t e a m s e t u p a tres. As each hole was completed a spectrophotometer, light feed, compu string often photomultiplier tubes were ter control and a data reduction compu lowered and frozen into place. ter and left one of their members at the With the completion of the new ac Station to operate the equipment over commodation, the experiment was the winter. moved and data acquisition systems Nearby the new building is the net established along with the associated work for the CMBR, the Cosmic Micro equipment required to run it. The new wave Background Radiation programme array allows the scientists, who are which over the summer was run at a site from the Department of Physics at the 257 ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6

University of Wisconsin, to use the ice tory at the South Pole with instruments itself as a Cherenkov detector for high- designed to probe the far reaches of the energy neutrinos of astrophysical origin universe and to support three signifi that have passed through earth. It is cant experiments. also able them to detect neutrinos pro ASTRO, operated for the University duced in the atmosphere near the North of Colorado uses a 1.7 meter diameter Pole and can therefore be used to meas submillimeter telescope to survey the ure neutrino properties. galactic plane, the galactic center and Neutrino astrology has so far been the Magellanic Clouds. limited to detection of solar neutrinos SPIREX, (University of Chicago) and one brief burst from the supernova makes use of an existing 60 centimetre- that appeared in the Large Magellanic diameter, near-infrared telescope to Cloud in February 1987. Recently sev explore the potential of the South Pole eral new sources of high-energy gamma as an infrared site and is surveying pri rays, which may also be neutrinos have meval galaxies and brown dwarf stars.. been discovered by the Compton Ob This spectral window is also located servatory and at Mount Hopkins in Ari within a "hole" in the celestial back zona. The scientists concerned with the ground and may afford the most sensi project believe, that because of inter tive view of light from galaxies formed vening matter, there should also be many in the universe. At this wavelength, the detectable sources that are not gamma South Pole equipment is more sensitive rays or any other wavelength of electro than the Hubble telescope and 200 times magnetic radiation Now that it is be more sensitive than a ground-based tel coming technically feasible to build neu escope at a mid latitude site. trino telescopes AMANDA, as one of COBRA, which operates for the first generation of such instruments, Princeton University, searches for and promises to be a large contributor to a maps anisotropies in the cosmic back new branch of observational astronomy. ground radiation at sufficient sensitivity The equipment is operating throughout to test current theories of the origin of the winter. the universe. Infrared and submillimeter as The South Pole center is enabling tronomy has the potential to answer researchers from these universities and some major questions about the forma others to make measurements at wave tion of the universe, including inconsist lengths that are usually hampered by encies in cosmic microwave background the absorption and emissions of the radiation, the processes by which stars earth's atmosphere. Because of the form from interstellar gas, the forma near absence of water vapor in the tion of planets, the nature of primeval atmosphere above the polar plateau, galaxies and the uneven distribution of the infrared skies are clearer and darker matter and energy in the early universe. than anywhere else on Earth. These Making use of Antarctica's unique unique environmental conditions over physical characteristics and geographic come not only the diurnal variations in location, scientists from the University temperature that lea°d to atmospheric of Chicago, in collaboration with noise and wind at higher latitudes but Princeton University, AT & T Bell Labo also much of the infrared background ratories, and other institutions, have radiation. The elevation of the Antarc established the Science and Technol tic plateau significantly reduces the at ogy Center for Astrophysical Research mospheric path that the light must in Antarctica. It provides an observa traverse while the geographic singular- 258 Vol.13. No.6 June 1994 ANTARCTIC ity of a polar site also allows a unique States Geological Survey, two stations opportunity to reduce systematic errors in Antarctica, an SPA at the South in searches for cosmic microwave back Pole Station and a PMSA at Palmer. ground anistropies. All these factors Both provide key coverage in the South combined improve the observing con ern Hemisphere and are crucial in the ditions by a factor of 10:100. GSN. The Advanced Telescope Project Currently comprising 81 United ATP continues to operate throughout States Universities, IRIS is a non profit the winter with some minor adaptations consortium that creates and manages completed during the summer. research facilities for seismology. It Equipment for SPASE, the South also provides funding to the University Pole air shower experiment for gamma- of California at Los Angeles to operate ray astronomy at ultra-high energy, a long-period gravimeter at the South has been upgraded each year since its Pole. IRIS operates both the SPA and installation in 1988 but data from the PMSA seismic stations system have not provided convincing Near real-time access to the data is evidence for a strong source of the rays, important to the seismological commu a result, consistent with that from simi nity. Located on the Earths rotational lar detectors elsewhere. The subject is axis, SPA at the Pole is uniquely situ of interest to scientists because since ated to measure long-period oscillations cosmic rays were discovered early in of the Earth without the effects of this century, they have sought to deter rotational splitting of modes while the mine their origin. At first they believed station at Palmer provides a vantage that they were energetic electromag for studies of the tectonics and seismicity netic radiation but more data have shown of the Peninsula, South America, Scotia that they are electrically charged parti Sea and the Drake Passage. cles, mainly hydrogen nuclei and more At the South Pole the station contin particularly protons. ues to run throughout the year. In At the south Pole SPASE is a large, November 1993 a field team member phased array of scintillation detectors, checked the equipment and over the installed at to search the southern sky summer the contractor constructed a for astrophysical sources of ultra high new vault to replace the previous one energy (100 gigaelectronvolt) gamma failing under snow load. The science rays. The circumpolarity of the station technician then reinstalled the equip makes the site one of the few from ment and is running it over the winter. which continuous observations can be The All-sky Auroral Imager operates made. in the Skylab/Aurora Lab during the SPASE was modified, last summer, winter. The project is designed to to operate with AMANDA so that the investigate the electrodynamics of the same high-energy events can be seen polar cap and cleft regions by measur with both detectors in order to better ing auroral-precipitation patterns and understand the nature and origin of the interpreting the results in terms of coor primary cosmic rays that produce such dinated observations of magnetic, ra events. dio-wave absorptionoimages and high- The IRIS (Incorporated Research frequency, coherent-scatter radar meas Institutions for Seismology) Global Seis- urements. Late in November last year a mographic Network (GSN) operates, in field team member from the Lockheed cooperation with the Albuquerque Seis- Research Laboratory undertook routine mological Laboratory of the United maintenance and upgraded software to 259 ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6 simplify operations and enhance the chemical and atomic molecular proc quality of data obtained from the equip esses occurring in the mesopause. ment. Through their investigation the thermosphere and ionosphere. team from the Laboratory hopes to The long dark winters are ideal for learn more about the sources and the more extensive observations of energization mechanisms of auroral semidiurnal, diurnal and longer-period particles and other forms of energy in disturbances propagating through the puts into the high-latitude atmosphere. mesopause. The investigators from the Since 1965 data has also been Space Physics Research Laboratory at acquired at the South Pole using a film- Embry Riddle Aeronautical University based all-sky camera system to study hope to compare their data from the Aurora Australis. With advanced tech station with similar data from their sta nology scientists from the Center for tions in the Arctic where different Atmospheric and Space Sciences at topologically and meteorological condi Utah State University are able to digi tions prevail and to assess the contribu tize photographic images and process tions of these factors to mesopause dis large amounts of information automati turbances. cally. Besides continuing to acquire the After completing a summer pro 35mm photographic images with the gramme involving kinematic GPS con all-sky camera system they are collabo trolled aerial photography and map rating with Japanese researchers to ping of the Dry Valley region a re analyse part of the data with a process searcher from the United States Geo ing system developed at Japan's Na logical Survey went to Pole Station to tional Institute of Polar Research. The operate the ultra-long period seismic system displays data in a geophysical equipment and the seismometers which coordinate framework and analyzes form part of the World Wide Seismo- images of over short and long intervals logical network. Survey personnel are not possible with individual images. also operating the GPS satellite con The data are being used to investi tinuous tracking station, which in addi gate dayside auroral structure, nightside tion to supporting the United States substorm effects and polar cap arcs as Antarctic Programme, is providing data well as to obtain further insight into the to the international geodetic commu physics of the magnetosphere, the con nity. vection of plasma in the polar cap and Experiments to determine the long solar winds in the thermosphere. The term trends in mass accumulation at the camera continues to run throughout the South Pole are being continued. These winter. The operation of the ionosonde are important because climate model however was discontinued in May of ling suggests that the global warming 1993 because of disturbance to other might increase atmospheric water vapor, equipment and retrograded out by ship and consequently precipitation world in February of this year. wide. Also operating in the aurora labora In 1992-93 the team installed a hex tory, which is on the fourth floor of the agonal array of 240 poles centred on Skylab facility at the South Pole Sta the South Pole to establish systematic, tion, is a Michelson interferometer and long-term monitoring of net accumula a photometer. The equipment was serv tion. In 1993-94 they measured the iced last summer and a photon-count accumulation of mass over the interven ing spectrometer installed for the project ing year and drilled three 18 meter which focuses on the physical, dynamic, cores which are being cut into very 260 Vol.13. No.6 June 1994 ANTARCTIC small samples to resolve the exact depth ticularly by including them in climate of the known time stratigraphic-marker model studies. Personnel at Palmer are horizons positioned in 1963-64 and in also sampling in support of this project. 1955. They also examined the feasibil Episodic events in the South Polar ity of incorporating a global positioning atmospheric boundary are being ob system (GPS) mapping on the surface served by a member of the team from elevations along the six accumulation the Wave Propagation Laboratory, from lines. Over the next four years they will the National Oceanic and Atmospheric continue to adjust the array and to test, Administration throughout the year. The refine and standardize procedures for results will be used for modelling the recording data in order to leave in place surface heat budget which is important an optimally designed monitoring sys to general circulation as well as to the tem that can be incorporated into rou rate at which snow and ice accumulates, tine science observations at the station. melts and evaporates. In Antarctica, In another project a group from the the components of this budget vary climate modelling and diagnostics labo greatly with significant differences that ratory of the National Oceanic and At are not related to local levels of solar mospheric Administration are continu radiation. During the summer the field ing to make long-term measurements of team studied the dynamics of the stable trace atmospheric constituents that in atmospheric boundary layer, focusing fluence climate. Four scientists were on the importance of intermittent and involved in the summer programme and episodic forcing mechanisms that de two are wintering over to measure termine the structure and energy trans carbon dioxide, water vapour, surface fer within the lowest layers of the Ant and stratospheric ozone, wind, pres arctic troposphere. They selected the sure, air and snow temperature, atmos Station site for the project because the pheric moisture and other trace con stable boundary layer is reliable, there stituents from the station's clean-air is a smooth air-snow interface and no facility. The measurements are part of diurnal solar cycle and they are particu NOAAs effort to determine and assess larly interested in the effect on bound the long-term buildup of global pollut ary-layer structure and surface fluxes of ants in the atmosphere. The results will heat and momentum due to time vary be used for time-series analyses of ing pressure gradients, horizontal tem multiyear data records that focus on perature advections and mesoscale di stratospheric ozone depletion, vergence patterns. Modern remote-sens transantarctic transport and deposition, ing wind and temperature profiling in interplay of the trace gases and aerosols struments collect data on those phe with solar and terrestrial radiation fluxes nomena and are being used to ascertain on the polar plateau, the magnitude of their effect on boundary-layer structure seasonal and temporal variations in and surface fluxes. Numerical simula greenhouse gases, and the rate at which tion models will be used to analyze the concentrations of these atmospheric data and interpret the observed events. constituents change. They will also Over the summer four field team examine the sources, sinks and budgets members from the University Washing of the components. ton's department of geophysics up Working with climate modellers and graded the Fabry-Perot Interferometer diagnosticians the data are being used (FPI) system and undertook the annual to determine how the rate of change of maintenance and calibration. The equip these parameters affects climate, par ment makes ground-based optical meas- 261 ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6

urements of the motions and tempera ture and density. Confirmation of the tures of the upper atmosphere at heights findings is now in progress. greater than 70 km in order to investi The dynamics of the higher latitude gate the dynamic behaviour of the re neutral thermosphere in the Southern gion of the atmosphere. Hemisphere are scientifically interest The location at the rotational pole ing because of the larger separation makes it possible to measure atmos between the rotational and geomagnetic pheric motions at all local times and poles than its counterpart in the north. therefore directly determine the zonal Results of the different atmospheric wave number mode of the observed dynamic responses in the two hemi travelling wave motions by simple meas spheres to the influences of solar ultra urement of the longitudinal phase pro violet radiation, magnetospheric con gression of these waves. The measure vection and solar-wind particle effects ments indicate that the atmosphere near are being studied As solar activity the poles strongly favours zonal wave changes the investigation will help sci number one modes for motions and entists understand the dynamics of the wave number zero modes for tempera atmospheric region.

Antarctic Treaty Positive outcomes to 18th ATCM

The XVIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative May of 1995, of a Transitional Environ Meeting, held in Kyoto Japan from 11 mental Working Group (TEWG) to be to 22 April 1994, marked an important gin the work of the Committee for En step forward in the transition of the vironmental Protection. (In terms of Treaty System from concentration on organisation it is planned for the envi Treaty negotiations and scientific activ ronmental component of the meeting to ity towards the challenges now being set be undertaken in the first week with the as the Environmental Protocol nears policy work in the second week.) adoption. From reports from those The question of Liability under the Consultative Parties which have not yet Protocol remains difficult to resolve. A ratified the protocol it seems possible legal experts' group, chaired by Profes that it may come into force in 1995 or sor Wulfrum from Germany reported to 1996. the meeting at Kyoto on its interces- Sweden, Australia and the Nether sional activities and it was agreed that lands announced their ratifications at the same group would meet in the Hague the meeting bringing the total number later this year and report further to the to nine. Among these ATCP's are Seoul ATCM. Spain, France, Peru, the UK. > The passing of a recommendation Significant highlights were: containing guidance for tourists and non > Agreement on the establishment, at governmental organisations. It is in the next ATCM to be held in Seoul, in tended that the guidelines be distributed 262 Vol.13. No.6 June 1994 ANTARCTIC to individual tourists and to tour opera continue to develop scientific links as tors in the period before the Protocol well as the concept of gateway cities. comes into force. (Tourism and non New Zealand is to host the ATCM government activities will be further XXI in April/May 1997. Leader of the covered in our September issue.) New Zealand Delegation to the Kyoto > Further progress was made on the meeting was Ms Priscilla Williams, Di defining of a permanent secretariat to rector of Environment Division from the Antarctic Treaty with discussion fo the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade cusing on the legal status, privileges (MFAT). Members comprised, Mr Stuart and immunities and functions of the Prior, Head of Antarctic Policy Unit and organisation. Its location was not how Mr Allan Bracegirdle, Deputy Director, ever discussed but it was agreed that a Legal Division, both from MFAT, Ms decision on the establishment of the Gillian Wratt, Director, New Zealand Secretariat Secretariat would be taken Antarctic programme, Mr Neil Plimmer, at the 19th ATCM. Executive Director, Ministry of Tour One feature of the Kyoto meeting ism, Mr Michael Prebble, Ministry for was the increasing contact between the the Environment, Sir Robin Irvine, Chair five "gateway" countries to the Antarc man of the RDRC and Mr Allan tic, Argentina, Australia, Chile, New Hemmings, from Greenpeace, New Zealand and South Africa. Delegations Zealand who represented the non-gov identified a number of areas of common ernment organisations. interest and indicated their intention to French create Polar Environment Committee

On the advice of the Minister for the of Research and Space while the other Environment and following the passing two will represent environmental pro on 18 December 1992 authorising tection organisations and be nominated approval of the protocol to the Antarc by the Council for the Rights of Future tic Treaty on Environmental Protection Generations. Their nomination is sub the French Government has created a ject to Prime Ministerial approval and Polar Environment Committee. Their their term of service is for two years but responsibilities include checking the this can be extended. compatibility of human activities with The Committee will be consulted on preservation of the environment in all activities including major projects French polar and subantarctic territo and impact studies in the relevant polar ries. areas. It will ensure regular and con The Committee is to comprise a tinuous surveillance of human activities, president and ten members chosen for have emergency plans and powers to their competence in scientific and tech inspect. It will also be consulted on all nological activities in terms of the envi other questions relative to the polar ronment. Of the ten two are to be environment nominated by the Minister in charge of A secretariat will be provided by the the Environment, two by the Minister in Ministry for the Environment and the charge of Overseas Departments and committee may also use the resources Territories, two by the Minster in Charge of Polar French polar administrations 263 ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6 with whom it will work closely. These 120 days is allowed for impact studies include the Ministers in Charge of For but where matters are urgent a 30 day eign Affairs, Environment, Overseas limit for advice has been imposed. On Departments and Territories and Re its own initiative and in addition to search; the President of the French In matters referred to it, all questions rela stitute for Research and Polar Technol tive to its spheres of competence may ogy - Expeditions Paul-Emile Victor - be studied and it will make proposals and the Superior Administrator for on recommendations which appear to it French Austral and Antarctic Territo to be necessary. The committee, whose ries (TAAF). members have been nominated but ap The Committee is to make consid parently not yet named, will be con ered recommendations on matters re vened at least once a year and make its ferred to it within 60 days although recommendations public.

Television New Zealand's Antarctic Trilogy has been widely acclaimed overseas with sales in Asia, Canada, Australia, Europe and the Middle East. The films in the trilogy are Emperors of Antarctica, Solid Water Liquid Rock and the Longest Night In addition the series has picked up prestigious awards in France at the Festival du Film de O'oiseau, at the 36th annual New York Festival earlier this year where the trilogy won both gold and silver medals and more recently in New Zealand's National Film and Television Awards. Here, for their work, Mike Single and Andrew Penniket won the Best Camera Award while the Best Director's Award went to Mike Single and Max Quinn, who tells the story of the filming of Emperors of the Antarctic. The night of the Penguin

"That man should wander forth in Eighty years later a team from TVNZ's the depth of polar night to face the natural history unit repeated the mid most dismal cold and fierce winter journey. Director/cameraman gale....makes a tale for our genera Max Quinn tells their story which is here tion which I hope may not be lost in reprinted with the permission of the the telling." Captain Robert Scott New Zealand Listener. wrote in his diary in 1911. He was We waited on the tarmac at referring to an incredible midwinter Christchurch airport, soundman Don journey to Cape Crozier, Antarctica, Anderson and I. It was January, the to collect the first emperor penguin temperature was 30deg C and we were sweating in our Antarctic survival gear. eggs for science. Three of his men Our next ten months were to be spent in towed sledges for five weeks in temperatures down to -50C, so cold conditions so atrocious that they that a cup of boiling water thrown in the survived only by a miracle. This air would instantly freeze into hail. I was became known as "the worst journey terrified. . in the world." We were joining the small group of 264 Vol.13. No.6 ANTARCTIC

11 people wintering over at New Zea the boiling crater of Mt. Erebus - was to land's Scott Base to shoot two films for be filmed by another team that would the Antarctic trilogy produced by Tel arrive as we left in November. evision New Zealand's Natural History Our Hercules aircraft chased the Unit. Emperors of Antarctica would sun south for more than eight hours that be a study of the penguin colony at January evening. We stepped into the Cape Crozier, demanding a daunting dazzling glare of the Ross ice shelf at 85 km journey over heavily crevassed 1.00 a.m., temperature -12 deg C - ground each month in the dead of the high summer. How would we cope? long Antarctic night. We would be the Would the 11 people we were to live first winter expedition to study the Cro and work with accept us filming their zier penguins since Scott's team made every move? To fall out with any of their terrible journey 80 years earlier. them would make life intolerable. The The Longest Night would be about life last flight of summer left at the end of with the New Zealanders at Scott Base February: the next flight wouldn't come and the Americans at the larger in until the end of August. Family illness McMurdo Station nearby. The third or tragedy would have to be coped with film, Solid Water, Liquid Rock - a by telephone. journey from under McMurdo Sound to Photo: Max Quinn ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6

We spent the last weeks of the Ant first mid-winter landing in more than 25 arctic twilight filming the constantly years. Two Hercules were brought from changing environment around us. From California to Christchurch, one to make the deck of the departing US icebreaker the flight south and the other to wait at Polar Sea we filmed orca and minke Harewood on standby. Navy teams whales frolicking in the plankton-rich from the US base worked 34-hour shifts waters. We could look down into the in bitter cold and dark to prepare a crystal-clear sea and film the huge whales snow runway. as they surfaced and spouted right un Emotions were running high in the der us, spraying the camera with their small community and not all were keen fishy breath. about a film crew taking advantage of The sea began to "smoke", surely Peter's misfortune. But it had to be one of Antarctica's best kept secrets, done. Luckily Peter felt, as I did, that caused by the difference in temperature this was something that needed to be between air and water. McMurdo Sound recorded for posterity, and I was able to took on the appearance of a forest fire. film and interview him at his bedside. In the setting sun it was a thing of rare The evacuation was carried out with beauty. The sea now took on an oily military precision. The flight landed, look as ice crystals formed on the sur and refuelled with its engines running, face. As the ice solidified the ocean and was airborne before I knew it. Life jostled it into pancakes. Then the pan at Scott Base was subdued for some cakes formed a solid mass that would time. Peter was so well-liked and eventually drape a skirt of sea-ice around hardworking that it was like losing a Antarctica that would double the size of member of your family. the continent. Long lines of emperor The 85km journey across from Scott penguins - which, with weddell seals, Base to Cape Crozier and the emperor are the only wildlife that stay for the penguin colony took e about eight hours winter - walked on the newly formed compared with 29 days in 1911. ice, heading for their breeding colony at It was dark all the time on our mid Cape Crozier. We would meet them winter trips, with only a faint glow on there. the horizon at midday. We often slowed Most of our filming now involved the to a crawl in our Hagglund vehicle. activities of the people at Scott Base. I Apsley Cherry Garrard wrote of this had thought we could be a little aloof, so journey 80 years ago. "The horror of that we could really observe the 11 the 19 days it took us to travel from people there. But, we became as much Cape Evans to Cape Crozier would have a part of the place as everyone else. We to be experienced to be appreciated, had to get through the winter, and we and anyone would have to be a fool who experienced the same lows, took part went again." In the warmth of the in the little arguments and disagree Hagglunds, we fools pressed on. ments, got drunk and danced on the Basic living quarters had been pool table. erected in October, before the penguins Early June and a crisis struck. Peter arrived. From the huts it was a steep Harding, our base engineer, fell seri hour's walk downhill to the sea ice where ously ill, bleeding from ulcers in the the emperor penguins breed. When the bowel. He was admitted immediately to storms broke up the sea ice, we reached McMurdo Hospital. With his condition them by wearing crampons and roping deteriorating rapidly, a decision was up to pass a series of small crevasses, made to fly him out - it would involve the the spotlights on our helmets piercing 266 Vol.13. No.6 June 1994 ANTARCTIC the dark. The route was extremely the crowning glory of our months of arduous and we carried all our gear on hard work. our backs, The only thing worse was As we headed for August, spirits the cold. began to flag. Midwinter depression is We'd brought a tape player and common among winterers. Crank be monitor so we could review our filming haviour and niggling arguments became before we returned to Scott Base. Our part of life. I was expected to capture course, we could also watch the odd this on tape, but I was suffering from it video during blizzards. Imagine five a little myself. We needed to see the people in a tiny hut in one of the world's sun again; it rose for the first time in truly desolate places, huddled around a four months on August 19, just a tanta TV monitor watching movies and foot lising glimpse. ball. Would Scott, Shackleton and Byrd For a film-maker, sunrise in Antarc have approved? tica is the ultimate. The sky is filled with One morning we spied from the astonishing images. Mirages, earth huts a large group of about 30 emper shadows, parhelions around the sun, ors crossing the sea ice. They emerged the most vivid mother-of-pearl clouds out of the blowing snow of a blizzard like form when the sun refracts off ice par ghosts. Some would plane along on ticles high in the stratosphere. It is a their bellies while others would waddle rare sight, seen only a few days each on their tiny feet. The birds were enor spring. But these clouds also herald the mous. They had spent the summer start of the ozone hole over Antarctica. fattening themselves for their long win As the summer science teams flooded ter breeding vigil., one of the most re in, we prepared to move out. Don and markable breeding cycles in the animal I knew that we had made lifelong friends. world. I felt privileged to be there to see Antarctica is now a special place for me. it. I've seen and photographed it as per We filmed the Cape Crozier pen haps no one else has. Some day it will guins in midwinter, for the first time draw me back. ever. After laying their eggs, the fe males left the males to a 60-day vigil, Footnote: The continent did indeed and trekked back to the sea to fill them draw Max back but it was to be a vastly selves with food. different experience. See Antarctic Vol August brought a new noise. When 13. No. 5 217ff. the male raised its brood flap an awk ward oversized head attached to a tiny bald body would emerge and give a Stop press: hungry chirp. When the female re turned, the males and females would Lars Eric Lindbhd dies greet each other, then shuffle together and - after much bowing, trumpeting Just as Antarctic was going to and pushing - the male would deposit press we received advice that Lars- the chick on the ice and the female Eric Linblad had died suddenly would quickly scoop it onto her feet. in Stockholm on 8 July 1994. It The chick would get fresh seafood was planned to hold a memorial instead of an oily secretion and the male service for Mr Lindblad in New could go fishing for the first time in 17 Yorkwithin the next week. weeks. These were magical moment and 267 ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6 Antarctic Heritage Trusts Ross Sea Inventory completed, new trustees appointed and UK trust launched and assisted

Over 8,000 historic artefacts from recovery of the equipment next sum the Ross Sea area are now listed in an mer. inventory and entered on to a database Two new Trustees have been ap which will be used by the Antarctic Her pointed to the board of the New Zea itage Trust for future management and land Antarctic Heritage Trust. They are for planning of a conservation pro former journalist and public relations gramme. The work, made possible by a practitioner Rob Fenwick of Auckland grant of $20,000 from the Lotteries who is a consultant to the Auckland Heritage Fund, was begun four years Institute and Museum and David Crerar, ago by a team of specialists working a lawyer from Rangiora. David was of for the Trust. ficer in charge at Scott Base in 1988/ Items include clothing, sleeping 89. bags, foodstuffs and scientific equip The Antarctic Heritage Trust in the ment from the huts at Cape Evans, UK was formally launched on April 26 Cape Royds and Hut Point as well as with a special function at the Butchers articles listed in reports from Cape Adare Hall in the City of London attended by and the depot at Butter Point. This their Patron HRH the Princess Royal, depot, left by the British Antarctic Princess Anne and 140 guests, more Expedition during the summer of 1991- than half of whom represented science 12, was removed about five years ago and Antarctic interests. Speeches were when it was threatened by ice ablation made by the chairman Bryce Harland, and the possibility of a section of the Alastair Fothergill of the BBC who had Bowers Piedmont Glacier breaking worked with Sir David Attenborough on away. the BBC documentary series and the During the 1994/95 season another Princes Royal. John.Collinge the cur depot left in the Terra Nova Bay area at rent New Zealand High Commissioner Hells Gate Moraine near Inexpressible in London and Bob Norman, Associate Island by the same expedition will be Patron of the New Zealand Trust, at recovered. This depot comprises a tended the function. sledge with equipment and provisions Current membership of the board of wedged between boulders and embed the UKAHT is Bryce Harland (Chair ded in the ice. Nearby are the remnants man); secretary Captain Pat McLaren. of a tent, food and the rusty remains of Pat was formerly captain of the HMS some tins. The site was inspected last Endurance after she was bought by the summer by a number of parties which Royal Navy in 1990 and succeeds John included representatives from the Hamilton who died in the New Year, NZAP, BAS, ENEA and ICAIR who con (see page .) Shelley Alexander is assist firmed that it was deteriorating. The ant secretary, and Peter Hetherington Italian Antarctic Programme have of is treasurer. Other members of the fered to assist New Zealanders in the board are David Drewry, Director, Brit- 268 Vol.13. No.6 June 1994 ANTARCTIC ish Antarctic Survey, Robin Byatt former very much in keeping with those used by UK High Commissioner in New Zea Scott and Shackleton in the Ross De land, John Heap, Director of Scott Po pendency - standard four by two timber lar Research Institute, Michael framing, tongue and groove weather Richardson from the Foreign and Com board and malthoid cladding on the monwealth Office and Dick Laws, a roof. Some of the buildings have been former director of BAS. damaged by weather and neglect and While in London Bob Norman was have deteriorated considerably but oth able to meet with the Trust Board and ers are in good condition. With the discuss developments both in the UK warmer and more humid climate metals and in New Zealand as well as common used in equipment and stores are problems. rusting more quickly than on Ross Is Last October the (New Zealand) land. One of the most interesting sites Antarctic Heritage Trust was asked by was that of the base on Horseshoe its British counterpart to assist with a Island which was built in the 1950s and survey and assessment of a number of used for only three years. Chris de abandoned British bases on the Penin scribes it as a perfect "time capsule". sula pending their designation as His The base remains fully equipped with toric sites under the Antarctic Treaty. mattresses on the beds, coal beside a The British have built a total of 30 bases fire ready to be lit, radio equipment, in Antarctica and 16 of them have been sledges and associated workshop. abandoned generally at the conclusion The survey party disembarked from of their scientific usefulness. the ship on March 24 at Punta Arenas. On February 26 Chris Cochrane, conservation architect from Wellington and convenor of the AHT Conservation "A" for "Able" Advisory Group boarded HMS Endur ance at Mt. Pleasant in the Falkland being restored Islands for a four week cruise in the Peninsula Area. Accompanying him, "Able", one of the four Snocats was Ian Collinge from the British Ant purchased by the British for the Com arctic Survey, which along with Foreign monwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition and Commonwealth Office in London led by Sir Vivian Fuchs in 1957-58 is were also involved in the project. being ' 'tidied up" by Gough, Gough and Originally it was intended to visit 12 Hamer Limited in Christchurch for dis sites but weather precluded landing at play in the R.H. Stewart Hall of Antarc three and visits were made to Port tic Discovery at Canterbury Museum. Lockroy, Argentine Island, Horseshoe Able was one of the three such Island and nearby refuge at Blaiklock vehicles used in the crossing from the Island, Stonington Island, Deception Weddell Sea side to Scott Base. In the Island, Danco, Admiralty Bay and Por new hall it will join another "member" tal Point. Of these four have been of the expedition's transport fleet, the recommended for historic status under Hillary Ferguson tractor, and together the Antarctic Treaty but the recommen they will enhance the Antarctic attrac dations embodied in the report are tions at the Museum while also drawing pending approval by the United King attention to the more recent historical dom Antarctic Heritage Trust. events of the region^ According to Chris Cochrane the At the conclusion of the TAE the construction of the bases visited was machine was one of two purchased by 269 ANTARCTIC Vol.13 No. 6 the fledgling New Zealand Antarctic garden court in 1973. Late last year it Research Programme. "Able" named was lifted out by crane and transported by British party member and engineer by road to Gough, Gough and Hamer's David Pratt was the second machine workshops. out of Shackleton Base at the beginning Much of the restoration undertaken of the Trans-Antarctic Crossing. The by Alan Guard and his team at Gough other machine bought by the DSIR was Gough and Hamer has focused on the the "County of Kent", named by Roy tracks but it has also involved tidying up Homard, also an engineer, in honour of of the paintwork, removal of oil leaks his Kentish origins. It was lost down a and some general repairs including the crevasse on 19 November 1959 in re-upholstering of the seats. It is in McMurdo Sound when its driver Lt. T. tended to bring it to a, state where there Couzens was killed. will be no further deterioration. Able continued to play an impor With surprisingly little effort the tant role in the McMurdo area until engine was brought into life and on approximately 1970 when it was of February 19 this year when Sir Vivian fered by NZARP Superintendent Bob Fuchs, a passenger on the Marco Polo Thomson to the Canterbury Museum visited "Able" he was delighted to sit in during planning of its Antarctic wing. In the cab and start the machine. 1971 it was brought to Lyttelton aboard H.M.N.Z.S. Endeavour and stored in Sir Vivian and Lady Fuchs with Able Christchurch until it was placed in a in Christchurch in February. "temporary location" in the Museum's Photo: Gough, Gough and Hamer Vol.13. No.6 June 1994 ANTARCTIC

Once the restoration has been com Hamer have plans in hand for this as pleted the Able will be stored. In order pect of the project. to fit it into its final resting place in the The new Antarctic Hall is scheduled new hall Able will have to be partially for completion in 1995-96. dismantled and Gough Gough and

Obituaries: Dr Trevor Hatherton OBE, DSc, DIC, FRSNZ 1924-1992

was awarded a Ph.D. from London During the last two and a quarter University and promptly joined the staff years the international Antarctic of Geophysics Division of the Depart Community has lost some of its most ment of Scientific and Industrial Re prominent members. Many were, as search. well, great characters. In the next In 1955 he fulfilled his dream of few issues of Antarctic we will be visiting Antarctica travelling south in the Endeavour to find a site for a New paying tribute to their memory. Zealand Base to support the Common wealth Trans-Antarctic Crossing as well Antarctic and geological communities as a route for the expedition up onto lost a unique individual with the death of the Polar Plateau. Early in 1956, with Dr Trevor Hatherton on 2 May 1992. Bill Smith of the New Zealand Navy and He is remembered with deep affection a US photographer, Trevor manhauled and respect, but because he was such a 3001bs for four days over difficult sea remarkably modest man, many are only ice from the mouth of the Ferrar Glacier now fully appreciating the extent of his to Dailey Island. He failed to find a life's achievements. suitable site for the future Scott Base Trevor's contribution to science in and ended up "with very wet feet". Antarctica and the development of New Two weeks later, Trevor, joined Zealand's Antarctic programme again by Bill Smith and accompanied by spanned many years. He came to this Bernie Gunn, hauled two fibreglass country in the 1950 as a New Zealand sledges up the Ferrar Glacier, experi National Research Scholar, a fresh encing a very difficult surface until the young geophysics graduate with a York blue ice was reached. At the head of the shire accent, a deep interest in New glacier the party climbed Mount Bee Zealand, and a fascination for Antarc hive and surveyed the merging of the tica. Ferrar into the edge of the Polar Pla After completing his scholarship teau. research programme in 1953, Trevor On the return journey they encoun-

271 ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6 tered some of the very strong winds that describes how, when all other keep the blue ice clear in the region, expeditioners were snug in their beds, and with typical dryness Trevor re Trevor would be standing with his head marked that "our confidence in the out of an open hatch in the lab, record performance of the light tent was con ing the display with numb fingers. Trevor siderably augmented by its survival dur also operated an All Sky Camera on the ing the night." The very first issue of top of the building as part of the pro Antarctic shows Trevor crouched out gramme. side the tent in question. With the wind During the winter Trevor was a constantly dogging them the party prominent member of the Scott Base reached the end of the hard blue ice, team who participated in the first Ant having broken all eight sets of their arctic International Indoor Sports Meet crampons. ing at McMurdo Station, and with After a helicopter pick-up, Trevor Richard Brooke, represented New Zea then continued his search for a base land in the table tennis. site, eventually finding a suitable gravel During November 1957 Trevor visited terrace near Butter Point. Hallett Station to discuss NZ-US col By now Trevor was 31 years old and laborative work during the remainder of had already been noticed by the New IGY. Zealand authorities as having "qualities Returning to New Zealand, he be of leadership, endurance and adminis came a member of the newly estab trative ability which marked him out as lished Ross Dependency Research Com a natural leader." He was placed in mittee (RDRC), and In June 1958 vis charge of New Zealand's IGY (Interna ited the USA to discuss further collabo tional Geophysical Year) team of scien ration between America and new Zea tists at Scott Base and in December land scientists, as well as logistic sup 1956, again sailed south. port. This was the real start of Trevor's Butter Point proved inaccessible by 30 year involvement with RDRC which ship, and Scott Base was built at Pram culminated in him becoming chairman Point on the other side of McMurdo from 1983 to 1989. Sound. Trevor appears to have been in Later to be followed by many other the thick of hauling supplies and equip honours and awards, Trevor received ment across the sea ice from the En the Queen's Polar Medal and an OBE in deavour. After the weasel broke 1958 for his services to Antarctic sci through, fortunately wedging itself in ence. In 1965 he edited a major review and not falling to the sea floor, Trevor of Antarctic history and science, a book was one of the group who spent four called Antarctica. Some years later he hours trying to get it out. became the driving force behind the It was during this summer and the establishment, in 1987, of the Antarc following winter that Trevor's consider tic Heritage Trust which was set up to able contribution to New Zealand's bud protect the historic sites of the Ross Sea ding science programme became over region. shadowed by the stirring story of the From 1967 until 1985 Trevor was Trans-Antarctic crossing and New Zea Director of Geophysics Division, DSIR, land's depot laying trip to the South making major contributions to New Zea Pole by Sir Edmund Hillary's party. land science, but relinquishing the posi Trevor was a strong science leader and tion to concentrate on research until his a dedicated observer of auroral activity retirement in 1989., Trevor's retire throughout the long polar night. Hillary ment party was made extra special by 272 Vol.13. No.6 ANTARCTIC ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6

the production of drinks containing ice in-cheek comments about women in from a glacier named for him near the Antarctica, which invariably included Darwin Mountains, collected by a Can pointed references to needlepoint. terbury Museum party and kept frozen Despite this, Trevor was a great support with difficulty on its long journey from to New Zealand women scientists, as the field to Wellington. Trevor is also well as men, whom he considered commemorated in the same area of showed promise in Antarctic science. Antarctica by a group of distinctive During the 1992-93 summer sea Beacon sandstone rocks. son, Trevor's ashes were spread from a From 1979 until 1989 Trevor con helicopter over the Ferrar-Taylor Gla tributed to the activities of many organi cier confluence to which he had walked sations, but most notably to the Royal 35 years earlier. Accompanying him Society of New Zealand of which he on his final trip to Antarctica were two served as president from 1985-89. His geological friends and a New Zealand concern for the future of science in New priest. The helicopter was flown by a Zealand and his perceived danger that New Zealand pilot. it could become overruled by commer Trevor will be permanently remem cial goals, was a steadying influence bered by the Antarctic community during a time of great change in Gov through the fine Hatherton Earth Sci ernment science policy. ences Laboratory at Scott Base which Trevor's last great achievement was he opened soon after his retirement. his editing of the book Antarctica: the Also, by the very large pair of hob Ross Sea region, published in 1990, nailed boots that he wore on all his trips 150 years after Ross had first entered to Antarctica and which he presented to the Ross Sea. A copy of the book at the the Scott Base bar where he had many launching was encased in ice which was happy conversations over many glasses shattered with an axe wielded by Sir of malt whisky. Edmund Hillary. Margaret Bradshaw, President of Many are the varied memories that the New Zealand Antarctic Society, we have of Trevor in an Antarctic con who had a long association with Trevor text. He drew attention not only to the wrote this tribute. achievements of the early explorers such as Ross, but also to the lowly primus stove which he maintained was the chief Books reason that polar exploration succeeded, In recent months both Sir Ranulph and which had remained virtually un Fiennes and Dr Michael Stroud have changed since its invention. Others will visited New Zealand. Here Bill King, of remember his fondness for malt whisky Christchurch reviews their respective and cricket, and the sight of him as accou nts of the ir unsupported crossing Chairman of the RDRC, standing in front of an audience at the Tekapo of Antarctica in 1992-93. Antarctic training camp calmly brewing up his "moose's milk'' while all the time Mind over matter - Ranulph Fiennes. discoursing on Antarctic science. Sinclair-Stevenson. Trevor's great style and dry humour Index. Illustrations prevented him falling into the mould of 326 pp NZ $39.95. a the typical Government scientist. He thrived on lively dialogues and many One of Shackleton's men once said "of times provoked them with his tongue- all those who have explored Antarctica, 274 Vol.13. No.6 June 1994 ANTARCTIC

few have done so more uncomfortably prick of the first order." Further on he or with greater hardship than the Brit writes "I spent the next hour ruminating ish." and this epic crossing of Antarc on how extremely unpleasant I must be tica certainly continued in this vein. as a travelling companion and ended up For 97 days two men fought pain, quite thankful that Mike was not carry starvation and snow blindness; ing the revolver which in the Arctic was manhauling sledges weighing 226 kg usually his responsibility." over 2380 km of treacherous Antarctic On finally reaching the Ross Ice continent; finally being airlifted out more Shelf, Fiennes and Stroud were in bad dead than alive after completing the physical shape. They had lost 30 per longest unsupported journey in polar cent of their body weight, had frost-bite history. and insufficient food to continue their Fiennes, accompanied by Mike journey. Perhaps more than anyone, Stroud, set off from the edge of the Fiennes could now relate to Captain Filchner Ice Shelf early in November Robert Scott and his men, who died on 1992 with the idea of completing the the Ross Ice Shelf, when returning from first unsupported crossing of the Ant the South Pole over 80 years ago. Angry arctic continent, and by doing so, rais at recent historical treatment of those ing money for Multiple Sclerosis. They events he writes "Scott's modern would be manhauling all the way and detractors make much of his 'narrow- pulling about twice the load of that of minded stupidity' in championing Scott's sledges in 1911-12. In fact, it manhaul travel over the use of dog was not until they had taken their first teams.... In hauling our own loads across few footsteps that they actually knew this area, greater in mass by far than the they could pull their sledges. United States, we have shown that man During the 97 days there were out power can indeed be superior to dog- on the ice, Fiennes and Stroud survived power and, in doing so, have partly crevasses, blizzards, equipment failure exonerated Scott's much-abused theo and gangrene, frostbite, hypothermia ries on the matter." and suppurating sores. "Our unwashed The book is well written and a good hair and bodies itched and emitted a read, and perhaps deserves better than powerful stench. The sweat-salt stung a paperback publication. There is an my crotch sores and the renewed as informative appendix detailing the re sault from ultra-violet burns further dam sults of medical tests carried out during aged my lips, from which blood and pus the trip as well as equipment lists. It is leaked into the chin cover of my face- a pity that many of the photographs mask" wrote Fiennes. chosen to illustrate the book have been Although they had completed previ taken on previous Arctic and Antarctic ous expeditions together and shared trips and seem irrelevant to this text. great hardship before, their friendship Having just completed a 60 day stint on was severely strained on this trip. It the Polar Plateau with the New Zealand turned first to tension and frustration Antarctic Programme, nothing in the and then to mutual hatred. After Mike world would induce me to even contem Stroud had requested to rest following a plate thinking about attempting a jour attack of diarrhoea and had been told by ney of great suffering and magnitude as Fiennes they had to keep moving, this. Over $9 million was raised for Fiennes wrote "he was angry and said I Multiple Sclerosis and every cent was was boorish and graceless; in short a hard earned.

275 ANTARCTIC June 1994 Vol.13 No. 6

Shadows on the wasteland- This is a much better written and Mike Stroud produced book in comparison to Fiennes Jonathon Cape Mind over Matter. Stroud appears to Appendix, bibliography, illus give a more frank and balanced account trations 182pp NZ$45. of the adventure. However both seem to dwell too much on their self imposed When Sir Ranulph Fiennes and Mike views of unsupported journeys, and Stroud ended their epic journey radio where the Antarctic continent actually ing for an Adventure .Network aircraft begins and finishes. Does it really mat to pull them out from the Ross Ice Shelf, ter? Few will fail to be impressed by they were still 400 kilometres from their Stroud's revelations .which make com final destination. They were frostbitten and close to starvation and, if they had pelling reading for any adventure buff. Perhaps the journey is best summed up continued, would probably have emu by the cartoon from the "Spectator" on lated the deaths of Captain Scott and the final page which depicts two polar his party some 80 years earlier. explorers, walking side by side with Although the journey wasn't completed, "I'm with this idiot" written on both they had finished the longest unsup their jackets. ported polar traverse in history. The The New Zealand Antarctic Society journey itself was not without problems offers a special permanent discount and both physical and mental tolerances were tested to their fullest limits, way price for volume sets of Antarctic. Black and White volumes beyond that normally endured by man. Numbers 1-10 inclusive I did, however, wonder at times if much 12 issues per volume of the pain could have been prevented Individual copies $5.00 had they been more willing to learn the Volume sets lessons of others before them, espe (including photocopies of issues that are cially with regard to their choice of out of print) $50 boots and clothing. Stroud is no stranger to polar travel Postage per volume $4.00 having been to the Antarctic before on Colour issues the '' Footsteps of Scott'' expedition. He Vol 11 to current issues has also accompanied Fiennes twice Volume sets $75.00 previously on unsuccessful man-hauling Individual copies $7.00 attempts to reach the North Pole. How Postage per volume $4.50 ever this trip surely tested his physical capabilities and his friendship with Where more than 12 individual black and white or colour Fiennes. Stroud's book gives a very issues are ordered they will be discounted to volume frank and detailed insight of Fiennes as price. a person and although he does say he could think of no better companion, For copies or further information please one does wonder if he can fully lay his contact the Back Issues Officer, New Zealand Antarctic Society Inc., complete trust in Fiennes again. P.O. Box 16485 Christchurch

276 The New Zealand Antarctic Society Secretary, Inc., was formed in 1933. It comprises Wellington Branch, New Zealanders and overseas friends, New Zealand Antarctic Society Inc., many of whom have been to the Antarc P.O. Box 2110, tic and all of whom are vitally interested in some phase of Antarctic exploration, WELLINGTON, 6000 history, development or research. South Island residents should write to the: The annual subscription entitles members to: Secretary, Canterbury Branch, >Antarctic, published each March, New Zealand Antarctic Society Inc., June, September and December. It is P.O. Box 404, unique in Antarctic literature as it is the CHRISTCHURCH 8000 only periodical which provides regular or the and up to date news of the activities of all nations at work in the Antarctic and the Secretary, subantarctic. It has a worldwide circula Otago Branch, tion. New Zealand Antarctic Society Inc., >Newstetters for New Zealand mem P.O. Box 7983, bers and an annual newsletter for over DUNEDIN 9030 seas members. Regular meetings are held by the Auckland, Wellington, Can Overseas Residents should write terbury and Otago branches. to the: Secretary, New Zealand Antarctic Society Inc., Subscriptions are: P.O. Box 2110, NZ$40 in New Zealand WELLINGTON, 6000 Airmail Postage NEW ZEALAND NZ$46 Australia and South Pacific NZ$49 North America and East Asia Advertising rates NZ$51 Europe, including Great Britain Full colour (outside back cover only) NZ$55 Everywhere else $400 Whole page (b & w only) $200 Economy Postage (slower delivery) Half page (b & w only) $100 NZ$43 Australian and South Pacific Quarter page (b & w only) $35 NZ$45 North America and East Asia Rates for regular placement are negoti NZ$46 Europe including Great Britain able. Enquiries to the: Treasurer NZ$46 Everywhere else New Zealand Antarctic Society Inc., P.O. Box 2110, You are invited to join: WELLINGTON 6000 Fliers and other advertising material North Island residents should write to can be inserted at a cost of $150 per the issue plus any additional postage in curred through such insertions. Enquir Secretary, ies should be made to the Treasurer. Auckland Branch, Phone and fax numbers for the bulletin New Zealand Antarctic Society Inc., appear in the front of each issue. P.O. Box 8062, AUCKLAND 1035 Deadlines for advertising and copy are or the the 20th of each month preceeding pub lication.