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Les Relations Canoniques Des Évêques Diocésains Et Des Instituts Religieux De Droit Diocésain : La Juste Autonomie (Cc

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Les Relations Canoniques Des Évêques Diocésains Et Des Instituts Religieux De Droit Diocésain : La Juste Autonomie (Cc LES RELATIONS CANONIQUES DES ÉVÊQUES DIOCÉSAINS ET DES INSTITUTS RELIGIEUX DE DROIT DIOCÉSAIN : LA JUSTE AUTONOMIE (CC. 578 ET 586) AVEC UNE APPLICATION PARTICULIÈRE À L’ÉGLISE AU BÉNIN par Gisèle ACOTCHOU Thèse soumise à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales dans le cadre des exigences du programme de doctorat en droit canonique Sciences Humaines Faculté de droit canonique Université d’Ottawa © Gisèle ACOTCHOU, Ottawa, Canada, 2013 RÉSUMÉ Par cette thèse qui veut être une modeste contribution, son auteur a voulu rechercher des voies et moyens pratiques pour assurer la « juste autonomie » des instituts religieux de droit diocésain et faciliter de bons rapports entre eux et les évêques diocésains, en particulier au Bénin, à partir de l’étude des principes canoniques prévus par l’Église dans ce domaine. D’où le titre de la thèse : Les relations canoniques des évêques diocésains et des instituts religieux de droit diocésain : la juste autonomie (cc. 578 et 586) avec une application particulière à l’Église au Bénin. Le premier chapitre établit un contexte historique pour analyser les traits communs qui ont marqué les instituts religieux au moment de leur implantation au Bénin. Il retrace d’abord l’évènement de l’évangélisation de ce pays et décrit ensuite l’apport des missionnaires dans cette évangélisation qui aboutit à la promotion du clergé béninois et à la fondation des instituts religieux autochtones. Le deuxième chapitre est une étude de l’autonomie des instituts religieux selon les normes antérieures et postérieures au Code de 1983 : celle qu’on retrouve dans le Code de 1917, les documents du Concile Vatican II et les documents post-conciliaires. Elle portera notamment sur Lumen gentium, Christus Dominus, Perfectae caritatis, Ad gentes, Ecclesiae sanctae, Evangelica testificatio, Religieux et promotion humaine, Redemptionis donum et Vita consecrata. Le troisième chapitre dégage divers aspects du principe de « juste autonomie » reconnue aux instituts, selon le Code de 1983 par rapport à Mutuae relationes, en partant des implications de l’ecclésiologie de communion dont découle l’exigence de la protection de cette « juste autonomie ». Le quatrième chapitre fait d’abord le bilan de l’application par les évêques diocésains et les instituts religieux autochtones au Bénin des principes normatifs de leurs relations, avant d’orienter les deux parties vers de nouvelles pistes d’avenir, présentées dans un « Code de partenariat » qui contient des propositions pratiques susceptibles d’améliorer leurs rapports. TABLE DES MATIÈRES TABLE DES MATIÈRES………………………………………………………………..i REMERCIEMENTS………………………………………………………………….. viii SIGLES ET ABRÉVIATIONS........................................................................................ix INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE……………………………………………………….. 1 CHAPITRE I – L’IMPLANTATION DE LA VIE RELIGIEUSE AU BÉNIN ....... 11 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….. 11 1.1- L’ÉVANGÉLISATION DU BÉNIN………………………………………………...12 1.1.1- Les missionnaires au Bénin………………………………………………. 12 1.1.2- La promotion des clergés autochtones et le recul des missionnaires…….. 22 1.2- LA PRÉSENCE DES CONGRÉGATIONS RELIGIEUSES INTERNATIONALES AU BÉNIN ET LEURS ACTIVITÉS…………………………………………………...29 1.2.1- La congrégation des Sœurs Notre-Dame des Apôtres (NDA)…………… 30 1.2.2- La congrégation des Missionnaires Catéchistes du Sacré-Cœur…………. 33 1.3- LA FONDATION D’INSTITUTS RELIGIEUX AUTOCHTONES AU BÉNIN…………. 35 1.3.1- Les instituts religieux autochtones au Bénin et leur contribution à la vie des Églises particulières………………………………………………… 36 1.3.1.1- L’institut religieux des Oblates Catéchistes Petites Servantes des Pauvres (OCPSP)…………………………………………………… . 37 1.3.1.2- L’institut religieux des Sœurs de Saint Augustin (SSA)…………….. 39 1.3.1.3- L’association publique des Sœurs de l’Amour Rédempteur du Christ (SARC)………………………………………………………………. 41 1.3.1.4- L’association publique des Servantes de la Lumière du Christ (SLC). 42 1.3.1.5- L’association publique des Filles de Padre Pio (FPP)……………….. 43 1.3.1.6- L’association publique des Petites Sœurs de l’Espérance du Christ (PSEC)……………………………………………………………….. 45 i ii 1.3.1.7- L’association publique de la Famille de Dieu Amies de la Mission (FDAM)……………………………………………………………… 47 1.3.1.8- L’association publique des Frères de Jésus (FJ)…………………… .. 48 1.3.2- Les aspects caractéristiques des instituts religieux autochtones…………..50 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………. 57 CHAPITRE II – L’AUTONOMIE DES INSTITUTS RELIGIEUX SELON LES NORMES ANTÉRIEURES ET POSTÉRIEURES AU CODE DE 1983……………………………………………………………............61 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….. 61 2.1- DANS LE CODE DE 1917………………………………………………………..63 2.1.1- Le pouvoir des supérieurs majeurs d’admettre ou non au noviciat et d’exclure des vœux perpétuels (cc. 543; 571, § 1; 637)………………….. 64 2.1.2- La désignation des religieux aux ministères diocésains par leurs supérieurs (c. 608)………………………………………………………... 66 2.1.3- Le consentement des supérieurs avant le renvoi des profès de vœux temporaires (c. 647, § 1)………………………………………………….. 68 2.2- DANS LES DOCUMENTS DU CONCILE VATICAN II……………………………. 71 2.2.1- Lumen gentium…………………………………………………………….73 2.2.2- Christus Dominus………………………………………………………… 77 2.2.3- Perfectæ caritatis………………………………………………………….82 2.2.4- Ad gentes…………………………………………………………………. 89 2.3- DANS LES DOCUMENTS POST-CONCILIAIRES…………………………………. 94 2.3.1- Ecclesiæ sanctæ…………………………………………………………... 94 2.3.2- Evangelica testificatio…………………………………………………... 102 2.3.3- Religieux et promotion humaine………………………………………… 105 2.3.4- Redemptionis donum……………………………………………………..111 2.3.5- Vita consecrata………………………………………………………….. 113 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………... 117 iii CHAPITRE III – L’AUTONOMIE DES INSTITUTS RELIGIEUX À LA LUMIÈRE DU CODE DE 1983 PAR RAPPORT À MUTUAE RELATIONES……………………………………………………...120 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………… 120 3.1- L’ECCLÉSIOLOGIE DE COMMUNION ET SES IMPLICATIONS………………… 122 3.1.1- La communion ecclésiale (MR, nos 1-4; 34; c. 96)……………………… 122 3.1.2- Les évêques dans la communion ecclésiale (MR, nos 5-7; 9a-b; 28; 52; cc. 204-205; 209; 336; 375, § 2; 751)………………………………. 125 3.1.3- La découverte de la vraie nature ecclésiale et de la place de la vie religieuse dans la communion ecclésiale (MR, nos 10; 11; 34; cc. 573- 575; 592, § 1; 675, § 3)…………………………………………………..130 3.2- LES RESPONSABILITÉS PASTORALES DES ÉVÊQUES ENVERS LA VIE PRATIQUE DES RELIGIEUX…………………………………………………... 134 3.2.1- La promotion et la protection de la vie religieuse en vue de son développement (MR, nos 7-8; 9c-d; 28; 52; cc. 383, § 1; 385; 574; 576)……………………………………………………………………… 135 3.2.2- Le discernement et le soin des charismes religieux (MR, nos 6; 9c; 11; 12; 41; 51-52; CIC/83, cc. 576-578)……………………………………. 138 3.2.3- Le gardiennage et la garantie de la fidélité et du respect du caractère propre de chaque institut (MR, nos 9c; 11; 13-14; 17; 18b; 28; 41; 47; 52; cc. 574; 576; 611, 1o; 677, § 1; 678, § 2; 680)……………………... 141 3.2.4- Un devoir de nature juridique : l’interprétation des conseils évangéliques et la règlementation de leur pratique (MR, nos 8; 13; 51; cc. 573, § 2; 576; 578-579; 588, § 3-589)………………………………. 145 3.2.5- L’action liturgique de consécration des religieux (MR, no 8; c. 654)…… 149 3.2.6- La promotion des rapports d’obéissance des religieux envers leurs supérieurs religieux (MR, nos 13; 28; 46; cc. 678, § 2; 681, § 1)……….. 152 iv 3.2.7- L’établissement de structures et de mesures de communion et de collaboration adéquates entre les diocèses et les instituts religieux (MR, nos 54-57; 59; 62-65; cc. 463, § 1, 5o. 9o; § 2; 498, § 1, 2o; 512, § 1; 678, § 3; 680; 681; 708)………………………………………. 154 3.3- LA SAUVEGARDE ET LA PROTECTION DE LA « JUSTE MESURE DE L’AUTONOMIE » OU DE LA « JUSTE AUTONOMIE » DES INSTITUTS…………. 159 3.3.1- Le principe de « juste mesure de l’autonomie » ou de « juste autonomie » (MR, no 13; cc. 578; 586; 594)……………………………. 160 3.3.2- Le maintien du patrimoine (cc. 578 ; 586, § 1)…………………………. 170 3.4- L’ESPRIT DE COMMUNION ECCLÉSIALE DE LA PART DES INSTITUTS RELIGIEUX : MISSION ET SOUMISSION DANS LES DOMAINES DE LA PASTORALE ET DE L’APOSTOLAT DIOCÉSAINS……………………………… 177 3.4.1- L’esprit de communion ecclésiale ou le sens ecclésial authentique (MR, nos 4; 14b; 15; 18b; 36; 52; cc. 96; 208-209; 275, § 1; 529, § 2; 573, § 1)…………………………………………………………………. 178 3.4.2- La liste des activités apostoliques exercées par les religieux et soumises aux évêques (MR, nos 13; 44; c. 678, § 1)…………………….. 180 3.4.3- Le soin des âmes (MR, nos 36; 39-40; 44; cc. 678, § 1; 775 § 1; 804-805; 823, § 1; 830-832)…………………………………………….. 183 3.4.4- L’exercice public du culte divin (MR, nos 43-44; cc. 392; 678, § 1; 834; 1214)………………………………………………………………..185 3.4.5- Les autres œuvres d’apostolat (MR, nos 44; 46; 57-58; 63; cc. 394, § 1; 678, § 1; 680-683, § 1; 801; 806)……………………………………….. 189 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………... 193 v CHAPITRE IV – LES ÉVÊQUES DIOCÉSAINS ET LES INSTITTUT RELIGIEUX AUTOCHTONES AU BÉNIN FACE AUX PRINCIPES NORMATIFS SUR LEURS RELATIONS : EFFORTS, DIFFICULTÉS, PROPOSITIONS ET PERSPECTIVES D’AVENIR EN VUE D’UNE AMÉLIORATION DE LEURS RAPPORTS……………………195 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………… 195 4.1- LES EFFORTS FOURNIS DANS LES RELATIONS………………………………..197 4.1.1- La création de structures relationnelles…………………………………. 197 4.1.1.1- La commission diocésaine ou le délégué diocésain pour la vie consacrée…………………………………………………………….197 4.1.1.2- Le vicariat forain ou le doyenné (cc. 374, § 2; 553, § 1; 680)………198 4.1.1.3- La nomination d’un assistant ecclésiastique (c. 317,
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