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Home , Alamin, Ijma, Moderation in Islam, Shamsi Ali, Ummah

MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and , Volume 5 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2018 An Order to Build the Resilience in the Againsts : The Advantage of Bogor Message in Diplomacy World & Islamic Studies

Jelang Ramadhan, Muhamad Syauqillah International Relations Doctoral student of Uludağ University, , Head of Terorrism Studies Program of University of , Indonesia

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

Wasatiyyat is a recent popular thought which made of the interactions between state- actors and non-state actors in term of reduce the extremism, and Islamophobia without using hard power, but more to the utilization of soft power. The Bogor Message actually is an institued-charter of Wasatiyyat Islam conception that from personal-level to national-level be able to adopt and apply it in daily life as it taken from Al-Qur’an and ’s teachings and covered by diplomatic process in the making to guide even the state to encourage a policy of Islamic moderation. This research paper examines the principle of Wasatiyyat Islam in Bogor Message and its advantage to reduce the Islamophobia through diplomatic principle implementation. The usage of inductive-interpretative method becomes necessary to analyse the empirical data into words as it aims to consider the added values explicitly from the analysis structure. The analysis of this thesis uses literature study as a part of qualitative methodological study to explain the observed phenomenon. This research is resulting in consideration of Bogor Message as a diplomacy product made by prominent Islamic scholars in the world and also as a form of ’ that can be utilized by Muslim (Islamic society) as a common understanding or an order to build the resilience in Muslim world against Islamophobia. Keywords: Wasatiyyat Islam, Islamophobia, Bogor Message, Diplomacy, Resilience

INTRODUCTION which contains prohibition on forcing a Islamic society or so-called muslim religion toward someone. The universality ummah sees Islam as they embrace the faith also encouraged by the act of Prophet from a hadith reported by ﷺ as a peaceful religion which taught an order for humankind and rahmatan lil ‘alamin Abu Dzar that made Bilal bin Rabah (an (mercy for ) so it can be claimed as African) as one of his closer companion and an universal faith (Praja, 2003). The stated that, “Look, there are no one better universality of Islam is represented by the from his red skin or black skin until you spread in world that embrace all kind of surpass them with the piety (towards Allah Bahraen, 2019).” Even are) ”,(ﷻ races and people with different social status forcelessly. This is strengthened by ayat diverse in many ways and belong to racial (verse) 256 of (chapter) Al-Baqarah varieties and ethnic groups (Nadal et al.,

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 5 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2018 2012), but still having the same sacred texts them confuse and angry intentionally as common ground, Al-Qur'an and Hadith. (Nadal et al., 2012). One of The ayat from Al-Qur’an and from microagressions’ example is Islamophobic Hadith are the two basic legal for ummah attitude and mocking language that showed and after it the consensus (ijma) between to people whose Islamic name or Islamic Islamic scholars (ulama) and all muslims appeareance or even vandalize muslim’s ordered to embody it in their personal property whilst most likely muslims are practice (An-Na’im, 2007). Wherever offended in public area like road, airport, muslims live and go, they will not lose school or such happened in Islamic path so long hold onto those (Christiyaningsih & Fadhilah, 2019). The because Islam is kind of transnational Islamophobic act can be done by persons, religion which cannot be limited by state’s semi-organized group or organized group border, so the Islam itself lives in every soul such as state that able to make a greater of muslim, yet respect the diversities. impact. Since its rised in Hijaz (especially For last decade the Islamophobia is and Madinah, recently Kingdom of escalating up until now. From ’s territory) around 7th microagression or intimidation to massacre century, Islam as a monotheistic faith have such as Rohingya ethnic cleansing in a robust concept of God and perfect order Myanmar or Quebec City Mosque for every creation’s life. That is why shooting, Canada in 2017. Then recently, muslims (people who embrace Islam) massacre occured again in 15th of March become the fastest rising religion 2019 in two of Christchurch, New community in the world due to rational Zealand (Britton, 2019). Colleen Ward (as factor like fertility, life expectancy, age it cited in Morton, 2019) said that New structure, migration and religious switching Zealand’s muslim community is facing (Pew Research Center [Pew], 2015). There everyday racism, negative stereotypes, lack comes popularity with responsibility to face of knowledge about Islam, and racism in the contemporary challenges, such as the media were between the most generally- extremism, terrorism and Islamophobia cited challenges faced that would trigger which raised for the last 2 decades. the event which happened earlier. Islamophobia starts with Fortunately, New Zealand state authority microagressions or the psychological or act rapidly in order to control the fear and physical action by a few people toward stabilize the condition which felt by muslim muslim or perceived as is in order to make society.

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 5 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2018 Reversely, worst example can be muslim popular artist or politician came to taken if a state, systematically press muslim power and popularity as Islam is becoming society to be alienated in their own land. It a warm topic in many discourses in the was happened in Turkey that majority of world, that is why ‘Salah Effect’ would population are muslims, but government likely happen to others with role-model under Prime Minister Ismet Inonu decided qualities that able to shape social attitudes to replace adhan chanting and sermon to (Alrababa’h, Marble, Mousa, & Siegel, Turkish on July 1932 and people who 2019). refuse to do so were considered as criminal The popularity is hiking along with under Art. 526 of the Turkish Criminal the ever-increasing problems and Code 1941 and even worse they were challenges. Yet, the challenge for ummah is persecuted (Aydar & Atalay, 2006; Farooq, eternally existed such as Islamophobia 2018). Islam often sighted as a nuisance on phenomenon which took public’s concern national agenda and identical to Arabian or on 1997 when the Runnymade Trust Middle-East civilization that cannot catch published their report (Bleich, 2011). The up with the modernity and it creates the indications of Islamophobia are already Islamophobia itself inside the ummah. Yet existed since long time ago when the Islamophobia by fellow muslims remains in Islamic civilization is touched by the the certain muslim countries or so-called Western world. In a short word, Muslimistan like Turkey until now. Islamophobia can be meant as acts of fear Therefore, Islam stands to raise its or even hostility toward Islam and muslim populism in Western Hemisphere due to who embrace it (Alshammari, 2013). certain event like ‘Salah Effect’ and Sadiq Islamophobia is believed as a Khan that elected as London’s Mayor in mother cause which gave birth to violent Britain and Rashida Tlaib or Ilhan in extremism and terrorism in the muslim US’ congress as members who chosen by world due to the political pressure which people to represent them bring a good felt by muslim ummah since very long time impact. Based on the research which ago by Western society. The war of Poitiers conducted by Immigration Policy Lab, or Battle of Tour, which took place in 732, Merseyside county (home to Liverpool where defeated the ’invading’ F.C.) experienced a 18.9% drop in hate Muslims, is still considered the most vital crimes that connected to Islamophobic war in European history that creates a behaviors and attitudes due to the increase phobia towards Muslim in Western of familiarity with Islam. Recently, a lot of Hemisphere (Buehler, 2011). It might as

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 5 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2018 well be causing the clash of civilization Islamic groups labelled as terrorist. The between muslim and non-muslim or prejudice is developed from people’s considered as West since religion perceived perceptions of Islam as an unchanging igniting the conflict in a certain way by monotheistic religion as it bring inherent inspiring intolerant and irreconcilable violent nature and its fundamental images of identity and commitment as inferiority to the modern age of people, Samuel Huntington (1997) stated in his especially Westerners (, 2014). essay. Huntington (as it cited in Griffiths, Somehow it is real when the O’Callaghan, & Roach, 2008) is having a accusation of 9/11 tragedy in Washington great deal with the thought that Islam will D.C. fell to certain Islamic groups, at the pose to the West, because its birthrate is same time also judge muslim society or the higher than another civilization then due to Islamic teaching as the inventor of modern the rising popularity in the wake of the 9/11 terrorism or religion extremism meanwhile attacks. the tragedy reshapes the contour of According to Yılmaz (2006), international relations. Eventhough, after September 11 religiously-driven violence is not limited to attacks on US and particular bombings of one certain religion (Yılmaz, 2006), but the major Western countries or their allies has accusation and labelization of terrorism become popular in an unique way. The creates extremism, terrorism and attacks are spread rapidly to the world and Islamophobia phenomenon altogether brought so many countries to fight terrorist worse happened to muslim world. Recently, which represented by Islamic terrorist the Easter bombings in Sri Lanka which groups that might cause chaos to Western conducted by terrorist group made the state countries and its allies. Subsequently, in releases veil ban policy that condemned by October 12, 2002 suicide bombings Rights Watch because could create happened in Denpasar, Indonesia and a few a pressure and threat of violence against years later in July 7, 2005 suicide bombings Muslim ummah (Bemma, 2019). again occurred in London, United The act of a state toward certain Kingdom. Both and many others around the society was using particular policy will world conducted by so-called Islamist influence people and triggering hate terrorist group that took hundreds of lives. systematically, because the act is defended Soon after those happened, global society is by legitimated or state actor. Hence the feeling insecure and giving prejudice to statecraft and administration of a country people which related to Islam as many are influenced by the sentiment of the

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 5 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2018 society, yet the latent impact is more following the demise of the Prophet ’on many things. This ijma ﷺ dangerous if the policy which indicated Muhammad Islamophobic is decided without ulama is the secondary law or the third concerning the affection of society. The basic which as non-revealed sources after impact is creating alienation for muslim Al-Qur’an and original Hadith as the ummah in the particular area inside a state’s primary, and conducted by mujtahid territory because of the pressure which (juridical expert) to provide a solution on given by the environment, furthermore can ummah’s case (Bakircioglu, 2018; Abidin, be triggering violence extremism and 2011). is reasoning and terrorism due to Islamophobic attitudes that interpretation based on the sacred texts (Al- keep maintained. Qur’an and Al-Hadith) in order to Islam as a peaceful religion needs to understand and apply the message of prove its true face and strive to find the best Qur’an in ever-changing needs of society solution. One of the solution is creating one due to the diversity of cultures and common ground which agreed and can be civilizations (United States Institute of applied by ummah. This has been initiated Peace [USIP], 2004). Juridical reasoning or a few years ago through the development of ijtihad is also another method for Wasatiyyat Islam notion in Bogor Message specifying that can be used by by around the world to moderate ummah as legal basic or derivative legal Islam through an Islamic legal-based act on reasoning in certain case so no muslim will relations between human and countries. It lose the Islamic path. Muslim in many hoped to give a pressure to violent regions of world have different needs to be extremism and terrorism, meanwhile solved while they have something in reduce the Islamophobia that might come common, especially in tackling social from inside or outside ummah. phenomenon like Islamophobia because it happens communally with different Bogor Message as Ijma’ Ulama dimensions. The existence of ijma’ ulama According to Abdullah Ahmed An- or ijtihad are counted prior to this case. Na’im (2007), ijma’ is one of the method In this context, Bogor Message for specifying sharia (Islamic law) based which contained the conception of on consensus between ulama. Muhammad Wasatiyyat Islam is one of the ijma’ ulama H. Kamali (1991) defines it specifically as itself. Because the makers of the Bogor the unanimous agreement of the jurists of Message are recognized as experts in the muslim community of any period jurisprudence and most of them can be

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 5 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2018 qualified as mujtahid to derive sharia from the middle way. Another ayats are sacred texts due to their piety, knowledge, representing the practice of tawassut moral integrity, and social recognition of itself like Luqman: 19 & 32 that use مقتصد be moderate) and) واقصد their status (USIP, 2004). The Bogor term Message itself is gradually build by the (moderate in faith), Al-Maidah: 66 with moderate) أمة مقتصدة thought of many scholars and initiated by a the same term few, from 12 main cores to be simplified to community), An-Nahl: 9 with similar (direction of the way) قصد السبيل main cores. Subsequently proposed and term 7 سفرا discussed to other scholars so it came to a and At-Tawbah: 42 with the term :moderate trip) also Imran) قاصدا common understanding between them and the best) خيرأمة being legitimated and justified in High- 110 that uses term Level Consultation of World Muslim people). Haedar Nashir (2016) argues Scholars (HLC-WMS) event in Bogor as a that tawassut can be meant as moderate common paradigm to Wasatiyyat Islam and just in the middle, balance, as the (Sasongko & Muhyiddin, 2018). The guidance, consistent and easy. purpose of Bogor Message can be read from Muhammad Az-Zuhaili (2005) stated the content that written and its clearly a that all those ayat are figuring the consensus among Islamic scholars to make from personal bold of Islam as rahmatan lil‘alamin faith. level, community level until state level. also made a very ﷺ There are 7 core points of Bogor Prophet Muhammad Message that draw a basic line of good example to moderate the way Wasatiyyat Islam to be applied by all ummah have to perform ritual, in a muslims in the world (Ramadhan, 2018), hadith which reported by Anas bin Malik (Jawas, 2015). There are 3 تو ّسط – Tawassut .1 s’ﷺ Is meant to take a position in the middle persons who came to Rasulullah and straight path. This principle is houses and asked to his wives about his derived from several ayat in Al-Qur’an excellent ritual performance and such as Al-Baqarah: 143 that stated, compared to them are nothing. So, they “And thus we have made you a just decide to exaggerate their ritual heard ﷺ community that you will be witnesses performance and as Rasulullah over the people and the Messanger will about them, he made a bold statement to and ﷻ be a witness over you...”, the underlined be wise in piety towards Allah that have sincerely follow his sunnah by not أ ّمة وسطا term is came from is ﷺ literally meaning as the community of exaggerate it. Because Rasulullah

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 5 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2018 the great role in all ways to live the life place for urine and filth while the while practicing Islam, not extreme to companions wash the place he urinated. one side but still in the middle or The way Rasulullah behave is meant to moderate; educate companions and treat the people who do not know justly, this is a إعتدل – I’tidal .2 Is meant to behave proportionately and just action and clearly give the example justly with responsibility. This principle of moderation, both in ritual and daily is inspired from one of shalah life must be balance wisely; تسامح – movement, precisely in the middle that 3. Tasamuh represents a crystal clear straight way in Is meant to recognize and respect the virtue and derived from Al-Maidah: 8 diversities in all aspects of life. Al- that stated, “O you who have believed, Qur’an is not explicitly or literally be persistently standing firm for Allah, explaining about tasamuh but can be witnesses in justice, and do not let the found in another terms such as Al- ,(mercy) رحمة hatred of a people prevent you from Balad: 17 with the word العفو being just. Be just; that is nearer to An-Nur: 22 with the word righteousness...”, the underlined word (forgiveness), Az-Zukhruf: 89 with the relieved), Al-Furqan: 63) سوف which a command for the word اعدلوا is peace), An-Nahl: 90) سلم believers and another wordshape of with the word goodness), and) اإلحسن i’tidal itself. Syamsuddin with the word (Pimpinan Pusat , Al-Kafirun and Al-Ikhlas. In the Al- 2019) said that the attitude of i’tidal is Muhit Dictionary, tasamuh has tasahul holding the tightly and stand on (convenience) that allowed anyone to justice as a community that will not practice what they believe without flabby and weak. Prophet Muhammad pressure and disturb other’s faith. Gani made a best role to moderate the way Isa (2015) also argues that Islam has it ﷺ ummah have to behave, in a hadith own term about the tolerance which which reported by Anas bin Malik does not mean to syncronize the (Sahih Muslim, n.d.a). One day a desert religions and the definition cannot be Arab came and urinate in the mosque the same as Westerners’ definition. in there too, the Islam’s tolerance is more authentic ﷺ while Rasulullah companions react angrily but because way far before West exists, its stop them and called him constitued in Madinah Charter and ﷺ Rasulullah acts. A ﷺ to give a few advice that mosque is not showed in the way Rasulullah

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 5 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2018 and his ﷺ hadith that reported by Anas bin Malik Khandaq how Rasulullah about 9 years companions always discuss and consult ﷺ who served Rasulullah without complaining and commentating to whom know better wisely (Iqbal, about the things he has done (Sahih 2000), so it influence a good impact in the result. Consultation is a world ﷺ Muslim, n.d.b). That way Rasulullah shows the modesty toward his servant tradition in decision making process and companions, no forceful attitude and so does in Islam which legitimated toward anyone; by the divine sources; إصالح – .5 شورى– .4 Is leaning to consultation and settling Is engaged in reformative and problems through deliberation to reach constructive deeds for the common consensus. This principle is derived good. This principle is derieved from from Surah Ash-Shuraa: 38 that states, several ayat in Al-Qur’an such as Al- “And those who have responded to their Baqarah: 220 which stated, “To this Lord and established prayer and whose world and the Hereafter. And they ask affair is (determined by) consultation you about orphans. Say, improvement among themselves...”, the underlined for them is best. And if you mix your word is having the same meaning as affairs with theirs – they are your which means to start something, brothers. And Allah knows the شورى show and widen. It also revealed in corrupter from the amender...”, the in the إصالح another ayat Ali ‘Imran: 159 with the word that used is known as .consult them) in certain ayat context is setting right the affairs) وشاورهم word case like state management or even In the others ayat also said like Al- إصلحا greater good for society. Abdul Hamid Baqarah: 228 with the word Al-Anshari said that shura is (reconciliation), Al-A’raf: 142 with the do right), Al-Anfal: 1 with) وأصلح negotiation or exchanging opinions word -and set right), Al) وأصلحوا about certain matter or even asking the word فأصلحوا advices from many parties to be Hujurat: 9-10 with the word considered and take the best option for (make settlement/peace) and many common interest (Abdullah, 2014). more. All those words are related to This principle also applied in the reform as the anonym of destruction unusual event such as war. It was word. Reform in Islam is aimed to reported in many hadith about the return Islamic faith, its texts, principles, Battle of Badar and the Battle of methodologies, understandings and

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 5 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2018 inferences to a constructive way for example to be followed by muslim ummah (Dar Al-Ifta Al-Missriyyah, ummah in every movement he made. was pioneering his ﷺ Akhmad & Putra, 2012). The way Rasulullah ;2019 Arabian tribe and even more many ﷺ islah is practiced by Rasulullah meant to repair the conditions of ethnics to lead them for becoming well- ummah which have impaired or being. Human well-being is not limited transgressed from the Islamic teachings to human but also the environment and by restore and change some aspects that the other creations. Al-Ba’balaki (2003; has shaken the stability and harmony as it cited in Jasmi, 2016) defines among muslim (Ismail et al., 2017). In qudwah to give an example, represent a a hadith which can be cited in Abu model, and good role in life. Rasulullah in a hadith reported by ‘Aishah that ﷺ -Daud, At-Tirmizi, Ibnu Majah, Al be cited in Al-Bukhary, told that Allah’s ﷺ and Ibnu Hibban, Rasulullah when in home always busy to ﷺ prohibits islah which change Allah’s Apostle decision on to or reversely manage the family matter but when the of a matter. Islah is encouraged to prayer time comes, he immediately practice in order to make amend goes to mosque to pray (Aminah, 2015). between muslims who fight each other The state of nature in qudwah principle whether in daily matter or even in is giving a role model to others to be warfare; followed or even duplicate as closer as When this .ﷺ possible to Rasulullah قدوة – Qudwah .6 Is pioneering noble initiatives and principle is applied from personal level taking lead for human well-being. This to community level, it will rise the principle is implicitly cited in Al- peace, happiness and prosperity in the ;which state level أسوة Qur’an from similar term موطنة – means example or model. The most 7. Muwatanah cited ayat for this term is Surah Al- Is recognizing nation state and Ahzab: 21 that stated, “There has respecting citizenship. This principle is certainly been for you in the Messanger also not explicitly or literally cited in of Allah an excellent pattern for anyone Al-Qur’an but derived from Surah Al- whose hope is in Allah and the Last Day Hujurat: 13 that stated, “O mankind, (who) remembers Allah often”, the indeed We created you from male and refers to female and you peoples and tribes that أسوة حسنة underlined word is who gives the best you may know one another...”, the ﷺ Rasulullah

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 5 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2018 are meant All those 7 core points are extracted شعوبا وقبائل underlined words to show the varieties of tribes and from Al-Qur’an and Hadith to be differences of nations that may put considered by all muslims in the world as someone in a certain territory. But it all of participants are knowledgeable about will not limit them to know each other, Islam and can be used in many levels, from especially between muslims whom are the personal to the state level. The Bogor brothers. Yusuf Al-Qardhawi (2017) Message is kind of legitimated or institued code of conduct in term of amaliah (daily الوطن defines motherland as similar as that activity) based on Islamic values for all الموطنة and nationality as similar as have to be respected, even among muslims to interact within ummah and fellow muslims. In the story of Prophet beyond, especially the relations with non- when the Madinah muslim. It is hoped to moderate the face of ,ﷺ Muhammad Charter is constitued, there are 5 Islam in the global context through formal important points which are muslim action like diplomacy that can be based on ummah, creed relations, intertribe religion’s values both people to people or relations, national affiliation and state to state contact. Even more than that geography unification of Madinah (Al- like the past time when the futuhat Qardhawi, 2017). This action was (conquest) of Islam was growing wider s‘ﷺ meant to give the identity to the citizen under Allah’s Apostle Muhammad of Madinah and make an order through direction and after that. Bogor agreement between everyone that Message as the fundamental milestone for included in the charter. Nowadays, the Wasatiyyat Islam thought should be sign of nationality is believed by society considered as ijma’ ulama that can be no matter what their religions are. useful to encourage the true nature of Islam Meanwhile, Islam as a transnational itself in the international area. religion recommends its followers to Ijma’ does not have to directly taken pay some respect toward nationality of from the sacred texts but the extraction of it a person and stick to increase the piety could be work while fundamentally binding both social and religion by knowing proof and rational reasoning in order to each other mercifully. So, it will be unify the ummah and law after the closing easier in the following days to make of ijtihad in the 3th century of Islamic ummah unity. history (Hasan, 1970; Munir, 2016). According to An-Na’im (1996), ijtihad literally is exerted-effort and technically

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 5 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2018 means independent juristic reasoning to to find the meaning, investigate the process, offer solutions when Al-Qur’an and Sunnah and earn the definition as it also describe a are not mentioning it clearly like depth understanding of individual, group, extremism, terrorism and Islamophobia or situation (Emzir, 2012). That is why in phenomenon which happen recently. To this reseach puts many understanding both overcome it, Bogor Message as ijma’ ulama individual and groups. exists as the product of jurists’ formulation Qualitative research requires the on sharing the common principles to refix utilization of study by collecting of ummah’s view on their relations between miscellaneous of empirical material-case nations and states meanwhile becomes a study, personal experience, introspective, step forward to build a solid Wasatiyyat life story, interview, observational, Islam thought along with national resilient historical, interactional, literatures that between Muslim countries. describe regular and problematic moment while having unique steps in data analysis RESEARCH METHODOLOGY and drawing on multi-designs (Denzin & On this research will be utilized Lincoln, 1994; Creswell, 2014). As this inductive-interpretative methods by reseach relies on personal experience, analyzing theory and observed observational, interactional and literatures, phenomenon within qualitative research it hoped able to explain the phenomenology framework. According to Bhattacherjee approach that has been becoming issue of (2012), interpretative methods apply an the paper. inductive approach that begins with data Creswell (2014) argues that and tries to build a theory about the phenomenology approach will be phenomenon of interest from the observed conducted by certain number of participant phenomenon or provided data. to include and understand their meanings of Meanwhile, the usage of literature a phenomenon. The study will be limited to study as a part of qualitative reseach the time when the Bogor Message was methodology becomes necessary to find an concluded in 2018 until recent 2019 by objective result. Denzin and Lincoln (1994) reflecting on the historical background to defines the qulitative research is focussed analyze the data. multimethod which involves in Subsequently, this paper will interpretative, naturalistic approach of the conduct data analysis of the text by using matter of subject, like the observed grounded theories to interpret collected data phenomenon. This kind of method is meant to build theories inductively about the

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 5 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2018 phenomenon itself (Bhattacherjee, 2012). first time as an irrevocable rule, though it Eventually, the result of this research was not regulated formally but already supposed to be objective as possible by becoming a tradition that sustaining until utilizing the proper procedure. now. At that time, one of the purpose of diplomacy itself was pursuing the goal by RESULT AND DISCUSSION inviting people to Islam or at least they have Ummah’s Common Ground & the Revival been informed well about the existence of s Diplomacy Islam from the primary resource’ﷺ of Prophet Muhammad (Yousefvand, 2012; Iqbal, 2000). Some international relations’ Prophet’s actions toward non- scholars like Paul Sharp (2009) stated that muslim society were using the principles the diplomacy which based on religion can that related to Wasatiyyat Islam by paying make an unpromising circumstance and respect to several kingdoms outside muslim labelled the action as crazy religion territory or muwatanah, in example sending diplomacy. Therefore, he seems recognized the letter of invitation to Islam and gifts to s’ﷺ the successful of Prophet Muhammad the kings of Egypt, Persia, Rome, Abyssinia diplomacy in term of greeting formula (Ethiopia), , Oman, Syria, and employment to deal with superpower Yemen (Yousefvand, 2012). But the action kingdoms at that time to preserve the order is not only for non-muslim, from the hadith and achieve the purposes, one of it is the also ﷺ reported by Anas bin Malik , Prophet invitation to embrace Islam. Muhammad behave in the middle and straight path even s diplomacy was having a purpose to’ﷺ toward fellow muslims (Razzaq, 2015). communicate peacefully a message about Other example is when the futuhatul the Truth (revelations) from Allah to other Makkah (conquest of Mecca) about to societies as he does not rely on muslim’s happen, though Qureysh broke the treaty army capability but only what Allah’s will preferred conquering without ﷺ Rasulullah (Sharp, 2009). war and give the amnesty for all as long as The usage of army is considered follow the instruction of safety from him when the declaration of war already stated (Yousefvand, 2012). These were meant to by the opponent, but often diplomacy give a good example or qudwah among comes first. Diplomacy culture in Islam is fellow muslims in spite of peace at stake far earlier than Westphalia Treaty on 1648, condition on how to behave in international Islamic civilization was establishing relations, keep the peace and invite people political immunity of ambassadors for the from anywhere to Islam.

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 5 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2018 In gaining power by diplomacy, of victory that have been passed through also initiates the peace generations until now. That is why, even in ﷺ Allah’s Apostle between Aws and Khazraj tribes through a the worst scenario, ummah needs to keep long way of negotiation and continuous their heads calm and conduct the effort (Iqbal, 2000). These 2 tribes are consultation for consolidation of power and prominent tribe which live in Madinah and no rush in deciding an important decision. they made The true nature of Islam is ﷺ due to the action of Prophet peace then contribute significantly for representing the authentic tolerance without establishment Islam in Jazeerah. This act ignoring the right and wrong, but can be considered as the effort of islah that sometimes need to be patience to apply it. need to re-establish in ummah so that peace Tolerance or so-called tasamuh in and unity can be arise. diplomacy ever happened when the last The unification in ummah was province in Jazeerah, Thaif was surrender at 9th Hijri. People of Thaif ﷺ destined even at the worst time like war. to Prophet The first war that become ummah’s were too naive that their surrender would be milestone is Battle of Badr. In that battle, granted many tasahul to let their old ,(applies the principle of shura by tradition sustaining like zina (fornication ﷺ Prophet discussing the strategy of war with the (interest) and khamr (alchohol will not agree ﷺ companions. One of the most influential beverage). Allah’s Apostle advice was coming from Al-Habab bin with that, but still be able to agree with the to occupy the term to postpone the destruction of ﷺ Munzir who told Prophet nearest well next to opponent’s basecamp paganism idols until 3 years meanwhile then destroy the rest, so enemy cannot drink people of Thaif must learn how to perform while his army can (“Kisah Perang Badar”, shalah and can delay the fulfilment of .agreed and until they are ready for 2 years ﷺ Subsequently, Prophet .(2013 ﷺ with him and instruct the army to do as it The result of this principle is Prophet advised. This also similarly happened when earning the loyalty of Thaif’s people as they the Battle of Khandaq or Ahzab (Ditch). transform to more religious than ever, ,asked for advice from Salman although they ever hurt him so bad (Iqbal ﷺ Prophet Al-Farisy and the forum of consultation 2000). s’ﷺ agreed to make a great ditch to protect The other example of Prophet Madinah from the Quresyh’s attack act that can be taken as principle of (“Perang Khandaq”, 2015). Those 2 wars diplomacy is i’tidal. In many stories of his by applying shura principle have the glory life, when the time of war occurs, Prophet

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 5 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2018 always command his army to not harm mobilize army to kill human and break the ﷺ women, children and elders or environment public’s property or vandalize the facility to and only conduct the battle to whom hold spread the terror. never act as ﷺ the weapons and declare war. Beside, under Prophet Muhammad his instruction ummah have to treat the narrow-minded and rigid diplomat, he hostages warmly and nicely whilst the prefers much to negotiate first and decide negotiation of their freedom on process the army deployment as the last resort (Dar (Iqbal, 2000). The instructions create & Sayeed, 2017). All these acts are choices treatment standard which contains those need to be encouraged in a constitued proportional behaviour and just agreement product like diplomacy principle responsibility as host who needs to show of a nation or as a common ground to whom the best attitude of them. By applying this may it concern with the development new principle, the interest of people in Islam is Islamic civilization in the modern world or rising significantly and proven by many democracy era. Bogor Message as the hostages embrace Islam while in detention. representation of Wasatiyyat Islam can be as the answer of it. Due to its functionality that ﷺ The attitude of Allah’s Apostle the supreme leader of muslim ummah and flexible, it can be useful not only for Madinah citizens (legitimated between counter-terrorism act, but also a value that many tribes on Madinah Charter) to people can be applied in implementing diplomacy, is very much balance and just, not extreme so it can moderate the way Islamic to one side but radically straight according countries act among fellow Muslimistan to Quranic teachings or tawassut. The and toward non-muslim societies. method and goal can be used as a principle Bogor Message is multi-track in the diplomacy which spread the peace in diplomacy product of High Level a behaved way to invite more people at least Consultation of World Muslim Scholars on to know more about Islam. The diplomacy Wasatiyyat Islam which initiated by Special which use Wasatiyyat Islam principles can Envoy of President of Republic of reduce the hostility and fear toward Islam Indonesia Din Syamsuddin and conducted and muslims and solve the disputes with in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia from 1-3 non-muslim society (Iqbal, 2000). This also May 2018 (Dwinanda, 2018). The important to fight the terrorism and participants of the meeting are prominent extremism through a peaceful way by Islamic figures in the world such as Grand ,did Al-Azhar Ahmad Ath-Thayyib ﷺ robusting ummah unity like Prophet and not to rage the unnecessary war or Advisor to the Secretary General of United

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 5 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2018 Nations Abdullah Al-Matouq, Assistant (Nubowo, 2018). The attendants which Secretary General of majority prominent Islamic figures are Abdul Rahman Al-Zaid, Secretary General hoped to agree and preach it to their of the World Assembly for Proximity of societies. Thus, it will have an influential Islamic Schools of Thought Ayatullah M. impact from a society to another society to Ali Tashkiri, Secretary General of Daar Al- build the resilience in the Muslim world. Ifta of Lebanon Sheikh Amin El-Kurdi, An Order to Resilience as the advantage of Chairman of the Council of North Wasatiyyat Islam againsts Islamophobia America Muzammil Al-Siddiqi, President At first, the term of resilience is of Australian Federation of Islamic came from adaptability of ecological Councils Rateb Jneid, President of Islamic systems subsequently absorbed to political Association of China Sheikh Hassan Yang vocabulary using its approach which Faming, Vice President of Comunit emphasizes complexity, functional Religiosa Islamica Yahya Sergio diversity, self-organization and non-linear Yahe Pallavicini and Imam of Leeds Mecca ways of behaving of certain societies to Mosque Qari Muhammad Asim and adapt with global environmental change’s Abdullah M bin Himeid. Even the impact including terrorist threats (Joseph, Ambassador of United Kingdom for 2013). In example, the complexity of Indonesia Moazzam Malik and Vice Islamophobia pressure might turns a President of Iran Masoumeh Ebtekar and in muslim to violent extremist or even terrorist total 70 ulama from 40 countries are backgrounded by the historical factor which engaged to the event (Permana, 2018), continues until modern days. That is why a therefore there is no separation between nation needs to functionalized the diversity Sunni or Shia in this agreement and this can inside the societies by accepting Wasatiyyat be one step forward towards ummah unity. Islam principle which began with The combination of state actors and non- individual level to reduce the dispute state actors in the meeting are an important potency. The acceptance of Wasatiyyat factor in presenting Bogor Message as Islam can moderate the face of Islam and diplomacy product. muslim society to be more hospitable. In the event of HLC-WMS, This effort also considered as an Indonesia as the host country is wanting to action to build the resilience in the muslim advance the foreign policy and diplomacy ummah. From Walker and Adger and by emphasizing the moderation of Islam others, building the resilience must start on through dissemination of Bogor Message

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 5 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2018 widening the adaptive capacity of an Revolution and Afghan War and then 9/11 individual, society or system to be able attacks by Al-Qaeda (Sasongko & Habibi, sustaining an acceptable level of function, 2019). After the tragedy, many countries in structure and identity (Walker, et al., 2006 the world declare the war against terrorism as it cited in Edwards, 2009). The mother of whilst the idea of Islam as a nuisance of terrorism and extremism which is West modernity comes up and would make Islamophobia is a test for muslim ummah the clash of civilization true. Kasjim argues on how to ‘bounce back’ and as a process that terrorism conducted by individual, of learning and adaptation to it, then organized group or even legitimated regime overcome it as well (Joseph, 2013). to create terror and deliver certain political Islamophobia is defined as a goal (as it cited in Ilyasin, Abzar & hostility against Islam and those described Kamaluddin, 2017). The political goal is as Muslims based on hatred or beyond it in willing to let people see Islam as a cause the contemporary society subsequently and terrible religion then revenging the creates discrimination and injustice that grudge as the impact of pressure toward similar to anti-Semitism and racism. It muslim ummah as it will not change the represented through wrong act and attitude spiral until something change the way they toward muslim or who perceived as look at Islam. muslim. That Islamophobia mostly occured In order to change it and build the in a territory where muslim figured resilience, governmentality that primarily as immigrant or a clear minority accommodate the multi-level and complex and marginal to the national narrative or governance (Joseph, 2013), through even vicarious and virtual Islamophobia diplomacy between government to where muslim presence is negligible government, government to people and (Sayyid, 2014). people to people or multi-track diplomacy Shamsi Ali (as it cited in Sasongko based on people’s notion – one of it & Habibi, 2019) stated that Islamophobia is Wasatiyyat Islam – need to be utilized. The not something new, neither since Donald ultimate purpose of Islamic diplomacy is to Trump elected as U.S.A President nor since create peace or islah among fellow muslims the shooting in New Zealand. But since first, so that nation will be resilient since its very long time ago Islam is perceived as society also resilient. The resilience that Middle Easterner’s religion which the wanted to reach fits with a social ontology violence and discrimination happen, yet that states certain society to turn from a justified by certain events like Iran concern with the bigger world to a concern

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 5 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2018 with their own subjectivity, adaptability, a common ground or code of conduct to reflexive understanding, risk assessment, manage the life in societies and country knowledge acquisition and more over their whilst invite non-muslims to know more responsible decision-making (Joseph, about Islam. In the context of a nation or 2013). certain society, though there is no single The means of the diplomacy itself definition of resilience that can be applied, are to communicate, bargain, influence the most important thing is how fast they each other, adjust the differences, avoid the withstand or bounce back from the shocks conflict escalation and achieve national or recover the state of normalcy like interests whilst preserve international order American people after the 9/11 or London whether using formal diplomacy or public people post 7/7 tragedy (Fjäder, 2014). diplomacy (Griffiths, O’Callaghan, & Related to religion extremism, Roach, 2008). Bogor Message can play an terrorism and Islamophobia are not only important role to strengthen ummah unity happened in outer ring of ummah but also so long the principles are applied in the inside like what was happened in Turkey daily activity by the society and soon it will and Indonesia before and some can feel it influence the nation itself. Furthermore, it still up until present time. The ulama whom can be influencing another states and engages and agrees with Wasatiyyat Islam another societies to decide some policy to can start to preach ummah using Bogor reduce the spread of Islamophobia. Message’s principles to implant the specific İbrahim Kalın (2019) argues many thought in society. When ummah in many countries in the world perceived muslim as countries come to common understanding threat and this could be a dangerous way to in how to behave inward and outward step on because if Islamophobia still occurs, society. The concern to tackle the those it will solve neither Asia’s nor Europe’s issues together will bring along allegiances problems. The solution must come from and solidarities subsequently unification both side, Westerners need to understand might happen in muslim ummah. Later it Islam more, in order to decrease the will influence the nation no matter what pressure towards muslim society. On the they believe and state no matter what the other side, muslim needs to present majority exist in. The urgent matters that themselves in a good manner to crush the need to solve immediately are wrong perception about Islam and the strengthening nation resilience and inviting society. By applying Bogor Message in the non-muslim societies to know more Islam daily life, inside muslim society will create that can embrace all the nations through a

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 5 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2018 peaceful way without using violence must be in a soft way and massively will approach like extremist and terrorists did. eradicate the phenomenon itself, Subsequently, the implementation of automatically build the national resilience Wasatiyyat Islam in individual level will to bounce back against it. influence the community meanwhile also reduce the hostility and fear toward Islam CONCLUSION and people who perceived as muslim. The Islamophobia, extremism and notion of Wasatiyyat Islam supposed to be terrorism which said based on religion that the common ground for every muslims in came from the hostility and fear can be behaving and might be the institued pressed through a good understanding from principle of a nation. people to people by people. The good The notion of nation needs to be manners and attitude are showed naturally did since the rise of ﷺ fulfilled by the state and the government as Allah’s Apostle makes policy according to the nation’s Islam thousand years ago. While utilizing notion and interest. The policy which based the Bogor Message as principle in on Islamic values will not harm the Islamic behaving, the purpose to invite people to rules (sharia) and muslim ummah will have Islam and make the muslim world resilient the freedom to perform the prayer without can be achieved. Bogor Message as the afraid of intervention from the state. State representation of Wasatiyyat Islam notion needs to accomodate this notion and help to is not only a diplomacy product but also moderate Islam in international level using sharia product because it is indeed ijma’ the diplomacy, if the country is having ulama that needs to apply in muslim ummah muslim as majority. If the country is having which spread around the world. muslim as minority, state needs to Muslim world has a common accomodate the understandings to its ground now in the term of Wasatiyyat Islam people about the true nature of Islam that existence that can be applied immediately moderate to anyone, it can reduce the and gradually build ummah’s resiliency. It conflict among nation. The example of takes some time and years and great effort policy is the building of Islamic Centre at of ulama to plant it in muslim ummah, but many cities in the world or opening mosque worth to try. If someday the moderation of to everyone, so that can be used to reduce Islam will be occured, the understandings the spread of terrorism, extremism and about Islam is raised and ummah unity can Islamophobia by educating people, both be performed, extremism, terrorism and muslim and non-muslim. Fighting those Islamophobia will be reduced automatically

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MEIS______Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 5 No. 2 Juli – Desember 2018 and it might turn to a brand new phenomenon that leads all creation to a perpetual peace.

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