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Ecology and Pest Status Ofmussidia Nigrivenella Ragonot (Lepidoptera

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Ecology and Pest Status Ofmussidia Nigrivenella Ragonot (Lepidoptera Ecology and pest status of Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a cob borer of maize in West Africa Dem Fachbereich Gartenbau der Universität Hannover zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Gartenbauwissenschaften -Dr. rer. hort.- eingereichte und genehmigte Dissertation von Mamoudou Sétamou, M.Sc. geboren am 04. Oktober 1965 in Benin angefertigt am Institut für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz im Dezember 1999 Referent: Prof. Dr. Hans-Michael Poehling Koreferent: Dr. Fritz Schulthess Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13. Dezember 1999 Abstract Ecology and pest status of Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a cob borer of maize in West Africa Mamoudou Sétamou Investigations on the ecology of and control options for the maize cob borer, Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), were conducted in the different agro- ecological zones of the Republic of Benin, West Africa. Country-wide surveys in maize fields and on-station experiments revealed that the borer is the most abundant and the most damaging pest of pre-harvest maize. The damage of M. nigrivenella also continues during the first two months of the storage period. A simple mathematical model, relating M. nigrivenella cob infestation levels at harvest and maize yield losses due to the borer was developed. Yield losses caused by M. nigrivenella in the field could be determined by calculating the percentage of cobs infested by the borer. Infestation of maize cobs by M. nigrivenella was also associated with Aspergillus flavus infection and subsequent aflatoxin production in maize grains. The incidence of the borer varied with the agro-ecological zones. The borer is particularly damaging in the Guinea Savannas of central and northern Benin. The evaluation of the host plant range revealed the polyphagous feeding behaviour of M. nigrivenella. Moreover, the high abundance of M. nigrivenella in the Guinea Savannas was most likely due to the overlapping fruiting periods of host plants in these zones. Life table studies of M. nigrivenella on natural host plant materials demonstrated the preference of the borer for jackbeans, Canavalia enseiformis (L.) DC. (Fabaceae). In order to avoid that this new cover crop in West Africa constitutes a potential source of infestation of M. nigrivenella for neighbouring maize fields, planting of jackbeans should be timed in such way that its fruiting period does not precede that of maize. Larvae of M. nigrivenella showed an aggregated distribution on fruits of most wild and cultivated host plant species, except for Gardenia spp. (Rubiaceae). Spatial distribution on a particular host plant species was highly correlated to the respective fruit sizes. Sample sizes and time expenditures needed to estimate M. nigrivenella populations at a precision level of 25% on the various host plants were determined. The flight activity of M. nigrivenella moths was affected both by weather factors and availability of fruits of major host plant species. Delaying the harvest of maize increased the incidence of the borer. Sun-drying of cobs at harvest for a week, however, reduced further damage in store. Investigations on the natural enemies revealed only few parasitoid species attacking M. nigrivenella and their presence was associated with the different wild host plant species. No natural enemies could be collected from maize and other crops. Parasitoids were found only on wild host plant species with the pupal parasitoid, Antrocephalus crassipes Masi (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) being the most abundant species. Levels of parasitism were rather low. In future, biological control of M. nigrivenella should therefore pursue the ‘novel-association’ or the re-distribution approach of natural enemies, since highly efficient parasitoids of M. nigrivenella were found e.g., in Cameroon. Key words: Mussidia nigrivenella, ecology, host plants Zusammenfassung Ökologie und Bedeutung des Maiskolbenbohrers Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Westafrica Mamoudou Sétamou Untersuchungen zur Ökologie und integrierten Bekämpfung des Maiskolbenbohrers Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) wurden in den unterschiedlichen agrar-ökologischen Zonen der Republik Benin (Westafrika) durchgeführt. Mittels landesweiter Prospektionen in Maisfeldern, sowie Feldversuchen auf der Station des International Institutes of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Abomey-Calavi, Benin konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß M. nigrivenella ein extrem häufiger und sehr bedeutender Schädling von Feldmais in Benin ist. Des weiteren verursacht M. nigrivenella zusätzliche Maisverluste während der ersten zwei Lagermonate. Ein einfaches mathematische Modell, daß den prozentualen Anteil der von M. nigrivenella befallenen Kolben zum Zeitpunkt der Ernte und die Maisverluste in Beziehung setzt, wurde entwickelt. So konnten durch M. nigrivenella verursachte Ertragsverluste einfach durch den Befall der Kolben durch den Schädling ermittelt werden. Ein initialer Feldbefall von Maiskolben durch M. nigrivenella war darüber hinaus mit einer nachfolgend erhöhten Infektion des Mais durch Aspergillus flavus im Lager korreliert, was zu einem stärkeren Kontamination des Lagergutes durch Aflatoxine führte. Das Auftreten von M. nigrivenella variierte in den unterschiedlichen agrar- ökologischen Zonen Benins. Besonders hohe Schäden wurden in den Guinea Savannen von Zentral- und Nordbenin verzeichnet. Untersuchungen zum Wirtspflanzenspektrum von M. nigrivenella unterstrichen die polyphage Natur des Schädlings. Die starke Präsenz von M. nigrivenella in den Guinea Savannen wurde höchstwahrscheinlich durch die überlappenden Perioden der Fruchtbildung bei mehreren natürlichen Wirtspflanzen hervorgerufen. In Lebenstafeluntersuchungen mit M. nigrivenella auf natürlichen Wirtspflanzen zeigten die Larven eine starke Präferenz für Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. (Fabaceae), einem unlängst nach Westafrika importierten Bodenbedecker. Um zu verhindern daß sich C. ensiformis-Felder zu einer möglichen Infestationsquelle von M. nigrivenella für benachbarte Maisfelder entwickeln, sollte der Aussaattermin des Bodenbedeckers so gewählt werden, daß die Fruchtbildung bei C. ensiformis vor der bei Mais einsetzt. In den meisten Früchten von wilden und kultivierten Wirtspflanzen von M. nigrivenella, außer bei Gardenia spp. (Rubiaceae), traten die Raupen in aggregierter Form auf. Die Verteilung und das Auftreten der M. nigrivenella Larven war eng mit der Fruchtgröße der unterschiedlichen Wirtspflanzen korreliert. Stichprobenumfänge und der zeitliche Aufwand um die Dichte von M. nigrivenella Populationen auf den unterschiedlichen Wirtspflanzen mit einem Präzisionsniveau von 25% abschätzen zu können wurden entwickelt. Die Flugaktivität der adulten Falter von M. nigrivenella wurde sowohl von meteorologischen Faktoren als auch von der Präsenz von Früchten wichtiger natürlicher Wirtspflanzen bestimmt. Ein späte Maisernte erhöhte den Befall durch den Schädling, wohingegen eine zusätzliche Trocknung der Kolben in der Sonne vor der Einlagerung die Nachernteverluste im Lager deutlich reduzierte. In Untersuchungen zum Spektrum der natürlichen Feinden von M. nigrivenella konnten nur wenige Parasitoidenarten identifiziert werden, deren Auftreten des weiteren mit dem von einzelnen natürlichen Wirtspflanzen des Schädlings verbunden waren. Im Maisökosystem sowie in anderen landwirtschaftlichen Kulturen konnten keine natürliche Feinden entdeckt werden. Mehrere Parasitoidenarten wurden hingegen in Assoziation mit wilden Wirtspflanzen von M. nigrivenella identifiziert, wobei der Puppenparasitoid Antrocephalus crassipes Masi (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) sich als die häufigste und bedeutendste Parasitoidenart erwies. Nichtsdestotrotz wurden nur geringe Parasitierungsraten ermittelt. In Zukunft sollten sich demnach Aktivitäten im Bereich der biologischen Bekämpfung von M. nigrivenella maßgeblich auf den ‘neue Assoziationen-’ bzw. ‘Redistributionsansatz’ konzentrieren, da sehr effiziente Parasitoidenarten von M. nigrivenella beispielsweise unlängst in Kamerun entdeckt wurden. Schlagworte: Mussidia nigrivenella, Ökologie, Wirtspflanze i Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 2 MONITORING AND MODELING OF FIELD INFESTATION AND DAMAGE BY M. NIGRIVENELLA ....................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 6 2.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................................... 7 2.4 RESULTS.......................................................................................................................... 11 2.5 DISCUSSION...................................................................................................................... 20 3 EFFECT OF M. NIGRIVENELLA DAMAGE ON ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS AND AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION IN MAIZE....................................................................................................... 22 3.1 ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................ 22 3.2 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................
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