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The Journal of the Palo Alto Institute
PAI is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit Vol. 5 creativity laboratory, The Journal of the dedicated to the pursuit February 2012 and promotion of unconventional truths ISSN: 1948–7843 through research, Palo Alto Institute education and entertainment. E-ISSN: 1948–7851 Future of Human Evolution 1 Status Update 13 Food Allergy, Asthma, Anaphylaxis, and Autonomic Dysfunction 17 10x 22 Therapeutics as the Next Frontier in the Evolution of Darwinian Medicine 24 Future of Human Evolution Palo Alto Institute Joon Yun February 2012, Vol. 5 DOI: 10.3907 / FHEJ5P Programmed Death Is senescence (biologic death) a programmed trait? Perhaps no topic in evolutionary biology evokes more controversy. Senescence was once assumed to be the result of so-called "wear and tear"; namely, an organism ages and eventually fails as it accumulates defects that are insufficiently corrected. However, the existence of senescence is not a thermodynamic necessity. Although entropy must increase within a closed system, organisms are not closed systems unto themselves. Since it can extract free energy from the environment and reduce its own entropy, an organism typically grows more resilient from seed stage to reproductive maturity. Indeed, life tables for humans suggest that the lowest likelihood of death in females occurs around the age of 14, which coincides with the prehistoric age of reproductive maturity. Organisms appear to be capable of self-repair when beneficial; indeed, certain organisms such as Hydra do not exhibit signs of senescence. However, most organisms undergo a failure of repair mechanisms, an increase in entropy, and an emergence of senescence after reproductive age—despite having free energy available around them. -
Aging by Design
Aging by Design How New Thinking on Aging Will Change Your Life Theodore C. Goldsmith Copyright © 2011 Azinet Press ISBN: 978-0-9788709-3-5 ISBN-10: 0-9788709-3-X Amazon Kindle Edition ASIN: B005KCO8SS Azinet Press Box 239 Crownsville, MD 21032 1-410-923-4745 Keywords: senescence, anti-aging medicine, ageing, evolution, gerontology This book contains some material previously published in An Introduction to Biological Aging Theory Pictures and illustrations courtesy of Wikipedia unless otherwise noted. 22,500 words, 49 pages (8.5 x 11 inch format), 7 illus. August 22, 2011 2 Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................... 4 Ages of Man – Human Mortality........................................................................................ 5 A Brief Summary of Aging Theories.................................................................................. 6 The Evolution of Aging ...................................................................................................... 7 Medawar’s Modification to Darwin’s Theory .................................................................. 11 Williams’ Modification to Darwin’s Theory .................................................................... 12 Evolution Theory’s Individual Benefit Clause ................................................................. 14 More Discrepancies with Traditional Darwinism – Group Selection............................... 15 More Discrepancies – Evolvability -
An Age Dependent Mechanism of Mammals Self Destruction
Ukrainica Bioorganica Acta 1—2 (2004) 3—12 www.bioorganica.org.ua Do mammals die young!? An agedependent mechanism of mammals selfdestruction O. G. Boyko MultiВranched Centre of Science & Technology «Agrobiotech» 50 Kharkivski highway, Kyiv, 02160, Ukraine Abstract. It is hypothesized the first multicellular organisms arisen on the Earth have inherited neither cell aging nor programmed cell death mechanisms from singlecellular ancestors possessing practically unlimited longevity. Both aging and aginginduced death are later evolutionary acquisitions. They are typical only for some phyla, and the majority of nowadays species of multicellular organisms are potentially immortal. Cell aging mechanisms in multicellular organisms can be somewhat involved in agedependent mechanisms of self destruction, but they cannot determine themselves the organism’s aging and longevity. An agerelated mecha nism of mammal selfdestruction appears in the evolutionary lineage from mammallike reptiles Synapsida to mammals in addition to existing systemic and cellular mechanisms of aging. Such agerelated mechanism direct ing the selfdestruction of mammal’s organism is a result of some evolutionary events leading to the «postmitot ic brain» development in mammals. In this minireview, recent results relevant to this hypothesis are surveyed and some approaches to intervening in the proposed process are discussed. Keywords: aging, hypothesis, mammals, birds, exogenous organospecific RNAs, postmitotic brain. Introduction. The ultimate aim of gerontology lachev’s version, potential immortality has alrea researches is to make human aging optional. dy considered not as a luxury, but as a fatal dan Therefore, the initial purpose of this work was ger for population, contrary to initial Weismann’s to consider the most important facts and ideas and conception. -
ER Galimov1, JN Lohr1, and D. Gems1,A
MINI-REVIEW When and How Can Death Be an Adaptation? E. R. Galimov1, J. N. Lohr1, and D. Gems1,a* 1Institute of Healthy Ageing, Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK ae-mail: [email protected] * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Abstract—The concept of phenoptosis (or programmed organismal death) is problematic with respect to most species (including humans) since it implies that dying of old age is an adaptation, which contradicts the established evolutionary theory. But can dying ever be a strategy to promote fitness? Given recent developments in our understanding of the evolution of altruism, particularly kin and multilevel selection theories, it is timely to revisit the possible existence of adaptive death. Here, we discuss how programmed death could be an adaptive trait under certain conditions found in organisms capable of clonal colonial existence, such as the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and, perhaps, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The concept of phenoptosis is only tenable if consistent with the evolutionary theory; this accepted, phenoptosis may only occur under special conditions that do not apply to most animal groups (including mammals). DOI: 10.1134/S000629791912001? Keywords: adaptive death, aging, altruism, C. elegans, evolution, inclusive fitness PROGRAMMED AGING AND PHENOPTOSIS Is aging programmed? Asking this question risks falling afoul of the old warning: ask a stupid question and you’ll get a stupid answer [1, 2]. This is because the term programmed aging has multiple meanings, which can lead the questioner into logical confusion [3]. But it is possible to disambiguate this term and to avoid conceptual pratfalls, as follows. -
Coefficient of Variation of Lifespan Across the Tree of Life: Is It a Signature of Programmed Aging?
ISSN 0006-2979, Biochemistry (Moscow), 2017, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 1480-1492. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2017. Original Russian Text © G. A. Shilovsky, T. S. Putyatina, V. V. Ashapkin, O. S. Luchkina, A. V. Markov, 2017, published in Biokhimiya, 2017, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 1842-1857. Coefficient of Variation of Lifespan Across the Tree of Life: Is It a Signature of Programmed Aging? G. A. Shilovsky1,2*, T. S. Putyatina2, V. V. Ashapkin1, O. S. Luchkina3, and A. V. Markov2 1Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia 3Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia Received August 9, 2017 Revision received September 15, 2017 Abstract—Measurements of variation are of great importance for studying the stability of pathological phenomena and processes. For the biology of aging, it is very important not only to determine average mortality, but also to study its stabil- ity in time and the size of fluctuations that are indicated by the variation coefficient of lifespan (CVLS). It is believed that a ∼ relatively small ( 20%) value of CVLS in humans, comparable to the coefficients of variation of other events programmed in ontogenesis (for example, menarche and menopause), indicates a relatively rigid determinism (N. S. Gavrilova et al. (2012) Biochemistry (Moscow), 77, 754-760). To assess the prevalence of this phenomenon, we studied the magnitude of CVLS, as well as the coefficients of skewness and kurtosis in diverse representatives of the animal kingdom using data provided by the Institute for Demographic Research (O. -
The-Future-Of-Immortality-Remaking-Life
The Future of Immortality Princeton Studies in Culture and Technology Tom Boellstorff and Bill Maurer, Series Editors This series presents innovative work that extends classic ethnographic methods and questions into areas of pressing interest in technology and economics. It explores the varied ways new technologies combine with older technologies and cultural understandings to shape novel forms of subjectivity, embodiment, knowledge, place, and community. By doing so, the series demonstrates the relevance of anthropological inquiry to emerging forms of digital culture in the broadest sense. Sounding the Limits of Life: Essays in the Anthropology of Biology and Beyond by Stefan Helmreich with contributions from Sophia Roosth and Michele Friedner Digital Keywords: A Vocabulary of Information Society and Culture edited by Benjamin Peters Democracy’s Infrastructure: Techno- Politics and Protest after Apartheid by Antina von Schnitzler Everyday Sectarianism in Urban Lebanon: Infrastructures, Public Services, and Power by Joanne Randa Nucho Disruptive Fixation: School Reform and the Pitfalls of Techno- Idealism by Christo Sims Biomedical Odysseys: Fetal Cell Experiments from Cyberspace to China by Priscilla Song Watch Me Play: Twitch and the Rise of Game Live Streaming by T. L. Taylor Chasing Innovation: Making Entrepreneurial Citizens in Modern India by Lilly Irani The Future of Immortality: Remaking Life and Death in Contemporary Russia by Anya Bernstein The Future of Immortality Remaking Life and Death in Contemporary Russia Anya Bernstein -
Oxidative Stress in Obesity: a Critical Component in Human Diseases
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 378-400; doi:10.3390/ijms16010378 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Review Oxidative Stress in Obesity: A Critical Component in Human Diseases Lucia Marseglia 1,*, Sara Manti 2, Gabriella D’Angelo 1, Antonio Nicotera 3, Eleonora Parisi 3, Gabriella Di Rosa 3, Eloisa Gitto 1 and Teresa Arrigo 2 1 Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; E-Mails: [email protected] (G.D.); [email protected] (E.G.) 2 Unit of Paediatric Genetics and Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; E-Mails: [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (T.A.) 3 Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.N.); [email protected] (E.P.); [email protected] (G.D.R.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-090-221-3100; Fax: +39-090-692-308. Academic Editor: Anthony Lemarié Received: 3 November 2014 / Accepted: 15 December 2014 / Published: 26 December 2014 Abstract: Obesity, a social problem worldwide, is characterized by an increase in body weight that results in excessive fat accumulation. Obesity is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and leads to several diseases, including metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular, fatty liver diseases, and cancer. Growing evidence allows us to understand the critical role of adipose tissue in controlling the physic-pathological mechanisms of obesity and related comorbidities. -
Simulation of the Evolution of Aging: Effects of Aggression and Kin-Recognition
Simulation of the evolution of aging: effects of aggression and kin-recognition Svetlana Krivenko1, Mikhail Burtsev2 1 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technologies, Institutsky per., 9, Dolgoprudny, RU-141700, Russia 2 Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, 4 Miusskaya sq., Moscow, RU-125047, Russia 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected] Abstract. Current biological theory has no commonly accepted view on the phenomenon of aging. On the one hand it is considered as an inescapable degradation immanent to complex biological systems and on the other hand as outcome of evolution. At the moment, there are three major complementary theories of evolutionary origin of senescence – the programmed death theory, the mutation accumulation theory, and the antagonistic pleiotropy theory. The later two are rather extensively studied theoretically and computationally then the former one is paid less attention. Here we present computer multi-agent model of aging evolution compatible with theories of programmed death and mutation accumulation. In our study we test how presence of aggression and kin-recognition affects evolution of age dependent suicide which is an analog of programmed death in the model. Keywords. Aging, senescence, evolution, simulation, model, artificial life, Weismann, programmed death, mutation accumulation, cooperation. Introduction One of the fundamental problems of biology is the problem of phenomenon of aging [1,2]. There are two alternative approaches to the explanation of senescence. The first assumes that the aging is an immanent feature of all living matter. For example, the disposable soma theory [3,4,5] considers senescence as decline in somatic maintenance and repair. The second approach to the problem of aging is constituted by the evolutionary theories. -
Biological Aging Theories
Theories of Biological Aging And Implications for Public Health Theodore. C. Goldsmith Azinet 9/2009 Revised 10/2019 Theories of Biological Aging and Implications for Public Health Theodore C. Goldsmith [email protected] Copyright © 2019 Azinet Press September 2009 revised October 2019 doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.2832.4242 The current version of this presentation is kept at http://www.azinet.com/aging/Theories_Summary.pdf Keywords: aging theories, senescence, gerontology, evolution, anti-aging medicine, biology Azinet LLC, Box 239, Crownsville MD 21032 Azinet 2 Aging Theory Overview • Why do we age? This question has baffled scientists for millennia. There is still substantial scientific disagreement regarding even the basic nature of aging. • There are three main classes of theories: – Legacy theories (wear and tear and fundamental limitation theories) – Evolutionary Non-Programmed Aging (non-adaptive aging) – Evolutionary Programmed Aging (adaptive aging) • Aging theories are important: Most people in developed countries die of highly age-related diseases such as cancer and heart disease. – Understanding age-related diseases requires understanding aging. – Is anti-aging medicine (that generally delays aging) feasible or impossible? – Is anti-aging research foolish and wasteful or potentially vital to the future of medicine? • Modern aging theories and theories regarding the mechanics of the evolution process are critically interrelated. Azinet 3 Aging Overview • Biological aging (senescence) refers to gradual internally caused deterioration and death seen in multiparous organisms such as mammals. Symptoms of aging include many different age-related diseases and conditions that display incidence that drastically increases with age. – Diseases include cancer, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, cataracts, Alzheimer’s disease. -
Current Aging Science 2014.Pdf
Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] 54 Current Aging Science, 2014, 7, 54-59 An Evolutionary and Genomic Approach to Challenges and Opportunities for Eliminating Aging Michael R. Rose*, Grant A. Rutledge, Kevin H. Phung, Mark A. Phillips, Lee F. Greer and Laurence D. Mueller Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA Abstract: While solutions to major scientific and medical problems are never perfect or complete, it is still reasonable to delineate cases where both have been essentially solved. For example, Darwin’s theory of natural selection provides a successful solution to the problem of biological adaptation, while the germ theory of infection solved the scientific prob- lem of contagious disease. Likewise in the context of medicine, we have effectively solved the problem of contagious dis- ease, reducing it to a minor cause of death and disability for almost everyone in countries with advanced medicine and adequate resources. Evolutionary biologists claim to have solved the scientific problem of aging: we explain it theoreti- cally using Hamilton’s forces of natural selection; in experimental evolution we readily manipulate the onset, rate, and eventual cessation of aging by manipulating these forces. In this article, we turn to the technological challenge of solving the medical problem of aging. While we feel that the broad outlines of such a solution are clear enough starting from the evolutionary solution to the scientific problem of aging, we do not claim that we can give a complete or exhaustive plan for medically solving the problem of aging. But we are confident that biology and medicine will effectively solve the problem of aging within the next 50 years, providing Hamiltonian lifestyle changes, tissue repair, and genomic techno- logical opportunities are fully exploited in public health practices, in medical practice, and in medical research, respec- tively. -
Programmed Aging of Mammals: Proof of Concept and Prospects of Biochemical Approaches for Anti-Aging Therapy
ISSN 0006-2979, Biochemistry (Moscow), 2017, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 1403-1422. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2017. Original Russian Text © M. V. Skulachev, V. P. Skulachev, 2017, published in Biokhimiya, 2017, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 1747-1770. REVIEW Programmed Aging of Mammals: Proof of Concept and Prospects of Biochemical Approaches for Anti-aging Therapy M. V. Skulachev* and V. P. Skulachev Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; E-mail: [email protected] Received September 4, 2017 Abstract—(i) In 2015-2017 we compared possible reasons for longevity of two mammalian highly social species, i.e. naked mole rats and humans. We proposed that in both cases longevity is a result of neoteny, prolongation of youth by decelera- tion of late ontogeny (Skulachev, V. P. (2015) Abst. 11th Conf. on Mitochondrial Physiology (MiP2015), Lucni Bouda, Czech Republic, pp. 64-66; Skulachev, V. P., Holtze, S., Vyssokikh, M. Y., Bakeeva, L. E., Skulachev, M. V., Markov, A. V., Hildebrandt, T. B., and Sadovnichii, V. A. (2017) Physiol. Rev., 97, 699-720). Both naked mole rats and humans strongly decreased the pressure of natural selection, although in two different manners. Naked mole rats preferred an “aristocratic” pathway when reproduction (and, hence, involvement in evolution) is monopolized by the queen and her several husbands. Huge number of subordinates who have no right to take part in reproduction and hence in evolution serves the small queen’s family. Humans used an alternative, “democratic” pathway, namely technical progress facilitating adaptation to the chang- ing environmental conditions. This pathway is open to all humankind. -
Phenoptosis” and How to Fight It?
ISSN 0006-2979, Biochemistry (Moscow), 2012, Vol. 77, No. 7, pp. 689-706. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2012. Original Russian Text © V. P. Skulachev, 2012, published in Biokhimiya, 2012, Vol. 77, No. 7, pp. 827-846. REVIEW What Is “Phenoptosis” and How to Fight It? V. P. Skulachev Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, 119991 Moscow, Russia; E-mail: [email protected] Received May 11, 2012 Abstract—Phenoptosis is the death of an organism programmed by its genome. Numerous examples of phenoptosis are described in prokaryotes, unicellular eukaryotes, and all kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotes (animals, plants, and fungi). There are very demonstrative cases of acute phenoptosis when actuation of a specific biochemical or behavioral program results in immediate death. Rapid (taking days) senescence of semelparous plants is described as phenoptosis controlled by already known genes and mediated by toxic phytohormones like abscisic acid. In soya, the death signal is transmitted from beans to leaves via xylem, inducing leaf fall and death of the plant. Mutations in two genes of Arabidopsis thaliana, required for the flowering and subsequent formation of seeds, prevent senescence, strongly prolonging the lifespan of this small semelparous grass that becomes a big bush with woody stem, and initiate substitution of vegetative for sexual reproduction. The death of pacific salmon immediately after spawning is surely programmed. In this case, numerous typical traits of aging, including amyloid plaques in the brain, appear on the time scale of days. There are some indications that slow aging of high- er animals and humans is also programmed, being the final step of ontogenesis.