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Author's Personal Copy
Author's personal copy Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 35 (2011) 1042–1051 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neubiorev Review Human threat management systems: Self•protection and disease avoidance Steven L. Neuberg a,∗, Douglas T. Kenrick a, Mark Schaller b a Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287•1104, United States b Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 article info abstract Article history: Humans likely evolved precautionary systems designed to minimize the threats to reproductive fitness Received 8 March 2010 posed by highly interdependent ultrasociality. A review of research on the self•protection and disease Received in revised form 18 August 2010 avoidance systems reveals that each system is functionally distinct and domain•specific: each is attuned Accepted 18 August 2010 to different cues; engages different emotions, inferences, and behavioral inclinations; and is rooted in somewhat different neurobiological substrates. These systems share important features, however. Each Keywords: system is functionally coherent, in that perceptual, affective, cognitive, and behavioral processes work Self•protection in concert to reduce fitness costs of potential threats. Each system is biased in a risk•averse manner, Disease avoidance Threat management erring toward precautionary responses even when available cues only heuristically imply threat. And Precautionary psychology each system is functionally flexible, being highly sensitive to specific ecological and dispositional cues Evolutionary psychology that signal greater vulnerability to the relevant threat. These features characterize a general template Domain specificity useful for understanding not only the self•protection and disease avoidance systems, but also a broader Fear set of evolved, domain•specific precautionary systems. -
Raising-Darwins-Consciousness.Pdf
RAISING DARWIN'S CONSCIOUSNESS Female Sexuality and the Prehominid Origins of Patriarchy Sarah Blaffer Hrdy University of California, Davis Sociobiologists and feminists agree that men in patriarchal social systems seek to control females, but sociobiologists go further, using Darwin's theory of sexual selection and Trivers's ideas on parental investment to explain why males should attempt to control female sexuality. From this perspective, the stage for the development under some conditions of patriarchal social systems was set over the course of primate evolution. Sexual selection encompasses both competition between males and female choice. But in applying this theory to our "lower origins" (pre- hominid ancestors), Darwin assumed that choices were made by essen- tially "coy" females. I argue here that female solicitation of multiple males (either simultaneously or sequentially, depending on the breeding system) characterized prehominid females; this prehominid legacy of cy- clical sexual assertiveness, itself possibly a female counter-strategy to male efforts to control the timing of female reproduction, generated fur- ther male counter-strategies. This dialectic had important implications for emerging hominid mating systems, human evolution, and the devel- opment of patriarchal arrangements in some human societies. For homi- nid males who will invest in offspring, there would be powerful selection for emotions, behaviors, and customs that ensure them certainty of pater- nity. The sexual modesty that so struck Darwin can be explained as a recent evolved or learned (perhaps both) adaptation in women to avoid penalties imposed by patrilines on daughters and mates who failed to conform to the patriline's prevailing norms for their sex. -
The Journal of the Palo Alto Institute
PAI is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit Vol. 5 creativity laboratory, The Journal of the dedicated to the pursuit February 2012 and promotion of unconventional truths ISSN: 1948–7843 through research, Palo Alto Institute education and entertainment. E-ISSN: 1948–7851 Future of Human Evolution 1 Status Update 13 Food Allergy, Asthma, Anaphylaxis, and Autonomic Dysfunction 17 10x 22 Therapeutics as the Next Frontier in the Evolution of Darwinian Medicine 24 Future of Human Evolution Palo Alto Institute Joon Yun February 2012, Vol. 5 DOI: 10.3907 / FHEJ5P Programmed Death Is senescence (biologic death) a programmed trait? Perhaps no topic in evolutionary biology evokes more controversy. Senescence was once assumed to be the result of so-called "wear and tear"; namely, an organism ages and eventually fails as it accumulates defects that are insufficiently corrected. However, the existence of senescence is not a thermodynamic necessity. Although entropy must increase within a closed system, organisms are not closed systems unto themselves. Since it can extract free energy from the environment and reduce its own entropy, an organism typically grows more resilient from seed stage to reproductive maturity. Indeed, life tables for humans suggest that the lowest likelihood of death in females occurs around the age of 14, which coincides with the prehistoric age of reproductive maturity. Organisms appear to be capable of self-repair when beneficial; indeed, certain organisms such as Hydra do not exhibit signs of senescence. However, most organisms undergo a failure of repair mechanisms, an increase in entropy, and an emergence of senescence after reproductive age—despite having free energy available around them. -
Perceived Social Rank, Social Expectation, Shame and General Emotionality Within Psychopathy
Perceived social rank, social expectation, shame and general emotionality within psychopathy Sarah Keen D. Clin.Psy. Thesis (Volume 1), 2008 University College London UMI Number: U591545 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U591545 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Overview Within the psychological literature, the self-conscious emotion of shame is proving to be an area of growing interest. This thesis addresses the application of this emotion, as well as self and social evaluative processes, to our understanding of offenders, specifically those high in psychopathic traits. Part 1 reviews the literature concerning emotionality within psychopathy, in order to assess the capabilities, as well as the deficits that people with psychopathic traits demonstrate. Emotions classified as ‘moral’ or ‘self-conscious’, namely empathy, sympathy, guilt, remorse, shame, embarrassment and pride, are investigated. From the review it is clear that psychopaths are not the truly unemotional individuals that they are commonly portrayed as being, but instead experience many emotions to varying degrees. This paper concludes by highlighting possible areas for further exploration and research. -
Contact Information
REBECCA NEEL Department of Psychology Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287-1104 602-965-3326 EMPLOYMENT Beginning August, 2013 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Iowa EDUCATION Ph.D., Psychology (May, 2013). Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. Thesis: “Expert in the language of fear”: Stigmatized targets’ perception of others’ emotion-specific prejudice M.A., Psychology (2010). Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. Thesis: When does seeing through your eyes help me? Emotions functionally encourage and inhibit perspective taking B.A., English Literature (2002). Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota. Cum Laude AWARDS AND HONORS 2013 SPSP Graduate Student Travel Award 2012 SPSSI Grant-in-Aid for Dissertation Research 2012 The Robert B. Cialdini Dissertation Project Prize in Social Psychology, ASU 2012 The Darwyn and Marie Linder Fellowship in Experimental Social Psychology, ASU 2012 ASU Graduate and Professional Student Association Grant for Independent Research 2011 Summer Institute in Social Psychology, Princeton, NJ; SPSP program funded by NSF 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 ASU Graduate and Professional Student Association Grant for Conference Travel 2008 ASU Graduate and Professional Student Association Grant for Independent Research 2007 Departmental Research Excellence Award, ASU Psychology Department Neel CV RESEARCH Publications White, A.E., Kenrick, D.T., Neel, R., & Neuberg, S.L. (in press). From the bedroom to the budget deficit: Mate competition changes men’s attitudes toward economic redistribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Sadalla, E., Berlin, A., Neel, R., & Ledlow, S. (in press). Priorities in residential water use: A trade-off analysis. Environment and Behavior. Neel, R., Neufeld, S.L., & Neuberg, S.L. (2013). Would an obese person whistle Vivaldi? Targets of prejudice self-present to minimize appearance of specific threats. -
Aging by Design
Aging by Design How New Thinking on Aging Will Change Your Life Theodore C. Goldsmith Copyright © 2011 Azinet Press ISBN: 978-0-9788709-3-5 ISBN-10: 0-9788709-3-X Amazon Kindle Edition ASIN: B005KCO8SS Azinet Press Box 239 Crownsville, MD 21032 1-410-923-4745 Keywords: senescence, anti-aging medicine, ageing, evolution, gerontology This book contains some material previously published in An Introduction to Biological Aging Theory Pictures and illustrations courtesy of Wikipedia unless otherwise noted. 22,500 words, 49 pages (8.5 x 11 inch format), 7 illus. August 22, 2011 2 Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................... 4 Ages of Man – Human Mortality........................................................................................ 5 A Brief Summary of Aging Theories.................................................................................. 6 The Evolution of Aging ...................................................................................................... 7 Medawar’s Modification to Darwin’s Theory .................................................................. 11 Williams’ Modification to Darwin’s Theory .................................................................... 12 Evolution Theory’s Individual Benefit Clause ................................................................. 14 More Discrepancies with Traditional Darwinism – Group Selection............................... 15 More Discrepancies – Evolvability -
Working with the Hard to Reach
Downloaded by [New York University] at 03:50 14 August 2016 Innovations in Psychosocial Interventions for Psychosis Despite the steady acceptance of psychological interventions for people with psychosis in routine practice, many patients continue to experience problems in their recovery. The need to develop new approaches, particularly for those who are more difficult to engage and have significant co-morbidities is therefore important. Innovations in Psychosocial Interventions for Psychosis positions psychological formulation as a key organising principle for the delivery of care within multidisciplinary teams. The interventions described all have the common theme of supporting recovery and achieving goals that are of primary importance to the service user which targets interventions on broader obstacles to recovery. Along with their experienced contributors, Alan Meaden and Andrew Fox introduce new developments in psychological interventions for people affected by psychosis who are hard to reach, working in a variety of settings with people at various stages of recovery. The book is divided into three parts. In Part I brief interventions and approaches aimed at promoting engagement are described as interventions in their own right. Part II is focussed on longer term interventions with individuals. Some of these highlight new developments in the evidence base whilst others draw on work applied less frequently to psychosis drawing from the broader psychological therapy practice-based evidence field. In Part III attention is given to innovations in group settings and those aimed at promoting greater multidisciplinary working in settings where a whole team approach is needed. Each chapter describes the theory underpinning a different approach, its development, key strategies, principles and stages, and contains case examples that illustrate the use of the approach in a clinical setting. -
C. R. Marshall
Doctorate in Clinical Psychology Thesis: Coping with Hearing Voices: A Repertory Grid Study C. R. Marshall 2011 1 Acknowledgements I would like to thank first of all, all of the people who gave me their time to participate. Without these generous people I would not have had a project. I would also like to thank Mark and Marty for putting up with me at home and keeping me going. Special thanks also go to my mum for always being there to proof read, and the rest of my family for keeping me smiling. Also, my principal and field supervisors, David and Tim, as well as Mike McDonnell and Patsy Fuller for helping me recruit. Lastly, Cohort 8 for keeping me motivated throughout all of the ups and the downs. 2 Index Chapter 1: Abstract p.11 Chapter 2: Introduction p.12 2.1 The position of the researcher and inspiration for the study p.12 2.2 The aetiology of hearing voices p.13 2.2.1 A historical perspective 2.2.2 Definitions of hearing voices 2.2.3 Risk factors to psychosis and hearing voices 2.3 The prevalence of hearing voices p. 15 2.3.1 Recent estimates of prevalence 2.4 Cultural and spiritual factors p.17 2.5 Recent advances in thinking p.18 2.5.1 Hearing voices and the media 2.5.2 The hearing voices movement 2.5.3 Hearing voices and psychological distress 2.6 Models of Hearing Voices p.20 2.6.1 The disease model 2.6.2 DSM-IV definition of schizophrenia and Schneider's (1957) first rank symptoms (FRS) 2.6.3 Neuropsychological models of auditory hallucinations 2.6.4 A Developmental account 2.6.5 Psychological models of auditory hallucinations -
Committees and Welcomes
Committees and Welcomes SPSP Execut ive and Com m it t ees Welcome to the Fourth Annual SPSP President Jim BlascovichMeeting! Past President Claude SteeleDear SPSP Colleagues, President Elect Hazel Markus It is my great pleasure to welcome you to the annual meetings Executive Officer Harry Reis of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology. Co-Secretary Treasurers Leslie Zebrowitz Sharon Brehm This is our fourth annual meeting – a remarkably brief history Members-at-Large David Dunning for a convention that is now so firmly established. Our confer- David Funder ences in Nashville, San Antonio, and Savannah each drew crowds that were greatly in excess of expectations. In so doing, Judith Harakiewicz they rapidly established SPSP as the major national or interna- APA Council Representatives Monica Biernat tional scientific meeting for personality and social psycholo- June Tangney gists. Publication Committee John Dovidio Gifford Weary We now look forward to building on this string of success in Universal City/Los Angeles, site of our 2003 meeting. This Joanne Wood year, we once again have an exceptionally strong and diverse Convention Committee Dan Cervone chair set of scientific presentations. Our program is expanded even Lynne Cooper beyond last year’s offerings, thanks in part to funding from the Rick Hoyle Decade of Behavior initiative, which is supporting a plenary Training Committee Lisa Aspinwall address by the renowned biologist and author Jared Diamond. Kim Bartholomew We also have expanded on the lighter side of things; on Satur- Allen Omoto day night, we will end our meetings with a social event featur- PSPB Editor Fred Rhodewalt ing DJ’d music at 8 pm followed by a live performance by the PSPR Editor Eliot Smith LA rock band Lustra. -
An Age Dependent Mechanism of Mammals Self Destruction
Ukrainica Bioorganica Acta 1—2 (2004) 3—12 www.bioorganica.org.ua Do mammals die young!? An agedependent mechanism of mammals selfdestruction O. G. Boyko MultiВranched Centre of Science & Technology «Agrobiotech» 50 Kharkivski highway, Kyiv, 02160, Ukraine Abstract. It is hypothesized the first multicellular organisms arisen on the Earth have inherited neither cell aging nor programmed cell death mechanisms from singlecellular ancestors possessing practically unlimited longevity. Both aging and aginginduced death are later evolutionary acquisitions. They are typical only for some phyla, and the majority of nowadays species of multicellular organisms are potentially immortal. Cell aging mechanisms in multicellular organisms can be somewhat involved in agedependent mechanisms of self destruction, but they cannot determine themselves the organism’s aging and longevity. An agerelated mecha nism of mammal selfdestruction appears in the evolutionary lineage from mammallike reptiles Synapsida to mammals in addition to existing systemic and cellular mechanisms of aging. Such agerelated mechanism direct ing the selfdestruction of mammal’s organism is a result of some evolutionary events leading to the «postmitot ic brain» development in mammals. In this minireview, recent results relevant to this hypothesis are surveyed and some approaches to intervening in the proposed process are discussed. Keywords: aging, hypothesis, mammals, birds, exogenous organospecific RNAs, postmitotic brain. Introduction. The ultimate aim of gerontology lachev’s version, potential immortality has alrea researches is to make human aging optional. dy considered not as a luxury, but as a fatal dan Therefore, the initial purpose of this work was ger for population, contrary to initial Weismann’s to consider the most important facts and ideas and conception. -
Original Article
Depression in Men and Women: Relative Rank, Interpersonal Dependency, and Risk- Taking *Gayle Brewer and Nicola Olive The Social Rank Theory of depression (Price, Sloman, Gardner, Gilbert & Rohde, 1994) conceptualizes depression as a response to recognition that defeat will occur. This response reduces the risk of injury or death and further loss of valued resources, thus serving an important adaptive function. In the current study, men (N = 63) and women (N = 154) aged 18-35 completed an online questionnaire assessing depression, anxiety, social comparison, interpersonal dependency, and risk taking. Consistent with Social Rank Theory, depression levels were associated with a self-reported fall in social rank and a desire for a rise in rank. Furthermore, interpersonal dependency predicted depression for both men and women after controlling for anxiety and relative rank change and depression levels predicted a reduced willingness to engage in risky behavior. Keywords: depression, social rank, interpersonal dependency; risk taking Introduction In several species, individuals compete for resources and social rank (Moosa & Ud-Dean, 2011). Ritualistic agonistic encounters often determine the winners and losers of these competitions and form the basis for relationships in the wider social hierarchy (Kaufmann, 1983). Accurate assessment of current social position (Fournier, 2009), assisted through social comparisons with others (Buunk, & Brenninkmeijer, 2000), allows individuals to predict the threat posed by potential competitors and the likelihood of success or defeat. Whilst the importance of the physical ability to retain resources (Resource Holding Potential, Parker, 1974) may have decreased during evolutionary history, prestige and the attributes valued by society (Social Attention Holding Potential, Gilbert, 1992) continue to provide access to valued resources (Gilbert, 1997). -
The Theoretical Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology
3GC01 06/09/2015 12:40:42 Page 3 Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (2015). The theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology. In Buss, D. M. (Ed.), The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, Second edition. Volume 1: Foundations. (pp. 3-87). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. CHAPTER 1 The Theoretical Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology JOHN TOOBY and LEDA COSMIDES THE EMERGENCE OF EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY: WHAT IS AT STAKE? HE THEORY OF evolution by natural selection has revolutionary implications for understanding the design of the human mind and brain, as Darwin himself was Tthe first to recognize (Darwin, 1859). Indeed, a principled understanding of the network of causation that built the functional architecture of the human species offers the possibility of transforming the study of humanity into a natural science capable of precision and rapid progress. Yet, more than a century and a half after The Origin of Species was published, many of the psychological, social, and behavioral sciences continue to be grounded on assumptions that evolutionarily informed researchers know to be false; the rest have only in the past few decades set to work on the radical reformulations of their disciplines necessary to make them consistent with findings in the evolutionary sciences, information theory, computer science, physics, the neuro- sciences, molecular and cellular biology, genetics, behavioral ecology, hunter-gatherer studies, biological anthropology, primatology, and so on (Pinker, 1997, 2002; Tooby & Cosmides, 1992). Evolutionary psychology is the long-forestalled scientific attempt to assemble out of the disjointed, fragmentary, and mutually contradictory human disciplines a single, logically integrated research framework for the psychological, social, and behavioral sciences—a framework that not only incorporates the evolu- tionary sciences and information theory on a full and equal basis, but that systemati- cally works out all the revisions in existing belief and research practice that such a synthesis requires (Tooby & Cosmides, 1992).