Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia ii
WEED CONTROL HANDBOOK CONTENTS FOR DECLARED PLANTS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Acknowledgements NRM Biosecurity INDEX TO RECOMMENDED HERBICIDES s 4HE FOLLOWING .2- /FlCERS 0ETER -ICHELMORE *OEL 0HONE FOR DECLARED PLANTS OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA ______01 (ORN 3ANDY #UMMINS +YM (AEBICH 0AUL 'ILLEN &AX 2USSELL .ORMAN !NTON +URRAY 4ONY 2ICHMAN %MAIL NRMBIOSECURITY SAGOVAU -ICHAEL 7ILLIAMS !LAN 2OBINS 2ORY 7IADROWSKI 7EB WWWPIRSAGOVAUBIOSECURITYSANRM?BIOSECURITY ABOUT THIS BOOK ______03 )GGY (ONAN 4ONY :WAR 'REG 0ATRICK 'RANT 2OBERTS ¥ 3OUTH !USTRALIAN 'OVERNMENT +EVIN 4EAGUE AND 0HIL %LSON 2EQUESTS AND ENQUIRIES CONCERNING REPRODUCTION AND THE PLANTS INCLUDED IN THIS BOOK ______04 s 4HE FOLLOWING 2URAL 3OLUTIONS 3! #ONSULTANTS RIGHTS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO !DRIAN (ARVEY AND *OHN 0ITT "IOSECURITY 3! HERBICIDE USE ______06 s 7EED 3OCIETY OF 1UEENSLAND )NC FOR THEIR '0/ "OX PUBLICATION 7EEDS OF 3OUTHERN 1UEENSLAND !DELAIDE 3! WEED CONTROL METHODS ______12 s 4HE .37 $EPARTMENT OF 0RIMARY )NDUSTRIES FOR THEIR )3". PRINT PUBLICATION .OXIOUS AND ENVIRONMENTAL WEED CONTROL )3". PDF Non-herbicide control methods ______13 HANDBOOK n A GUIDE TO WEED CONTROL IN NON CROP Disclaimer AQUATIC AND BUSHLAND SITUATION Herbicide control methods ______15 5SE OF THE INFORMATION IN THIS HANDBOOK IS AT YOUR OWN RISK 0RIMARY s 4HE %NVIRONMENT 0ROTECTION !UTHORITY FOR THEIR )NDUSTRIES 2EGIONS 3OUTH !USTRALIA "IOSECURITY 3! AND THEIR PESTICIDE USE GUIDES EMPLOYEES DO NOT WARRANT OR MAKE ANY REPRESENTATION REGARDING RECOMMENDED HERBICIDES THE USE OR RESULTS OF THE USE OF THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN FOR DECLARED PLANTS OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA ______17 Compiled by AS REGARDS TO ITS CORRECTNESS ACCURACY RELIABILITY CURRENCY OR "EN 3HEPHERD OTHERWISE 4HE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE RESULTS FROM THE IMPLEMENTATION "IOSECURITY #ONSULTANT OF THE INFORMATION WHICH HAS BEEN GIVEN TO YOU IS ASSUMED BY YOU REFERENCES ______97 !LL LIABILITY OR RESPONSIBILITY TO ANY PERSON USING THE INFORMATION IS 2URAL 3OLUTIONS 3! EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED BY 0)23! "IOSECURITY 3! AND THEIR EMPLOYEES 5SERS OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL PRODUCTS MUST ALWAYS READ THE USEFUL WEBSITES ______97 REGISTERED LABEL AND ANY RELEVANT !06-! PERMIT BEFORE USING A PRODUCT AND COMPLY FULLY WITH THE LABEL DIRECTIONS OR THE CONDITIONS OF THE PERMIT IMAGE CREDITS ______98 African boxthorn (Lycium ferocissimum) WoNS ______18 Cape tulip (one and two leafed) (Moraea flaccida and Moraea miniata) ______43 INDEX TO African feathergrass (Pennisetum macrourum) ______19 Cat’s claw creeper (Dolichandra unguis-cati) WoNS ______44 RECOMMENDED African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula) ______20 Chilean needlegrass (Nassella neesiana) WoNS ______45 HERBICIDES FOR African rue (Peganum harmala) ______22 Common lantana (Lantana camara) WoNS ______46 DECLARED PLANTS OF Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) ______22 Coolatai grass (Hyparrhenia hirta) ______47 SOUTH AUSTRALIA Alkali sida (Malvella leprosa) ______23 Creeping knapweed (Rhaponticum repens) ______48 Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) AW ______23 Cutleaf mignonette (Reseda lutea) ______49 Athel pine (Tamarix aphylla) WoNS ______24 Dodder (Cuscuta spp.) AW ______50 Azarola (Crataegus sinaica) ______25 Dog rose (Rosa canina) ______51 Bathurst burr (Xanthium spinosum) ______26 English/Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) WoNS ______52 Bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia) WoNS ______27 Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spictum) AW ______53 Bifora (Bifora testiculata) ______28 False caper (Euphorbia terracina) ______53 Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus sp. agg) WoNS ______28 Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) ______54 Bladder campion (Silene vulgaris) ______30 Field garlic (Allium vineale) ______55 Boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera) WoNS ______31 Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis) WoNS ______55 Bridal creeper (Asparagus asparagoides) WoNS ______32 Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus) WoNS ______56 Bridal veil (Asparagus declinatus) WoNS ______33 Gorse (Ulex europaeus) WoNS ______56 Broad-kernel espartillo (Amelichloa caudata) AW______34 Hoary cress (Cardaria draba) ______57 Broomrapes (Orobanche spp. – O.ramosa, Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) ______59 O. cerbua var cernua, O. aegyptiaca, O. minor) AW ______35 Horsetail (Equisetum spp.) AW ______60 Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) ______36 Innocent weed (Cenchrus incertus and C. longispinus) ______61 Bulbil watsonia (Watsonia meriana var. bulbillifera) ______37 Khaki weed (Alternanthera pungens) ______62 Cacti (Prickly pear/ Wheel cactus and other Opuntia spp. Lagarosiphon (Lagarosiphon major) AW ______62 – except O. ficus-indica) WoNS ______38 Leafy elodea (Egeria densa) AW ______63 Calomba daisy (Oncosiphon suffruticosum) ______39 Lincoln weed (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) ______63 Caltrop (Tribulus terrestris) ______40 Madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia) WoNS ______64 WoNS – Weed of National Significance Cane needlegrass (Nassella hyalina) AW ______41 May or hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) ______65 AW – Alert Weed Cape broom (Genista monspessulana) ______42 Mesquite (Prosopis spp.) WoNS AW ______65
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Mexican feathergrass (Nassella tenuissima) AW ______66 Skeleton weed (Chondrilla juncea) ______83 Muskweed (Myagrum perfoliatum) ______67 Slender thistle (Carduus tenuiflorus) ______84 Noogoora burr complex (Xanthium strumarium sp. agg.) ______67 Soldier thistle (Picnomon acarna) ______84 Nutgrass or sedge nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus) ______70 Soursob (Oxalis pes-caprae) ______85 Olive (Olea europaea) – excluding cultivated trees ______70 Spear thistle (Cirsium vulgare) ______86 Parkinsonia (Parkinsonia aculeata) WoNS AW ______71 Sweet briar (Rosa rubiginosa) ______87 Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) AW ______72 Texas needlegrass (Nassella leucotricha) ______88 Perennial ragweed (Ambrosia spp.) ______72 Three corner jack (Emex australis) ______89 Perennial thistle (Cirsium arvense) ______73 Three cornered garlic (Allium triquetrum) ______89 Pheasant’s eye (Adonis microcarpa) ______74 Three-horned bedstraw (Galium tricornutum) ______90 Pink pampas grass (Cortaderia jubata) ______74 Toetoe (Cortaderia richardii) AW ______90 Plumerillo (Jarava plumosa) AW ______75 Variegated thistle (Silybum marianum) ______91 Poison buttercup (Ranunculus sceleratus) ______76 Water caltrop (Trapa natans) AW ______92 Primrose willow (Ludwigia peruviana) AW ______77 Water dropwort (Oenanthe pimpinelloides) ______93 Sagittaria (arrowhead) (Sagittaria graminea) WoNS ______78 Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) WoNS AW ______93 Salvation Jane (Echium plantagineum) ______78 Water soldier (Stratiotes aloides) AW ______94 Salvinia (Salvinia spp.) WoNS AW ______80 Wild artichoke (Cynara cardunculus) ______94 Senegal tea plant (Gymnocoronis spilanthoides) AW ______80 Willows (Salix spp.) WoNS ______95 Serrated tussock (Nassella trichotoma) AW ______81 Yellow burrweed (Amsinckia spp.) ______96 Silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) WoNS ______82 This book provides information on ABOUT THIS BOOK how to control South Australia’s declared plants. The first section of the book provides information regarding declared plants, weed control methods and the important legal, environmental and OHW&S considerations when using herbicides for weed control. The second section is a table of recommended herbicide options, rates and application methods for South Australia’s declared plants. These recommendations were compiled with assistance from people with experience in controlling South Australia’s declared plants including Natural Resource Management Officers, bush regenerators and agronomists. All herbicide recommendations listed in the table are registered or permitted Various resources were also drawn upon including fact sheets, for use by the Agricultural Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority interstate weed control guides and herbicide labels and permits. (APVMA). Users should refer to the label or permit for specific details about the situation within which the herbicide can be used. In the recommendation The recommendation table lists plants in alphabetical order by their common table registered uses are labelled ‘registered’ and permit numbers (e.g. PER name. Herbicide active ingredients(s) are then listed in alphabetical order 1234) are provided for permitted uses. for each plant along with the recommended application rate, method and timing; the herbicides mode of action and general comments regarding the IMPORTANT: The herbicide recommendations provided in this book should recommendation. Note that one example product name has been included be considered a guide only and users of agricultural chemical products must for each herbicide, there are often several products for the same herbicide always READ THE LABEL before using a product and strictly comply with the and users should shop around for the best product with the correct active directions on the label and/or conditions of any permit. ingredient(s).
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Declared plants THE PLANTS INCLUDED Declared plants are plants that are regulated under the Natural Resources Land owners, including the Crown, are responsible for the control of declared IN THIS BOOK Management Act 2004 due to their weed threat to South Australia’s weeds on their own land. The NRM Boards are responsible for co-ordinating primary industries, natural environments and public safety. The Minister for weed control in each region; they are also responsible for controlling Sustainability, Environment and Natural Resources may declare a weed when declared weeds on road reserves, and may recover the costs of this work some of the powers of the Act are needed to implement the regional NRM from the owners of adjoining land. Local Councils are responsible for all Boards’ strategic plans to manage the weed. Plant species are declared other weed control work on road reserves. under various provisions of the Act relating to: The responsibilities of land owners and others also include preventing s Movement – The declared plant must not be moved on a public road the inadvertent movement of declared plants on livestock, soil, vehicles, (e.g. as a cutting, seed or potted specimen). Inadvertent movement of machinery or produce. the plant on animals, soil, vehicles, machinery or produce may also be prohibited.
s Sale – The declared plant must not be sold at any outlet including nurseries, pet shops and market stalls. Sale of any animal, soil, vehicle, machinery or produce contaminated with the plant may also be prohibited.
s Notification – The presence and locations of the declared plant must be reported to the local NRM Board by the owner of the land.
s Control – Landowners are required to take action to destroy or control certain declared plant species present on their property. NRM Boards are also responsible for controlling these declared plants on road reserves, and may have the power to recover costs of control from the adjoining landowners. Some or all of these provisions apply to each declared plant depending on the region where the plant occurs. Weeds of National Significance (WoNS) Importance of Early Intervention Included in South Australian declared plant list are relevant Weeds of All weed management has costs, and these are paid by the community. National Significant (WoNS). WoNS have been identified as national threats Weed management benefits the community in terms of production and asset due to their invasiveness, economic and environmental impacts. These protection. weeds are denoted as ‘WoNS’ in the recommendation table. Prevention of entry is the most cost-effective form of weed control; Alert Weeds eradication of a new introduction is also good value. Containment may have Alert weeds are also included in South Australia’s declared plant list. Alert worthwhile returns on investment when a weed with high impacts is still Weeds are high threat species that, should they enter the state, have the absent from vulnerable lands. potential to invade and cause significant economic and environmental After this stage, decisions on control effort are made by land managers impacts. All people should be on the lookout and report Alert Weeds to their according to value of the asset and the impact of the weed. local NRM Authority. Alert weeds may also be WoNS weeds. These weeds are denoted with ‘AW’ in the recommendation table.
Asset based protection
Containment
Eradication
Area occupied Based on information from Prevention Invasive Plants and Animals Policy Framework, Department of Primary Industries Victoria, Weed Small number Rapid increase in Weed widespread and abundant Time www.dpi.vic.gov.au/ absent of localised distribution and throughout its potential range
weed populations abundance, many agriculture/pests-diseases- Entry of populations and-weeds/protecting- 1:100 1:25 1:5-10 1:1-5 victoria-pest-animals-weeds/ Prevention Eradication Containment Asset based protection invasive-plants-animal-policy Economic returns
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Herbicide registration HERBICIDE USE Agricultural chemical products must be registered by the Australian Pesticide s You may use a pesticide to treat a pest not mentioned on the label as and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) in accordance with the long as the crop is specified and you follow all other label conditions. Agricultural and Veterinary Code Act 1994 (AGVET code) and the Agricultural If there are no instructions for the use of the product on a crop in & Veterinary Chemicals Administration Act 1994. In South Australia the main s South Australia, then the product may be used on that crop if it is listed legislation controlling the use of agricultural and commercial pesticides is for another state. The product must not be used at a higher rate or the Agricultural and Veterinary Products (Control of Use) Act 2002 (AGVET frequency than listed for the crop in the other state, and must not be Control of Use Act) and the Agricultural and Veterinary Products (Control of used if the label specifies that it is not for use in South Australia. Use) Regulations 2004 (AGVET Control of Use Regulations). This legislation is administered and enforced by PIRSA. Herbicide toxicity Many herbicides are hazardous chemicals toxic to humans and other Registered products have labels that provide instructions on safety, use and living things and their inappropriate use can cause harm. Where possible disposal as well as identifying the active constituents and other ingredients choose herbicides with a low toxicity to humans and animals. The degree of of the product. Labels also outline the pests, crops and situations where the toxicity of a herbicide is outlined on the label as a poison schedule. Poison herbicide may be applied. In certain situations the APVMA may issue a minor scheduling is the national system used to classify substances based on their use permit for use of a herbicide in a situation not specified on the label. potential health risks. Permits need to be applied for and will have specific conditions and expiry dates that must be adhered to. When using herbicides personal protection equipment (PPE) must always be worn to avoid contact with and absorption into the body. The Following label or permit instructions ensures that herbicides are used degree of PPE required may depend on the application method and the effectively and do not have a negative impact on the environment, health, herbicide’s toxicity; however, users should always wear: safety and trade. It is an offense to use unregistered pesticides unless you have a permit. To search for registered and permitted products visit the s PVC or nitrile gloves, APVMA on line database at: services.apvma.gov.au/PubcrisWebClient/ eye protection, welcome.do s a respirator (with a filter appropriate to the level of toxicity), and The use of herbicides in a manner that varies from the label instructions is s called off-label use. In South Australia limited off-label use is allowed for s clothes, a hat and boots that cover the whole body. activities deemed low risk. In these situations: For higher risk herbicides more PPE and additional precautions may apply, s You may use a pesticide at less than the label rate of application. including wearing a full face respirator and chemical resistant overalls. s You may use a pesticide less frequently than advised on the label. HERBICIDE POISON SCHEDULING
SIGNAL HEADING SCHEDULE DEGREE OF HAZARD
No signal heading required; Low toxicity Unscheduled ‘Keep out of the reach of children’ only Not considered poisons however they may be capable of causing minor adverse effects to human beings in normal use. Slight degree of hazard ‘Caution’ Schedule 5 Have a low toxicity or a low concentration and pose a low to moderate hazard. They are capable of causing only minor adverse effects to human beings in normal use and require caution in handling, storage or use. Moderate degree of hazard ‘Poison’ Schedule 6 Have a moderate to high toxicity which may cause death or severe injury if they are ingested, inhaled or come in contact with the skin or eyes.
High degree of hazard ‘Dangerous Poison’ Schedule 7 Have a high to extremely high toxicity which can cause death or severe injury at low exposures. They require special precautions in their manufacture, handling or use and are too hazardous for domestic use or use by untrained persons. By law, Schedule 7 chemicals must not be sold to or be used by persons who have not completed appropriate training (e.g. ChemCert or equivalent) and shall not be used in domestic settings.
Herbicide spray drift Spray drift of fine spray droplets away from the target area can cause off- Spray drift can result in chemical trespass, the term used to describe the target damage to plants, aquatic environments and humans. All herbicides trespass of chemicals to off-target properties, crops or the environment that are capable of drift; however the extent and damage caused by the drift will causes: depend on the amount of drift, type of herbicide used and the susceptibility s Actual or potential contamination of land, animals or plants outside the of the non-target plants and animals. target area. All users have a moral and legal responsibility to prevent herbicides (and s Actual or potential harm to human health and safety (within or outside other pesticides) from drifting and contaminating or damaging neighboring the target area). properties and off-target species. s Actual or potential environmental harm (within or outside the target area). Chemical trespasses are reported to Biosecurity SA who will trigger an investigation and appropriate response to the incident. Penalties can apply.
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How to avoid spray drift and chemical trespass Where possible choose herbicides that are selective to the weed, are the least toxic to humans, animals and the environment, and pose the least threat to surrounding off target plants. Prior to spraying: During spraying: s Check for nearby sensitive areas such as houses, schools, riparian s Carefully monitor weather conditions and the drift hazard (waterway) areas and susceptible crops/ pastures, s Do not spray when temperatures exceed 28°C s Notify neighbours of planned herbicide treatments, s Do not spray under still or very windy conditions s Check the anticipated weather conditions and do not spray s Suitable wind speeds for spraying are 7-10km/h (a light breeze) if windy, still, humid or hot conditions are forecast during spray activities, and s Do not spray after 11am in summer to avoid midday turbulence and s Read and follow the label drift reduction recommendations. s Do not spray during low relative humidity conditions, s Maintain a downwind buffer from neighboring properties/paddocks, s Do not spray upwind of sensitive areas, s Spray when temperatures are less than 25°C, s Minimise spray release height (as low to the ground as possible), s Always use the least volatile formulation of herbicide, and s Use nozzles and spray settings that produce a minimum proportion of small, drift-prone droplets (e.g. lower pressure, large droplets and higher spray volume). For more information on chemical trespass and spray drift management go to the Rural Chemicals section on the PIRSA website www.pir.sa.gov.au. Herbicide use near waterways Important points to remember when applying herbicides near Many herbicides are toxic to aquatic ecosystems. Plants, invertebrates, aquatic areas amphibians and fish may be harmed when herbicides contaminate a body s Use only herbicides registered for use near waterways and always read of water. Inappropriate use of herbicides may also cause significant risks to and follow the label directions carefully, human health where water is pumped from a bore for domestic use, or flows s Where possible use methods that avoid the need to spray herbicides e.g. to a reservoir. Herbicides can enter water bodies either directly through spray cut stump and stem injection, or spray drift, or they can move into water bodies via surface water run-off or leaching and sub-surface draining. s Never spray herbicides over a water body! When planning to undertake weed control within or adjacent to a water body, s When you are working near the edge of a water body, direct the spray the use of herbicides should be avoided where practical - can the use of away from the water body where possible, biological control, mowing, slashing or hand removal be employed instead of s Spray only to the extent of covering foliage with droplets, herbicides? s Spray when weather is calm; strong winds may carry herbicide drift into If herbicides must be used near waterways choose products registered for water bodies. use in aquatic areas, for example some glyphosate products. Always read the label carefully. s Use a flat fan nozzle and a low pump/spray pressure to reduce the likelihood of spray drift, and Herbicides more appropriate for use near waterways will have the following characteristics: s Do not spray when rainfall is forecast within six hours as herbicide can be washed off the pest plant and run off into aquatic ecosystems. s low eco-toxicity, s nil or low volatility at all temperatures to reduce spray drift potential, For more information about control of weeds near waterways refer to Safe and Effective Herbicide Use: A handbook for near-water application produced s low water solubility to reduce potential for leaching to groundwater, by the Environment Protection Authority. s high soil absorption co-efficient to reduce potential for leaching into www.epa.sa.gov.au/xstd_files/Water/Other/pesticide_water.pdf groundwater, s a short half-life. Because of the sensitivity of aquatic environments, it is recommended that only trained, licensed contractors carry out spraying operations near water bodies. However, if you feel you can select the appropriate chemical, apply it according to best practice and avoid environmental or personal harm, then the following points are critical. Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 09 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 10
Herbicide mode of action and herbicide resistance Herbicide resistance is the inherent ability of weeds to survive a herbicide Herbicides act by interfering with specific processes in plants; this is known that would normally control them. Herbicide resistant plants are present as the herbicides mode of action. Different herbicides may have the same in weed populations at low frequencies. These resistant individuals do not mode of action and herbicides with the same mode of action are grouped become apparent until a herbicide with the same mode of action is used from A to Z – see table below for examples. The herbicide group is clearly repeatedly and the resistant weeds are allowed to survive, set seed and shown on each product label. multiply while susceptible plants are killed.
HERBICIDE GROUPS AND MODE OF ACTION If herbicide resistance develops, other herbicides (with a different mode of action) or other control methods (non-chemical) will need to be used. Once HERBICIDE GROUP LABEL – HERBICIDE herbicide resistance occurs it will persist for many years. MODE OF ACTION To minimise the chance of herbicide resistance it is important to use a range M Uncoupling (Membrane disruption) glyphosate of weed control methods and alternate between different herbicide groups. triclopyr; picloram, dicamba; MCPA; I Inhibition of DHP (dihydropteroate) For further information, please see the WeedSmart website synthase 2,4-D; clopyralid, fluroxypr and others chlorsulfuron; flumetsulam; imazapyr; www.weedsmart.org.au. B Inhibition of acetolactate synthase ALS imazethapyr; metsulfuron-methyl; triasulfuron (acetohydroxyacid synthase AHAS) and others Herbicide compatibility bromoxynil; hexazinone; tebuthiuron Using more than one herbicide in a herbicide mix can be an effective method C Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem and others of controlling hard to kill weeds or kill a broader range of weeds; however not
A Inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase fluazifop-p; cyhalofop butyl and others all herbicides are compatible. When using more than one herbicide in a mix, (ACCase) users must ensure they are compatible. Compatible herbicides will be listed L Inhibition of cell wall (cellulose) synthesis diquat; paraquat on the product label. Z Unknown MSMA Herbicide adjuvants An adjuvant is any additive added to a herbicide that is intended to improve its effectiveness. There are many adjuvants available that help herbicides to adhere to and penetrate the weed (see table below) however the most commonly used ones are surfactants (also known as wetters), penetrants and dyes. Only ever use adjuvants that are compatible with the herbicide chosen; these will be listed on the herbicide label.
Adjuvants which enhance product efficiency Adjuvants which improve ease of application Surfactants/Wetters/Spreaders n ENHANCE ADHESION TO AND SPREADING OF Acidifying/buffering agents n AGENTS ADJUST THE P( OF ALKALINE OR ACIDIC SPRAY DROPLETS ON TARGET SURFACES BY REDUCING THE SURFACE TENSION OF THE WATER AND MINIMISE DECOMPOSITION OF THE PESTICIDE THROUGH ALKALINE PESTICIDE FORMULATION AND IMPROVING COVERAGE SUCH AS HYDROLYSIS s .ON IONIC SURFACTANTS n NON REACTIVE IE THEY DO NOT HAVE A NEGATIVE Anti-foaming/de-foaming agents n REDUCE OR SUPPRESS THE FORMATION OF CHARGE OR A POSITIVE CHARGE THEY REMAIN ON THE LEAF ONCE DRY AND ALLOW FOAM IN THE SPRAY TANK PREVENTING FOAM OVERmOW REWETTING AFTER RAIN PERMITTING ADDITIONAL PESTICIDE UPTAKE Compatibility agents n PERMIT THE MIXING OF DIFFERENT AGROCHEMICALS BY s !NIONIC SURFACTANTS n NEGATIVE CHARGE PREVENTING ANTAGONISM BETWEEN DIFFERENT INGREDIENTS IN THE SPRAY SOLUTION s #ATIONIC SURFACTANTS n POSITIVE CHARGE Drift control agents n ALTER THE VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THE SPRAY SOLUTION s !MPHOTERIC SURFACTANTS YIELDING A COARSER SPRAY WITH GREATER MEAN DROPLET SIZES Dyes s /RGANO SILICATE SURFACTANTS n COMMONLY USED FOR SPOT OR BOOM SPRAYING HERBICIDES TO DETECT MISSED SPOTS OR AVOID SPRAYING A PLANT OR AREA TWICE s !CIDIlED SURFACTANTS Water conditioners n PREVENT REACTION BETWEEN HARD WATER IONS IN SPRAY Stickers n INCREASE ADHESION OF PESTICIDES TO TARGET SURFACES SOLUTIONS AND SUPPRESS FORMATION OF PRECIPITATES OR SALTS Penetrants n IMPROVE THE TRANSFER OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS FROM THE TARGET SURFACE TO INTERIOR TISSUES Extenders n ENHANCE THE AMOUNT OF TIME THE ACTIVE INGREDIENT REMAINS TOXIC BY INCREASING RESISTANCE TO ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION Humectants n INCREASE THE DENSITYDRYING TIME OF AN AQUEOUS SPRAY DEPOSIT
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There are a number of methods available to treat weeds and choosing the WEED CONTROL most suitable option will depend on: TIPS FOR SUCCESSFUL WEED CONTROL METHODS s The aim of the control, Prevention is cheap s The scale of the problem, s %NSURE VEHICLES MACHINERY LIVESTOCK AND PRODUCE DO NOT CARRY WEED SEEDS s The resources available, s 2EPORT SALES OF DECLARED PLANTS TO "IOSECURITY 3! s Time constraints, and s 0AY PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO ALERT WEEDS n MOST HAVE YET TO BECOME ESTABLISHED IN 3! s The situation and location of the weeds. Find weeds early Herbicides alone should not be relied upon for weed control; instead, an s 'ET TO KNOW PLANTS IN YOUR AREAON YOUR PROPERTY AND QUICKLY IDENTIFY integrated Weed Management (IWM) approach should be taken. Integrated AND DEAL WITH NEW THREATS Weed Management (IWM) combines appropriate weed control options including physical removal, chemical control, biological control and cultural Watch your spread control to achieve effective long term control. s 4AKE MEASURES TO CONTAIN WEED INFESTATIONS AND PREVENT FURTHER WEED DISPERSAL Plan your controls s /BTAIN INFORMATION ABOUT MANAGING YOUR TARGET WEED s -AP INFESTATIONS s 4REAT WEEDS WHEN THEY ARE YOUNG s 5SE THE RECOMMENDED CONTROL METHOD -INIMISE DAMAGE TO NON TARGET PLANTS %STABLISH AND PROMOTE COMPETING VEGETATION Undertake follow up control s #ONTINUE FOLLOW UP TREATMENTS OVER SEVERAL YEARS 3OME PLANTS MAY HAVE BEEN MISSED SOME MAY NOT HAVE DIED AND NEW SEEDLINGS MAY EMERGE Minimising weed spread NON-HERBICIDE CONTROL METHODS One of the commonest ways in which weeds are spread is via vehicles and Hand pulling mobile machines that have travelled through an infested area. Hand pulling is an option where there are a small number of plants with tap roots that are not too deep. It is suitable for seedlings, herbaceous The easiest way to prevent weed spread is to thoroughly clean vehicles and weeds and some grasses. When hand pulling, ensure the majority of the machinery before leaving a site. The most effective cleaning options include: tap root has been removed and take measures to minimise soil disturbance. s Air blast hard-to-reach spots such as cavities and joints while the vehicle If the plant has the ability to vegetatively reshoot from fragments or has and any contaminants are still dry. mature seeds attached, carefully pull, bag, remove and destroy the plants appropriately, taking care not to spill seeds along the way. s Wash the vehicle down using a low or high pressure cleaner, or a spray tank and pump. A commercial car wash will also remove the majority of Grubbing and/or digging out weed seeds. Clean the vehicle from the top down. Spray the tyres and This method involves digging weeds out using a mattock, spade or hoe and move the vehicle forward to ensure the whole tyre is clean. is suitable when there are a small number of plants. Grubbing and digging out can be useful for weeds that have their growing points at ground level or s Vacuum inside the cab to remove contaminants. below the surface of the ground such as weeds with corms, bulbs, rhizomes, s Use a brush or scraping implement to remove contaminants such as clumped or fibrous root systems and grasses. This method involves removing burrs and clods of mud from tynes or tyres. all the above and underground parts of the plant (including bulbs, corms, etc) to prevent any part of the plant from regrowing. Often a great deal of Also consider soil disturbance can result from this method and follow-up monitoring for s Using detergents to assist the removal of grease, dirt and mud, which new germinations or regrowth is required. For some plants the above or may contain weed seeds. underground parts of the plants (bulbs, corms etc) will need to be carefully removed from the site and disposed of appropriately. s Clean the undercarriage, springs and axles of trailers. Mechanical control methods For boats, check the floor and sides, propellers, anchor wells, cooling s Mechanical control refers to the removal or manipulation of weeds using system inlet, bilges and bait wells. power tools or machinery and is usually used for large, dense infestations. s Clean footwear and remove weeds seeds from socks and other clothing. Commonly employed methods include: s Use the same site for cleaning and monitor it regularly for weeds. s Using a slasher or mower to reduce weed growth and restrict flowering at critical times of the plant’s lifecycle. Contaminated material must be disposed of in a way that ensures all weeds and seeds removed cannot spread or grow. s Using a tractor to blade plough woody weeds out of the ground and destroy their root system.
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s In a cultivated paddock, using a tractor and disc plough to sever roots On grazing land, managing grazing pressure to avoiding patches of bare and/or bury weeds. ground are key preventative strategies for weed management. Weeds will s Using a mulcher to turn woody weeds into a thick mulch layer which is typically invade overgrazed, high traffic areas where the ground is bare. spread back over the area to suppress regrowth and new germinations. Maintaining sustainable grazing pressures and moving stock regularly can ensure that weeds are less likely to find places to colonise. s Using a mechanical weed puller attached to a tractor to pull woody weeds out of the ground. Biological control Mechanical control using heavy machinery (such as bulldozers) can result Plants introduced into Australia usually arrive without the natural enemies in a great deal of disturbance and may increase erosion, damage native that kept their populations in check within their natural range. Without these vegetation and/or promote weed seed germinations. When considering the natural enemies these introduced plants are able to rapidly reproduce and use of heavy machinery ensure that it is suited to the situation. spread, becoming weeds. Fire Biological control is the use of a weed’s natural enemy, such as insects, In some situations fire can be a useful method to reduce weed biomass, mites or pathogens (bacteria or fungi), which affect the health of the weed clear an area for follow-up chemical control and, for some fire sensitive by either feeding or parasitising on it. Usually, the biological control agents species, destroy the plant altogether. Areas that have been burnt need to be come from the country of origin of the weed. A well known example was monitored to ensure desirable species re-establish and weed species are the release of the Cactoblastis moth to control prickly pear in Queensland suppressed through follow-up control. in 1926 – within 6 years the moth virtually eliminated all major stands of prickly pear. Biological controls are not usually this successful but serve Some weeds such as buffel grass may actually benefit from fire. If the area as an important tool to limit the growth and spread of the target weed and contains rare or endangered species, or desirable species not adapted to fire, fire may destroy these plants and their seed bank. If undertaken in the hence reduce the cost of other control methods. wrong season, burning may result in a hot fire and lead to long-term damage It is critical that biological control agents introduced into Australia do not or increased erosion. The use of fire as a weed management tool must become pests themselves therefore, prior to introduction rigorous testing is therefore be used with extreme care. done on the agent to ensure it is specific only to the target weed they are Before any planned burn, all necessary permissions must be obtained from intended for. the Local Council, Native Vegetation Authority and the South Australian Examples of biological agents established in South Australia include: the Country Fire Service. crown weevil on salvation Jane; the spider mite on gorse; the plume moth Competition on horehound; a leaf rust fungus on blackberry; the leaf buckle mite on Competition using planted or regenerating native plants or pastures is an boneseed; a leaf hopper, a rust and a leaf beetle on bridal creeper; and many essential part of long-term weed management. Encouraging and maintaining more. Current information about these agents can be found in Ivory and cover of desired species will suppress weed growth, flowering and weed seed Mantel (2013), A Guide to Biological Control in South Australia. production by reducing access to available sunlight, nutrients and moisture. Grazing Splatter gun method is a form of foliar spray where a splatter gun is used In grazing situations stock will usually choose more palatable species over to apply a low volume of concentrated herbicide mix to foliage. A specialised less palatable weeds such as scotch thistle and Salvation Jane; however, nozzle produces a solid stream of large droplets of herbicide that can spraying some weeds with the correct herbicide at the correct time of year be applied from a distance of 6-10m away. Only a small portion of the increases their palatability to stock. This method, known as spray grazing is foliage needs to be sprayed so non-target damage can be minimised. This used in pastures to suppress weed populations making pasture species more technique is particularly useful in areas of difficult access and where water competitive. supply is limited. HERBICIDE CONTROL METHODS Wiper Application Wiper application is used for control of weeds including tufted grasses that Foliar spray grow higher than a crop or pasture species. The method involves applying The foliar spray method involves spraying the foliage of the target plant, herbicide solution to an absorbent surface, such as a length of rope or wick. usually to before the point of run-off (i.e. until each leaf is wetted but The wetted surface is then used to wipe herbicide over the weed. The wetted not dripping) with a hand gun or boom spray. This method is suitable for surface is usually attached to a small boom and passed over pastures at a herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses and vines where complete coverage can certain height to contact weeds that grow higher than the pasture species. be achieved. Foliar spray can be done in a number of ways depending on the nature of the weed, the size of the infestation and the presence of off-target Cut stump method plants. This method is useful for vines, multi-stemmed shrubs and medium to large trees, and even for some large herbs such as arum lily. The term cut Boom spraying involves the use of a boom spray unit attached to a vehicle and swab is also often used to describe this method. The main stem(s) or (4WD or tractor) to spray large areas of dense infestations or spray weeds trunk(s) are cut off at their base by chainsaw, axe, brush cutter or machete within crops and pastures where selective herbicides can be used to kill the and the stump immediately (within 10-15 seconds) sprayed or painted with undesirable weeds and not the crop or pasture. Boom spray is suitable for herbicide mixture to the point of run-off. It is necessary to apply the herbicide control of weeds up to 1m in height. promptly before the plant begins to seal the cut preventing penetration of Spot spraying usually involves the use of either a hand held spray unit the herbicide into the sap stream. The stump should be cut as close to the with a pneumatic pump or vehicle mounted spray unit with electric or petrol ground as possible. For some species care must be taken to remove cut powered pump. The herbicide mix is delivered to the foliage of the plant via branch fragments off and away from areas of moist soil such as a creek bed, a hand gun. Spot spray is useful for weeds at low to high densities or weeds swamp or low lying area where they may regenerate. within desirable vegetation where the user can minimise off-target damage through careful application.
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Stem inject method Pellet or granular soil application method This method applies to woody trees and shrubs with a single stem and trunk This method can be used to treat isolated outlying plants that are not easy diameter of 5-10cm or greater. It involves cutting or drilling into the bark and to treat using other methods. Herbicide pellets are evenly applied to the soil injecting herbicide into the sap stream. under the target weed from the stem out to 30cm beyond the canopy drip line. Pellets should not be thrown at the base of the tree trunk – this will Frill and fill method uses a narrow-bladed axe (5-7cm wide) to make a waste material and could result in poor control. The herbicide acts by moving horizontal cut the width of the blade at an angle of about 45 degrees through into the root zone of the weed following rain and from there it is absorbed by the bark of the tree into the sap stream in the trunk. It is important not to the roots. make cuts too deep. The herbicide is then immediately applied (within 3 seconds) into the cut. Drill and fill method uses a cordless drill to drill (with a 9mm drill bit) 4cm holes around the base of the tree into the sapwood. Holes should be about 4cm deep (or deeper for trees with thick bark), angled down at 45 degrees and at 5-10cm intervals. Herbicide is then immediately (within 3 seconds) injected into the hole. It is necessary to inject the herbicide quickly before the plant seals the cut, thus barring the chemical penetrating the sap stream. For cactus species a sheep drenching needle (or equivalent) is used to inject a measured dose of herbicide into the stem of the plants. Basal bark method This method is used to treat saplings and multi-stemmed shrubs and regrowth with a basal diameter of less than 5cm. The herbicide, usually mixed with diesel at label rates, is applied to all sides of every stem from ground up to a height of around 30cm. Stems should be dry, free of fire charring and not have debris (e.g. from floods) accumulated around them. Scrape and paint method Scrape and paint is used for vines (e.g. blackberry) where it is desirable to leave the vine intact or in sensitive areas such as native vegetation where it is desirable to minimise risks to off-target species. A sharp knife is used to scrape a thin layer of bark from a 15-30cm section of stem. Herbicide is then immediately applied to the exposed sap tissue. When using herbicides it is important to consider a few key factors that RECOMMENDED will increase effectiveness and reduce risks to users and non target plants. HERBICIDES FOR These factors are: DECLARED PLANTS OF s Apply herbicide only when plants are actively growing, SOUTH AUSTRALIA s Do not apply herbicides when the plant is under stress, e.g. extreme heat or cold, drought, water-logging or disease,
s Do not spray when wet or windy weather is anticipated, s Use herbicides only in situations specified on the label. IMPORTANT: the herbicide recommendations provided in this book should be considered a guide only and users of agricultural chemical products must always READ THE LABEL before using a product and strictly comply with the directions on the label and/or conditions of any permit.
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HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
African boxthorn (Lycium ferocissimum) WoNS Biosecurity SA
Cut stump – note 1:1 provides the PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Undiluted to 1:5 None July-Sept When actively growing. best viscosity for (exp.2017) sponge application
Surfactant or Repeat application will be required. glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Spot spray July-Sept Registered penetrant Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. glyphosate (450g/kg) + Roundup® + Garlon® M, I 333ml + 33ml/1L Penetrant Cut stump Registered triclopyr (600g/L) July-Sept glyphosate (450g/L) After good rains. Surfactant or Spot spray/ cut Prior to berry PER 13371 and + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Brush-off® M,B 1L + 10g/100L Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. penetrant stump set and leaf PER 10117 (600g/L) Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. fall. Repeat application will be required. Wetter (e.g. glyphosate (540g/kg) Credit® I 470-670ml/100L Spot spray July-Sept Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered Bonus®) Use lower rates on seedlings and higher rates on large mature bushes. Suitable for isolated outlying plants only. Do not apply if boxthorns are picloram (20g/kg) Tordon® Granules I 35 to 45g/m2 None Granular application Registered near native vegetation or desirable plants. 2g per square PER 10518 tebuthiuron (200g/kg) Graslan® C None Granular application meter (exp.2018) triclopyr (240g/L) + Basal bark or cut Access® I 1L/60L diesel None Registered picloram (120g/L) stump Basal bark or cut triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 1L/30L diesel None Registered stump triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 170ml/100L None Spot spray July-Sept Plants up to 2m. Registered (Tas only) HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
African feathergrass (Pennisetum macrourum)
A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 3L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 300ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 500ml/10L Surfactant Wiper Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Use higher rate if the weed is dense. Apply to fresh foliage. flupropanate (745g/L) + 3L + 300-500ml/ PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Boom spray Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will glyphosate (450g/kg) ha (exp.2015) increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Apply to fresh foliage. flupropanate (745g/L) + 300ml + Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Spot spray glyphosate (450g/kg) 260ml/100L increase effectiveness. (exp.2015) Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years.
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HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Apply to fresh foliage. flupropanate (745g/L) + 500ml + Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Wiper glyphosate (450g/kg) 260ml/10L increase effectiveness. (exp.2015) Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 4.8L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2015) 800ml/100L PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Surfactant Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. water (exp.2015) PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2.6L/10L water Surfactant Wiper Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2015)
African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula)
A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. Apply to fresh foliage. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 1.5-3L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will (exp.2015) increase effectiveness. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. Apply to fresh foliage. Registered (Tas and flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 9L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will WA only) increase effectiveness. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. Apply to fresh foliage. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 150-300ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will (exp.2015) increase effectiveness. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. Apply to fresh foliage. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 500ml/10L Surfactant Wiper Jan-Mar Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will (exp.2015) increase effectiveness. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Use higher rate if the weed is dense. Apply to fresh foliage. flupropanate (745g/L) + 1.5-3L + 300- PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Boom spray Jan-Mar Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will glyphosate (450g/kg) 500ml/ha (exp.2015) increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Apply to fresh foliage. flupropanate (745g/L) + 150-300ml + Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Spot spray Jan-Mar glyphosate (450g/kg) 270ml/100L increase effectiveness. (exp.2015) Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Apply to fresh foliage. PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 4.8L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Jan-Mar Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will (exp.2015) increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Surfactant Apply to fresh foliage. PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1.3L/100L Spot spray Jan-Mar (spray oil) Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will (exp.2017) increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Surfactant or Apply to fresh foliage. glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 800ml/100L Spot spray Jan-Mar Registered penetrant Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will increase effectiveness.
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HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2.6L/10L Surfactant Wiper Jan-Mar Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2015) Grub individual Manual Removal Jan-Mar plants
African rue (Peganum harmala)
When PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Undiluted Cut stump actively (exp.2017) growing When actively PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray growing Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2017) before flower
Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis)
Cut - usually no herbicide Cut as close to the ground or below the lowest branch. Regrowth usually Cut Anytime required does not occur. PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Undiluted None Drill and fill (exp.2017) HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Alkali sida (Malvella leprosa)
Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to drift warnings on the label. 2,4-D (300g/L) Tordon®75-D I 3.5L/ha None Boom spray Soil residual. Do not use near desirable vegetation or in waterways. Do not Registered + picloram (75g/L) apply near susceptible crops. Prior to flowering. Soil residual. Do not use near desirable vegetation or in waterways. Do not 2,4-D (300g/L) 150ml/100L Tordon®75-D I None Spot spray apply near susceptible crops. Registered + picloram (75g/L) water Prior to flowering.
Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) AW
Seek advice from an NRM Authority. Suitable for use in waterways. glyphosate (360g/kg) Summer- Roundup® Biactive M 10ml/1L None Spot Spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered biactive winter Monitor site and undertake follow up control until eradication has been achieved. Do not apply surfactant if using near water. glyphosate dual salt Summer- Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Weedmaster ® Duo M 10ml/1L Surfactant Spot spray Registered (360g/L) winter Monitor site and undertake follow up control until eradication has been achieved.
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HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Manual removal Hand pull or dig out with machinery – seek advice from an NRM Authority. Apply in terrestrial situations only. metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Summer- Registered (NSW, Brush-Off® B 10g/100L Surfactant Spot spray Follow up application over at least 2 years will be required. kg) winter Qld only) Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. Report Report occurrences to the regional NRM Authority.
Athel pine (Tamarix aphylla) WoNS
Spring- PER 9936 fluroxypyr (333g/L). Starane®Advanced I 1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray Young plants less than 50cm tall. autumn (exp.2015)(NT) triclopyr (240g/L) + Basal bark/spot Access® I 1L/60L diesel None Anytime Young plants 0.5-2m tall. Permitted picloram (120g/L) spray Medium to large trees. triclopyr (240g/L) + Access® I 1L/60L diesel None Cut stump Anytime Ensure cut branches are removed from the river bed and placed up on Permitted picloram (120g/L) higher ground where they will not reshoot. Basal bark/spot PER 9937 triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 1L/30L diesel None Anytime Young plants from 0.5-2m tall. spray (exp.2016) When Cut stump/basal triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 1L/60L diesel None actively Medium to large trees. PER 9936 (exp2015) bark/spot spray growing When triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray actively Juvenile athel pine from 0.5-2m tall. PER 9936 (exp2015) growing HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Azarola (Crataegus sinaica)
PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Undiluted None Cut Stump (exp.2017) glyphosate (450g/L) Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 13371 + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Brush-off® M,B 800ml + 3g/100L Penetrant Spot spray Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (exp.2017) (600g/L) glyphosate (450g/L) Penetrant + 800ml + Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 13371 + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Brush-off® M,B Surfactant Spot spray 10g/100L Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (exp.2017) (600g/L) (spray oil) Apply from Use higher rates for plants larger than 2m. glyphosate (540g/L) Roundup® Powermax M 660-870ml/100L Penetrant Spot spray flowering to Registered Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. leaf fall triclopyr (240g/L) + Cut stump/ basal Access® I 1L/60L diesel None Anytime Medium to large trees. Registered picloram (120g/L) bark Nature reserve and other native vegetation, roadsides, urban open space PER 12932 triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 170ml/100L Penetrant Spot spray and forests. (exp.2016)
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HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Bathurst burr (Xanthium spinosum)
Rate depends Before Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to on crop type and flower 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I Refer to label Boom spray drift warnings on the label. Registered crop stage – refer and burr Cropping – refer to label to label formation Before Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to flower 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I 560ml-1.7L/ha Refer to label Boom spray drift warnings on the label. Registered and burr Non-agricultural areas. When plants are young. formation 17-22ml/10L Before Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to Kevan says flower 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I Surfactant Spot spray drift warnings on the label. Registered too low should and burr Spray seedlings only. 500ml/100L formation Before flower Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. glyphosate (450g/L) Roundup® M 1.5-2.5L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered and burr Fallow or prior to planting a crop or pasture. formation Before flower glyphosate (450g/L) Roundup® M 1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered and burr formation Before glyphosate (450g/L) flower Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Ally® M,B 1L + 7g/100L Surfactant Spot spray Registered and burr Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (600g/L) formation Before Can be used within orchards, vineyards and established trees provided a glyphosate-trimecium flower Touchdown® M 700ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray directed or shielded spray or wiper is used. Registered (480g/L) and burr Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. formation HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Before Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (340g/L) + dicamba flower drift warnings on the label. Banvil®M I 2.8-4L/ha None Boom spray Registered (80g/L) and burr Grass pastures. Spray seedlings, use higher rates on larger plants or formation plants in late flower. Before Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (340g/L) + dicamba flower drift warnings on the label. Banvil®M I 190-270ml/100L None Spot spray Registered (80g/L) and burr Grass pastures. Spray seedlings, use higher rates on larger plants or formation plants in late flower. Before Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to flower MCPA (750g/L) Agritone®750 I 1.35L/ha Surfactant Boom spray drift warnings on the label. Registered and burr Effective on young seedlings only. formation Before metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ flower Seedlings or before early flowering. Use higher rate when plants are Registered (NSW Brush-Off® B 5 or 7.5g/100L Surfactant Spot spray kg) and burr beyond early flowering or add glyphosate. only) formation
Bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia) WoNS
Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA, and Report seek advice. Non-crop areas, commercial and industrial areas, rights of way, forests fluroxypyr (333g/L) Starane®Advanced I 300ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray and pastures. Registered Thoroughly cover both foliage and stems to the point of runoff. metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Non-crop areas, commercial and industrial areas, rights of way, forests Brush-Off® B 10g/100L Penetrant Spot spray Registered (Qld only) kg) and pastures.
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 27 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 28
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Bifora (Bifora testiculata)
carfentrazone-ethyl (400g/ Affinity Force® + 100ml + 330ml/ G,I None Boom spray In cereal crops – refer to label. Registered kg) + MCPA (750g/L) Agritone®750 ha Wheat, barley, oats, triticale and cereal rye only. chlorsulfuron (750g/kg) Glean® B 25g/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered Do not use near desirable trees and other vegetation. imazethapyr (700g/L) Spinnaker 700WG® B 70-100g/ha Surfactant Boom spray Pre-emergence in faba beans, field peas. Registered
Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus sp. agg.) WoNS
Leaf rust fungus (Phragmidium violaceum) Biological control agents Suppression only. Consult your regional NRM Board. Spot Spray – Do not Suitable for use near waterways – refer to label. glyphosate (360g/kg) add surfactants if Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Roundup Biactive® M 1-1.3L/100L None Nov-Apr Registered biactive using near aquatic Use higher rate for plants 1-2m high. areas Repeat applications will be required. Cut and paint the PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Undiluted None canes – paint brush Suitable for outliers, small infestations or sensitive areas. (exp.2017) applicator HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Cut stump – note 1:1 provides the glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 250ml-1L/1L None Suitable for outliers, small infestations or sensitive areas. Registered best viscosity for sponge application glyphosate (450g/L) 800ml + Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 13371 + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Brush-off® M,B Penetrant Spot spray Nov-Apr 10g/100L Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (exp.2017) (600g/L) glyphosate (835g/kg) + Apply from flowering until prior to leaf yellowing. metsulfuron-methy (10g/ Trounch Brush-Pack® M,B 173g/100L None Spot spray Nov-Apr Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered kg) Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. glyphosate dual salt PER 13371 Weedmaster®Duo M 1L/1L None Cut stump Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (360g/L) (exp.2017) Surfactant metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Brush-Off® B 10g/100L (mineral crop Spot spray Nov-Apr Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. Registered kg) oil) Slashing will not kill Blackberry but will improve the results of follow up Mowing/Slashing Mowing/Slashing herbicide treatment. Regrowth needs to be approximately 0.5-1m high before undertaking follow up spraying. triclopyr (300g/L) + Surfactant or Grazon DS® I 10L/ha Boom spray Nov-Apr Doesn’t damage clover Registered picloram (100g/L) penetrant triclopyr (300g/L) + Use higher rates on plants damaged by grazing stock or insects or on Grazon DS® I 350-500ml/100L Penetrant Spot spray Nov-Apr Registered picloram (100g/L) hard to kill plants. triclopyr (300g/L) + Use higher rates on plants damaged by grazing stock or insects or on picloram (100g/L) + Grazon Extra® I 350-500ml/100L Penetrant Spot spray Nov-Apr Registered hard to kill plants. Aminopyralid (8g/L) Diesel can be replaced with water for ease of application. PER 12932 triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 1L/30L diesel None Cut stump Nature reserve and other native vegetation, roadsides, urban open space (exp.2016) and forests. triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 170ml/100L Penetrant Spot spray Nov-Apr Registered
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 29 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 30
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Bladder campion (Silene vulgaris)
Soil residual. Do not use near desirable vegetation or in waterways. Aug 2,4-D (300g/L) Do not apply near susceptible crops. Tordon®75-D I 650ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Prior to Registered + picloram (75g/L) Agricultural non crop areas, commercial and industrial areas, pastures flowering and rights of way. Sept-Feb (or anytime of year when dicamba (500g/L) Dicamba 500 I 1.2L/ha None Boom spray Registered actively growing) prior to flowering Sept-Feb (or anytime of year when dicamba (500g/L) Dicamba 500 I 18ml/15L None Spot spray Registered actively growing) prior to flowering HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera) WoNS
Boneseed leaf buckle mite (Aceria sp.) Release in autumn onto healthy and growing shoot tips. Biological control agents Suppression only. Consult your regional NRM Board. Burn Dense large infestations – burn area and treat seedlings (seek advice). Cut stump – note 1:1 provides the PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Undiluted to 1:5 None Anytime best viscosity for (exp.2017) sponge application PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Penetrant Spot spray Aug-Sept Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2017) glyphosate (450g/L) Penetrant + 800ml + Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 13371 + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Brush-off® M,B Surfactant Spot spray Aug-Sept 10g/100L Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (exp.2017) (600g/L) (spray oil) glyphosate dual salt PER 13371 Weedmaster®Duo M 1L/1L None Cut stump (360g/L) (exp.2017) Manual Removal Manual Removal Pull out by hand; ensure that the root system is removed. metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Penetrant or a Brush-Off® B 10g/100L Spot spray Aug-Sept Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. Registered kg) mineral oil Diesel can be replaced with water for ease of application. PER 12932 triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 1L/30L diesel None Cut stump Nature reserve and other native vegetation, roadsides, urban open space (exp.2016) and forests.
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 31 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 32
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Bridal creeper (Asparagus asparagoides) WoNS
Bridal creeper rust fungus (Puccinia myrsiphylli) Suppression only. The bridal creeper leafhopper (Zygina sp.) Biological control agents Suppression only. The bridal creeper leaf beetle (Crioceris sp.) Suppression only. Consult your regional NRM Board. Penetrant or Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L surfactant Spot spray June-Aug Follow up application over at least 2 years will be required. (exp.2017) (spray oil) Controls bulb and vegetative growth. glyphosate (450g/L) Follow up application over at least 2 years will be required. Non selective. PER 13371 + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Brush-off® M,B 800ml + 3g/100L Penetrant Spot spray June-Aug Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2017) (600g/L) Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. glyphosate dual salt Wiper sponge or PER 13371 Weedmaster®Duo M 1L:3L Surfactant June-Aug Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (360g/L) brush (exp.2017) Manual removal. Suitable for small plants and outliers only. Can result in a high level of soil Manual Removal Ensure that tubers June-Aug disturbance therefore reduce soil disturbance as much as practicle. are removed totally metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Not suitable for native vegetation and under desirable trees. Follow up PER 13371 Brush-Off® B 1.5g/100L Penetrant Spot spray June-Aug kg) application over at least 2 years will be required. (exp.2017) metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Not suitable for native vegetation and under desirable trees. Follow up Brush-Off® B 5g/100L Penetrant Spot spray June-Aug Registered kg) application over at least 2 years will be required. HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Bridal veil (Asparagus declinatus) WoNS
Penetrant or Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L surfactant Spot spray June-Aug Follow up application over at least 2 years will be required. (exp.2017) (spray oil) glyphosate (450g/L) Follow up application over at least 2 years will be required. Non selective, PER 13371 + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Brush-off® M,B 800ml + 3g/100L Penetrant Spot spray June-Aug avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2017) (600g/L) Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. glyphosate dual salt Wiper sponge or PER 13371 Weedmaster®Duo M 1L:3L Surfactant June-Aug Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (360g/L) brush (exp.2017) Manual removal. Suitable for small plants and outliers only. Can result in a high level of soil Manual Removal Ensure that tubers June-Aug disturbance therefore reduce soil disturbance as much as practical. are removed totally. metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Not suitable for native vegetation and under desirable trees. Follow up PER 13371 Brush-Off® B 1.5g/100L Penetrant Spot spray June-Aug kg) application over at least 2 years will be required. (exp.2017) metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Not suitable for native vegetation and under desirable trees. Follow up Brush-Off® B 5g/100L Penetrant Spot spray June-Aug Registered kg) application over at least 2 years will be required. Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 33 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 34
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Broad-kernel espartillo (Amelichloa caudata) AW
Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA. Not Report yet known to occur in SA. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 1.5-3L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 100-300ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 500ml/10L Surfactant Wiper Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Use higher glyphosate rate during late seed development or if the weed flupropanate (745g/L) + 1.5-3L + 300- is dense. PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Boom spray glyphosate (450g/kg) 500ml/ha Apply to fresh foliage. (exp.2015) Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Use higher rate during if the weed is dense. Apply to fresh foliage. flupropanate (745g/L) + 150-300ml + PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Spot spray Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will glyphosate (450g/kg) 270ml/100L (exp.2015) increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2.4L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2015) 800ml/100L Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Surfactant Spot spray water Variable results. (exp.2015) PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2.6L/10L water Surfactant Wiper Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2015) Grub individual Inform your local NRM office. Monitor site and undertake follow up control Manual removal plants until eradication has been achieved.
Broomrapes (Orobanche spp. – O.ramosa, O. cerbua var cernua, O. aegyptiaca, O. minor) AW
Report Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA. Rate is host paraquat (135g/L) + diquat Spray.Seed 250® L dependant, Surfactant Boom/spot spray Control host plants. Registered (115g/L) consult label Rate is host Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I dependant, None Boom/spot spray drift warnings on the label. Registered consult label Control host plants. Rate is host clopyralid (300g/L) Lontrel® I dependant, Surfactant Boom/spot spray Control host plants. Registered consult label Rate is host flumetsulam (800g/kg) Broadstrike® B dependant, Surfactant Boom spray Control host plants prior to the growing season. Registered consult label Rate is host flumetsulam (800g/kg) Broadstrike® B dependant, Surfactant Spot spray Non crop areas. Control host plants. Registered consult label Rate is host Control host plants. glyphosate (540g/L) Roundup® Powermax M dependant, Surfactant Spot spray Registered Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. consult label Rate is host metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Control host plants. Post emergent. Ally® B dependant, Surfactant Boom/spot spray Registered kg) Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. consult label Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 35 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 36
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris)
Dec-March A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the After season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 3L/ha Surfactant Boom spray summer Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) rains for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. Apply to fresh foliage. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 300ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will (exp.2015) increase effectiveness. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. Apply to fresh foliage. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 500ml/10L Surfactant Wiper Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will (exp.2015) increase effectiveness. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Use higher rate if the weed is dense. Apply to fresh foliage. flupropanate (745g/L) + 3L + 300-500ml/ PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Boom spray Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will glyphosate (450g/kg) ha (exp.2015) increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Apply to fresh foliage. flupropanate (745g/L) + 300ml + Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Spot spray glyphosate (450g/kg) 260ml/100L increase effectiveness. (exp.2015) Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Apply to fresh foliage. flupropanate (745g/L) + 500ml + Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Wiper glyphosate (450g/kg) 260ml/10L increase effectiveness. (exp.2015) Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Apply to fresh foliage. PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 4.8L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will (exp.2015) increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. 800ml/100L Apply to fresh foliage. PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Surfactant Spot spray water Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will (exp.2015) increase effectiveness.
Bulbil watsonia (Watsonia meriana var. bulbillifera)
Suitable for use near waterways – refer to label. glyphosate (360g/kg) Sponge application Sept-Late Use higher rate for plants 1-2m high. Roundup Biactive® M 15ml/1L Canola oil Registered biactive (tongs of death) Nov Repeat applications will be required. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants.
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 37 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 38
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Suitable for use near waterways – refer to label. glyphosate (360g/kg) Sponge application Sept-Late Use higher rate for plants 1-2m high. Roundup Biactive® M 1L/3L None Registered biactive (tongs of death) Nov Repeat applications will be required. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Sponge application Sept-Late PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/3L None Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (tongs of death) Nov (exp.2017) Sponge application Sept-Late Registered (under glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Undiluted None Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (tongs of death) Nov general weeds) Sept-Late Apply to fresh foliage. Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray Nov to spraying will increase effectiveness. (exp.2017) glyphosate (450g/L) 800ml + Sept-Late Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 13371 + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Brush-off® M,B Surfactant Spot spray 10g/100L Nov Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (exp.2017) (600g/L) metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Sept-Late PER 13371 Brush-Off® B 10g/100L water Surfactant Spot spray Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. kg) Nov (exp.2017)
Cacti (Prickly pear/ Wheel cactus and other Opuntia spp. – except O. ficus-indica) WoNS
Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) Opuntia engelmannii, Cylindropuntia imbricata – effective control Opuntia robusta – suppression only. Biological control agents Cactoblastis grub (Cactoblastis cactorum) Opuntia stricta – suppression only. Consult your regional NRM Board. When Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Suitable for species Undiluted. 1ml glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M None Stem inject actively such as Wheel Cactus and O. Engelmannii which are easier to inject than Registered every 4th Pad growing other species. When Deep burial under All fragments must be removed, collected and buried. Any fragments that Manual Removal actively 1m of topsoil are left or spilt during transport to the burial site will regrow. growing HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) When Thoroughly cover all pad surfaces. Apply in summer using a power MSMA (800g/L) Daconate® Z 1L/40L Water Surfactant Spot spray actively Registered sprayer when air temp is above 30ºC. growing When Non-arable and pastoral areas. Wheel cactus. Suitable for species such Undiluted. 2 and PER 9362 MSMA (800g/L) Daconate® Z None Stem inject actively as Wheel Cactus and O. Engelmannii which are easier to inject than other 4ml every 4th Pad (exp.2017) growing species. When triclopyr (240g/L) + Access® I 1L/60L diesel None Basal bark actively Registered picloram (120g/L) growing triclopyr (300g/L) + When picloram (100g/L) + Grazon Extra® I 500ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray actively Registered Aminopyralid (8g/L) growing When triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 800ml/60L diesel None Basal bark actively Registered growing When Nature reserve and other native vegetation, roadsides, urban open space PER 12932 triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I Undiluted None Drill and fill actively and forests. (exp.2016) growing When Surfactant triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 3L/100L Spot spray actively Registered (Spray oil 1%) growing
Calomba daisy (Oncosiphon suffruticosum)
Apply prior Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 360ml/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered to flowering Pasture topping. Seed set reduction only. Apply prior Non selective. Prior to sowing a crop or pasture. Use higher rates for glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 800ml-1.2/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered to flowering larger plants. Apply prior glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered to flowering
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 39 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 40
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Fallow/pre crop knockdown. Wheat, barley, triticale and cereal rye. Apply glyphosate (450g/L) when plants are small. Use higher rates for larger or dense weeds. 800-1000ml + + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Ally® M,B Surfactant Boom spray Sept Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered 5-7g/ha (600g/L) Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. Post crop and weed emergence. Wheat, barley, triticle and cereal rye. metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Ally® B 5g/ha Surfactant Boom spray Sept-Oct Apply when plants are small. Registered kg) Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Ally® B 5g/100L Surfactant Spot spray Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. Registered kg)
Caltrop (Tribulus terrestris)
Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to drift warnings on the label. 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I Check label Refer to label Boom spray Oct-Feb Registered After summer rains. Pastures and non cropping areas. Spray young plants. Caltrop does not like competition from other plants. Maintenance of good Competition ground cover will help to significantly reduce the germination of Caltrop. Sept-April 25g/ha at 200L flumetsulam (800g/kg) Broadstrike® B Boom spray Before seed Pre-emergence. Pastures. Registered water/ha set Sept-April flumetsulam (800g/kg) Broadstrike® B 25g/100L Spot spray Before seed Rosette stage prior to running. Registered set Sept-April glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1.6-2.4L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Before seed Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered set HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Sept-April PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray Before seed Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2017) set Sept-April glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 400-600ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Before seed Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered set
Cane needlegrass (Nassella hyalina) AW
Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA. Not Report yet known to occur in SA. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 1.5-3L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 100-300ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 500ml/10L Surfactant Wiper Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Use higher rate during if the weed is dense. Apply to fresh foliage. flupropanate (745g/L) + 1.5-3L + 300- PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Boom spray Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will glyphosate (450g/kg) 500ml/ha (exp.2015) increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years.
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 41 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 42
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Use higher rate if the weed is dense. flupropanate (745g/L) + 150-300ml + PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Spot spray Apply to fresh foliage. glyphosate (450g/kg) 270ml/100L (exp.2015) Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2.4L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2015) 800ml/100L Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Surfactant Spot spray water Variable results. (exp.2015) PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2.6L/10L water Surfactant Wiper Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2015) Grub individual Inform your local NRM office. Monitor site and undertake follow up control Manual removal plants until eradication has been achieved.
Cape broom (Genista monspessulana)
None if using within or near Spot Spray - Do not Sept-Dec glyphosate (360g/kg) waterways. add surfactants if Suitable for use near waterways – refer to label. Roundup Biactive® M 1-1.3L/100L Prior to pod Registered biactive Penetrant if using near aquatic Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. formation using away areas from waterways Cut stump - note 1:1 provides the best PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Undiluted to 1:5 None Anytime viscosity for sponge (exp.2017) application glyphosate (450g/L) Sept-Dec 200ml + 10g Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 13371 + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Brush-off® M,B Penetrant Spot spray Prior to pod /100L Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (exp.2017) (600g/L) formation HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Sept-Dec triclopyr (300g/L) + Grazon DS® I 250ml/100L Penetrant Spot spray Prior to pod Use higher rate of 350ml/100L if spraying in autumn or winter. Registered picloram (100g/L) formation Diesel can be replaced with water for ease of application. PER 12932 triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 1L/30L diesel None Cut stump Any time Nature reserve and other native vegetation, roadsides, urban open space (exp.2016) and forests. Sept-Dec Nature reserve and other native vegetation, roadsides, urban open space PER 12932 triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 170ml/100L Penetrant Spot spray Prior to pod and forests. (exp.2016) formation
Cape tulip (one and two leafed) (Moraea flaccida and Moraea miniata)
2,4-D (475g/L) + Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Surpass®475 + Ally® I,B 1.65L + 5g/ha None Wiper July-Sept Registered drift warnings on the label. kg) Conquest chlorsulfuron 750 chlorsulfuron (750g/kg) B 20g/ha Boom/ spot spray July-Sept Dense infestations. Registered (WA only) WG® Registered (under glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1:5 Penetrant Foliar wipe July-Sept Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. general weeds) glyphosate (450g/L) Fallow or prior to crop planting. + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Ally® M,B 800ml + 5g/ha Surfactant Boom spray July-Sept Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered (600g/L) Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. glyphosate (450g/L) Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Ally® M,B 800ml + 5g/100L Surfactant Spot spray July-Sept Registered Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (600g/L) glyphosate (450g/L) Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Ally® M,B 800ml + 1g/100L Penetrant Wiper July-Sept Registered Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (600g/L)
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 43 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 44
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Spray at flower bayonet emergence. Follow up treatments as required at or before flowing. Most effective just Registered (under glyphosate (540g/L) Roundup® Powermax M 1L/100L Spot spray July-Sept prior to flowering (july august). general weeds) Seed set suppression only. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Grub or hand pull individual plants Manual Removal and ensure that July-Sept Plant will not re-grow if cut off at the base. bulbs are removed. Isolated plants only. In pastures tolerant to Metsulfuron-methyle (no good in clover based pastures). Do not spray under susceptible trees. Spray early in the season metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Boom spray and Ally® B 5g/ha Surfactant July-Sept to kill young plants. Add glyphosate if spraying late in the season to Registered kg) Spot Spray suppress seed set. Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation.
Cat’s claw creeper (Dolichandra unguis-cati) WoNS
Not a weed in SA, but gardeners may find it necessary to remove an Manual removal unwanted plant. Cut stems and dispose; dig out the large tubers at the base of plant. HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Chilean needlegrass (Nassella neesiana) WoNS
Surfactant Legume pastures and Lucerne only. No not cut or graze for at least 6 PER 9792 fluazifop-p (128g/kg) Fusilade Forte® A 1.7-3.3L/ha (Supercharge™ Boom spray weeks. (exp.2015) 1% (1L/100L)) Seed set suppression only. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 1.5-3L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 100-300ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 500ml/10L Surfactant Wiper Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Use higher rate if the weed is dense. Apply to fresh foliage. Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will flupropanate (745g/L) + 1.5-3L + 300- PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Boom spray increase effectiveness. glyphosate (450g/kg) 500ml/ha (exp.2015) Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years.
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 45 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 46
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Use higher rate if the weed is dense. Apply to fresh foliage. Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will flupropanate (745g/L) + 150-300ml + PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Spot spray increase effectiveness. glyphosate (450g/kg) 270ml/100L (exp.2015) Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. Will give varied results – Suppression only. PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2.4L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2015) 800ml/100L Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Surfactant Spot spray water Variable results. (exp.2015) PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2.6L/10L water Surfactant Wiper Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2015) Grub individual Manual Removal Outliers only. plants
Common lantana (Lantana camara) WoNS
Not a weed in SA, but gardeners may find it necessary to remove unwanted plants. Manual removal Cut, grub out and dispose; machinery may be needed to remove large plants. HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Coolatai grass (Hyparrhenia hirta)
Apply herbicide solution to the point of run-off from leaf surfaces – 1000-2000 L/Ha. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 3L/ha Surfactant Boom spray July-Oct season add glyphosate for a faster kill. (exp.2015) Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. Apply herbicide solution to the point of run-off from leaf surfaces – 1000-2000 L/Ha. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 300ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray July-Oct season add glyphosate for a faster kill. (exp.2015) Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. Once per season. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 500ml/10L Surfactant Wiper July-Oct season add glyphosate for a faster kill. (exp.2015) Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Use higher rate if the weed is dense. Apply to fresh foliage. flupropanate (745g/L) + 3L + 300-500ml/ PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Boom spray July-Oct Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will glyphosate (450g/kg) ha (exp.2015) increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Use higher rate if the weed is dense. flupropanate (745g/L) + 200ml + PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Spot spray July-Oct Apply to fresh foliage. glyphosate (450g/kg) 1.6L/100L (exp.2015) Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 47 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 48
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. flupropanate (745g/L) + 500ml + Apply to fresh foliage. PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Wiper July-Oct glyphosate (450g/kg) 260ml/10L Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will (exp.2015) increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Apply herbicide solution to the point of run-off from leaf surfaces – PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 4.8L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Sept-May 1000-2000 L/Ha. (exp.2015) Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1.6L/100L water Surfactant Spot spray Sept-May Variable results. (exp.2015) 2-3 repeat treatments will be necessary. PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2.6L/10L water Surfactant Wiper Sept-May Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2015) glyphosate (450g/L) Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 13371 + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Brush-off® M,B 800ml + 3g/100L Surfactant Spot spray Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (exp.2017) (600g/L) Pull out individual Manual Removal Manual Removal plants
Creeping knapweed (Rhaponticum repens)
2,4-D (300g/L) + picloram Soil Residual. Do not use near desirable vegetation. Do not apply near Tordon®75-D I 1.3L/100L None Spot spray Registered (75g/L) susceptible crops. clopyralid (300g/L) Lontrel® I 4L/ha Boom spray Pastures and fallow. Post emergent. Registered clopyralid (300g/L) Lontrel® I 500ml/100L Spot spray Registered dicamba (500g/L) Kamba 500® I 8.8L/ha Surfactant Boom Spray Dec-Jan Non-crop situations. Registered dicamba (500g/L) Kamba 500® I 600ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Dec-Jan Registered Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Penetrant Spot spray Registered Repeat application as required. Suppression only. HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Cutleaf mignonette (Reseda lutea)
2,4-D (300g/L) + picloram Prior to Soil residue do not use near desirable vegetation or in waterways. Do not Tordon®75-D I 650ml/100L None Spot spray Registered (75g/L) flowering apply near susceptible crops. Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 2,4-D (475g/L) + Surpass®475 + Roundup® I, M 145ml + 1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray July-Sept drift warnings on the label. Registered glyphosate (450g/kg) Non-selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. 2,4-D (475g/L) + Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Surpass®475 + Ally® I 145ml + 7g/100L None Spot spray Registered drift warnings on the label. kg) Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to drift warnings on the label. 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I 1.7L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered On young plants only. Avoid using 2,4-D on adult plants due to herbicide resistance. On young plants only. Avoid using 2,4-D on adult plants due to herbicide 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I 115ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Registered resistance. glyphosate (450g/L) 800ml + Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Ally® M,B None Spot spray Registered 5-7g/100L Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (600g/L) glyphosate dual salt PER 13371 Weedmaster® Duo M 1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (360g/L) (exp.2017) Manual removal Manual Removal Suitable for individual plants and small infestations Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (500g/L) MCPA 500® I 2.1L/ha Surfactant Boom spray drift warnings on the label. Registered Non crop areas. For rates within crops refer to label. Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (500g/L) MCPA 500® I 140ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Registered drift warnings on the label. Spray actively growing plant up to flowering. metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Ally® B 7g/ha Surfactant Boom Spray Repeat treatment may be required. Registered kg) Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 49 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 50
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Spray actively growing plant up to flowering. metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Ally® B 7g/100L Surfactant Spot spray Repeat treatment may be required. Registered kg) Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. Non crop areas. For rates within crops refer to label. metsulfuron-methyl Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. Ally® + MCPA 500® B, I 7g + 2.1L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered (600g/L) + MCPA (500g/L) Hormone type herbicide – use with caution near sensitive crops. Do not spray if spray drift is likely.
Dodder (Cuscuta spp.) AW
Report Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority and obtain advice. Burn to kill the host plant Burn to kill the host and destroy the seed bank. and destroy the seed bank. Cultivate to kill host plants such as broad leaf weeds. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered (host glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1:100L Spot spray To kill the host plant. dependant) glyphosate (450g/L) To kill the host plants, fallow pre-crop, non agricultural areas. 800ml + Registered (host + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Brush-Off® M,B Surfactant Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. 3-5g/100L dependant) (600g/L) Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Dog rose (Rosa canina)
Basal Bark or cut triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 1L/30L diesel None Registered stump Spot Spray - Do not glyphosate (360g/kg) add surfactants if Suitable for use near waterways – refer to label. Roundup Biactive® M 1.5-2L/100L None Oct-Jan Registered biactive using near aquatic Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. areas PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Undiluted to 1:4 None Cut stump Apply to cut stump immediately. (exp.2017) glyphosate (450g/L) 800-1Lml + Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 13371 + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Brush-off® M,B Penetrant Spot spray Oct-Jan 10g/100L Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (exp.2017) (600g/L) Use higher rates for plants larger than 1.5m. glyphosate (540g/L) Roundup® Powermax M 1-1.35L/100L Surfactant Spot spray Oct-Jan Registered Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Manual removal Grub individual plants. metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ PER 13371 Brush-Off® B 15g/100L Penetrant Spot spray Oct-Jan Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. kg) (exp.2017) triclopyr (300g/L) + Grazon DS® I 350ml/100L Penetreant Spot spray Oct-Jan For plants up to 1.5m tall. Registered picloram (100g/L) Diesel can be replaced with water for ease of application. triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 1:30 diesel None Cut stump Nature reserve and other native vegetation, roadsides, urban open space Registered and forests. Nature reserve and other native vegetation, roadsides, urban open space PER 12932 triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 170ml/100L Penetrant Spot spray Oct-Jan and forests. (exp.2016)
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 51 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 52
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
English/Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) WoNS
Broom gall mite (Aceria genistae) Suppression only. Biological control agents Broom seed beetle (Bruchidius villosus) Suppression only. Consult your regional NRM Board. Spot Spray – Do not Sept-Dec glyphosate (360g/kg) add surfactants if Suitable for use near waterways – refer to label. Roundup Biactive® M 1-1.3L/100L None prior to pod Registered biactive using near aquatic Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. formation areas Cut stump - note 1:1 provides the best PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Undiluted – 1L/1L None viscosity for sponge (exp.2017) application Sept-Dec PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Penetrant Spot spray prior to pod Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2017) formation glyphosate (450g/L) Sept-Dec 800ml + Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 13371 + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Brush-off® M,B Penetrant Spot spray prior to pod 10g/100L Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (exp.2017) (600g/L) formation Sept-Dec metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ PER 13371 Brush-Off® B 15g/100L Penetrant Spot spray prior to pod Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. kg) (exp.2017) formation Sept-Dec triclopyr (300g/L) + Grazon DS® I 250-350ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray prior to pod Registered picloram (100g/L) formation Diesel can be replaced with water for ease of application. PER 12932 triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 1L/30L diesel None Cut stump Nature reserve and other native vegetation, roadsides, urban open space (exp.2016) and forests. Sept-Dec triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 170ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray prior to pod Registered formation HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spictum) AW
Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA to confirm identification and obtain advice. Report This species is not yet known to occur in Australia but many native water milfoils look very similar.
False caper (Euphorbia terracina)
Establish competative pastures. Registered (under glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. general weeds) Mechanical Blade plough or disk. Registered (This is Pre emergence, selective residual herbicide. Citrus, vines, nuts, pome and the only registered Zoliar®DF norflurazon (800g/kg) F 2.5-5kg/ha Boom spray stone fruit crops only. Rate is Crop specific, refer to label. product for false caper)
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 53 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 54
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)
Soil residual. Do not use near desirable vegetation or in waterways. Do not 2,4-D (300g/L) + picloram Tordon®75-D I 1.3L/100L No Spot spray apply near susceptible crops. Registered (75g/L) Apply during budding. Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I 1.1L/ha Surfactant Boom spray drift warnings on the label. Registered Pastures and non agricultural areas. Hormone type treatment –- use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I 1.1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray drift warnings on the label. Registered Pastures and non agricultural areas. Dec-Feb After good summer rains, follow up, treatment required. glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L:100L Spot spray Just on Registered Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. flowing Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (340g/L) + dicamba Banvil®M I 5.2L/ha Surfactant Boom spray drift warnings on the label. Registered (80g/L) Non-crop Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (340g/L) + dicamba Banvil®M I 350ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray drift warnings on the label. Registered (80g/L) Non-crop None (in crop). Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (500g/L) MCPA 500® I 2L/ha Surfactant (for Boom spray Registered drift warnings on the label. knockdown) Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (500g/L) MCPA 500® I 1L/500L Surfactant Spot spray Registered drift warnings on the label. HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Field garlic (Allium vineale)
dicamba (500g/L) Dicamba 500® I 8.8L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Non-crop. Registered dicamba (500g/L) Dicamba 500® I 600ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Non-crop. Registered metsulfuron-methyl Brush-Off® B 7g/ha Surfactant Boom spray Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. Registered (600g/kg) metsulfuron-methyl Brush-Off® B 10g/100L Surfactant Spot spray Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. Registered (600g/kg)
Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis) WoNS
Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA. Report Fireweed is not yet known in SA but occurs in the eastern States. bromoxynil (200g/L) + diflufenican(25g/L) + liquid Up to the Pastures – clover and/or Lucerne based, including cover crops in hydrocarbon (416g/L) + Jaguar® C,F 500ml Boom spray four leaf Registered vineyards. n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone stage. (150g/L) triclopyr (300g/L) + When Non-crop areas, commercial and industrial areas, forests, pastures and picloram (100g/L) + Grazon Extra® I 350ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Registered flowering rights of way. Aminopyralid (8g/L)
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 55 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 56
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus) WoNS
PER 11463 (QLD) glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 800ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Registered under general weeds
Gorse (Ulex europaeus) WoNS
Gorse seed weevil (Exapion ulicis) Suppression only. Gorse thrips (Sericothrips staphylinus) Biological control agents Suppression only. Gorse spider mites (Tetranychus lintearius) Suppression only. Consult your regional NRM Board. Fire can be useful in reducing dense thickets of Gorse to allow follow-up Burning Fire spraying of regrowth. Seek advice. HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Spot Spray – Do not glyphosate (360g/kg) add surfactants if Suitable for use near waterways – refer to label. Roundup Biactive® M 1L/100L Dec-Apr Registered biactive using near aquatic Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. areas Cut stump – note 1:1 provides the PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Undiluted to 1:4 None best viscosity for (exp.2017) sponge application Registered (under glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Neat to 1:1 None Drill and fill general weeds) PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Penetrant Spot spray Sept-Feb Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2017) glyphosate (450g/L) Penetrant + 800ml + Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 13371 + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Brush-off® M,B Surfactant Spot spray Dec-Apr 10g/100L Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (exp.2017) (600g/L) (spray oil) glyphosate dual salt PER 13371 Weedmaster®Duo M 1L/1L None Cut stump (360g/L) (exp.2017) Slashing will not kill Gorse however may improve the results of follow up Mowing /Slashing Slashing herbicide treatment. Regrowth needs to be approximately 0.5-1m high before undertaking follow up spraying. triclopyr (300g/L) + Use higher rate of 350ml/100L if plants are taller than 1.5 metres or if Grazon DS® I 250ml/100L surfactant Spot spray Sept-Feb Registered picloram (100g/L) treating in autumn. If treating in winter use rate of 500ml/100L. Diesel can be replaced with water for ease of application. PER 12932 triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 1L/30L diesel None Cut stump Nature reserve and other native vegetation, roadsides, urban open space (exp.2016) and forests. 170-350ml Surfactant or triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I Spot spray Dec-Apr Use higher rates for older larger plants. Registered /100L penetrant
Hoary cress (Cardaria draba)
2,4-D (300g/L) + picloram Soil residual. Do not use near desirable vegetation or in waterways. Do not Tordon®75-D I 1.3L/100L None Spot spray June-Aug Registered (75g/L) apply near susceptible crops. May require repeat applications. Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 57 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 58
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 2,4-D (475g/L) + drift warnings on the label. Surpass®475 + Roundup® I, M 1.8L + 1.2L/ha Boom spray Registered glyphosate (450g/kg) Non-selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Fallow or prior to sowing a crop. Treat from late rosette to early flowering. Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to drift warnings on the label. 2,4-D (475g/L) + 120ml + Surpass®475 + Roundup® I, M None Spot spray Non-selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered glyphosate (450g/kg) 800ml/100L Spray at Rosette stage. Silver leaf night shade and other deep rooted perennials, cut leaf, hoary cress if spraying with glysophate Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I Check label None Boom spray June-Aug drift warnings on the label. Registered Cereal crops. June-Aug Spray 2.9L/ha (check Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I None Boom spray rosettes Registered label) drift warnings on the label. prior to flowering June-Aug Spray 600ml/100L Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I None Spot spray rosettes Registered (check label) drift warnings on the label. prior to flowering Caltivation and pasture management - increase conpetition Post crop and weed emergence. Apply when plants chlorsulfuron (750g/kg) Glean® B 20g/ha Surfactant June-Aug Suppression in crops. Registered are fully emerged Do not use near desirable trees and other vegetation. dicamba (500g/L) + 2,4-D Kamba 500® + 2,4-D amine 280ml + I Surfactant Boom spray June-Aug Registered (625g/L) 625® 800ml/ha Apply from late July to September when plants are in rosette to flowering glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1.2L/ha Surfactant Boom spray June-Aug stage. Registered Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. June-Sept glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray Rosette to Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered flowering HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Horehound (Marrubium vulgare)
Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to drift warnings on the label. 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I 1.4L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Treat seedlings or fresh growth of adult plants. Registered Slashing or burning old growth to promote fresh growth prior to spraying may increase kill rate. Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 2,4-D amine (625g/L) + drift warnings on the label. 500mls + metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ 2,4-D amine 625 + Ally® I,B Surfactant Spot Spray Sept-Nov Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. Registered 5g/100L kg) Use on mature plants. Make sure plants are thoroughly wet. Hormone type herbicide – use with extreme caution near sensitive crops - refer to drift warnings on the label. 2,4-D Ester (600g/kg) 2,4-D Ester 600® I 900ml/ha Surfactant Boom spray Aug-Sept Cropping. Seedlings or suppression only. Registered Slashing or burning old growth to promote fresh growth prior to spraying may increase kill rate. Hormone type herbicide – use with extreme caution near sensitive crops - refer to drift warnings on the label. 2,4-D Ester (600g/kg) 2,4-D Ester 600® I 1.3-3.7L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Aug-Sept Cropping. Seedlings or suppression only. Registered Slashing or burning old growth to promote fresh growth prior to spraying may increase kill rate. Hormone type herbicide – use with extreme caution near sensitive crops - refer to drift warnings on the label. Cropping. Seedlings or suppression only. 2,4-D Ester (600g/kg) 2,4-D Ester 600® I 130-370ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Aug-Sept Registered Use higher rates on larger plants and lower rates on seedlings. Slashing or burning old growth to promote fresh growth prior to spraying may increase kill rate. Horehound plume moth (Pterophorus spilodactylus) Suppression only. Biological control agents Clear wing moth (Chamaesphecia mysiniformis) Suppression only. Consult your regional NRM Board.
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 59 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 60
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Non crop. Treat seedlings or fresh growth of adult plants. dicamba (500g/L) Kamba 500® I 1.2L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered Slashing or burning old growth to promote fresh growth prior to spraying may increase kill rate. dicamba (500g/L) Kamba 500® I 80ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Registered Seedlings and young plants only. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2-3L/ha Penetrant Boom spray Registered Slashing or burning old growth to promote fresh growth prior to spraying may increase kill rate. Young plants only. Penetrant or a Slashing or burning old growth to promote fresh growth prior to spraying glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L /100L Spot spray Registered double wetter may increase kill rate. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Slashing or burning old growth to promote fresh growth prior to spraying glyphosate (540g/L) + Roundup® Powermax + may increase kill rate. Registered (under metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ M,B 500ml + 5g/100L Penetrant Spot spray Ally® Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. general weeds) kg) Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. Grub individual plants, ensuring the complete removal of the root system from the soil. Plough infested area, ensuring plants are turned over with Manual Removal Manual Removal roots completely removed from the soil. Follow up control on any new growth. Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (500g/L) MCPA 500® I 2.1L/ha Surfactant Boom spray drift warnings on the label. Registered Seedlings only.
Horsetail (Equisetum spp.) AW
Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA and Report obtain advice. Grub individual Report to NRM authorities first. Grub and follow up with inspections after Manual removal plants 6 and 12 months; horsetail has rhizomes that may be 2 metres deep. HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Innocent weed (Cenchrus incertus and C. longispinus)
fluazifop-p (212g/kg) Fusilade WG® A 1.24L/ha Boom spray Dec-Jan Grass selective. If growing amongst broadleaf crops or pastures. Registered Citrus crops – refer to label. Grass selective. If growing amoungst fluazifop-p (212g/kg) Fusilade WG® A 2.4L/ha Spot spray Dec-Jan Registered broadleaf crops or pastures. glufosinate-ammonium Nature reserve and other native vegetation, roadsides, urban open space PER 12932 Basta® N 500ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Dec-Jan (200g/L) and forests. (exp.2016) Non selective avoid contact with desirable plants. glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 800ml-1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray Dec-Jan Use higher rates on larger plants. Registered Follow up treatment will be required. glyphosate dual salt PER 13371 Weedmaster®Duo M 1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray Dec-Jan Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (360g/L) (exp.2017) Grazing Dec-Jan Stop seed set. Grub individual Dispose securely to avoid dropping burrs. Follow up in the next season or Manual Removal plants after summer rains. 1.2L ha (light and medium soils) Crops. Pre emergent herbicide. Spray before seed set. Spray from 6 trifuralin (480g/kg) trifuralin 480® D Boom sprayDec-Jan Registered 1.7L/ha (heavy weeks to just before sowing takes place. soils)
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 61 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 62
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Khaki weed (Alternanthera pungens)
2,4-D (300g/L) + picloram Tordon®75-D I 650ml/100L Spot spray Soil residual. Do not use near desirable vegetation or in waterways. Registered (75g/L) dicamba (500g/L) Kamba 500® I 320-560ml/ha Surfactant Boom spray Fallow. Registered dicamba (500g/L) Kamba 500® I 600ml/ha Surfactant Boom spray Non-crop. Spray at rosette stage. Registered (WA only) dicamba (500g/L) Kamba 500® I 9ml/15L Surfactant Spot spray Non-crop. Spray at rosette stage. Registered (WA only) Providing the burrs are not mature. Cut plants off at the crown of the roots Registered (under glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/1L Cut stump and apply immediately to the fresh cut on the roots. Zero weed wand or general weeds) pain brush application is useful. Won’t kill the root system, ongoing treatment required. Registered (under glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. general weeds) Ensure the complete removal of the tuber & root system. Dig beside the Grub individual Manual removal root 100mm down or more. plants Destroy any burrs found.
Lagarosiphon (Lagarosiphon major) AW
Report Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA. Dredge plants out of Seek advice from the regional NRM Authority first. Monitor site and Manual removal water and dispose undertake follow up control until eradication has been achieved. by composting HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Leafy elodea (Egeria densa) AW
Report Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA. Monitor site and undertake follow up control until eradication has been Manual removal achieved.
Lincoln weed (Diplotaxis tenuifolia)
Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 2,4-D (475g/L) + Surpass®475 + Roundup® I, M 145ml + 1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray July-Sept drift warnings on the label. Registered glyphosate (450g/kg) Non-selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. 2,4-D (475g/L) + Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Surpass®475 + Ally® I 145ml + 7g/100L None Spot spray Registered drift warnings on the label. kg) Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I 1.7L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered drift warnings on the label. Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I 115ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Registered drift warnings on the label.
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 63 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 64
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Use lower rate for pre emergent treatment and higher rates post crop and weed emergence. chlorsulfuron (750g/kg) Glean® B 15-20g/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered Wheat, barley, oats, triticale and cereal rye. Do not use near desirable trees and other vegetation. chlorsulfuron (750g/kg) Glean® B 20g/100L Surfactant Spot spray Do not use near desirable trees and other vegetation. Registered glyphosate (450g/L) 800ml + Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Ally® M,B None Spot spray Registered 5-7g/100L Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (600g/L) Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (500g/L) MCPA 500 I 700ml/ha Surfactant Boom spray drift warnings on the label. Registered Apply at rosette stage. Pre harvest knock down. metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ In crop – cereals only. Spray seedlings. Ally® B 7g/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered kg) Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ In crop – cereals only. Spray seedlings. Ally® B 7g/100L Surfactant Spot spray Registered kg) Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. Non crop areas. For rates within crops refer to label. metsulfuron-methyl Ally® + MCPA 500® B, I 7g + 2.1L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. Registered (600g/L) + MCPA (500g/L) Hormone type herbicide – use with caution near sensitive crops. Do not spray if spray drift is likely.
Madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia) WoNS
Cut stems and grub Manual removal out the tubers at Grub individual plants and monitor regrowth. their base. 3-5cm thick layer picloram (43g/kg) gel Vigilant Herbicide Gel® I None Cut stump Anytime Cut stump and apply gel immediately. Registered of gel HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
May or hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)
PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Undiluted None Cut stump (exp.2017) glyphosate (450g/L) Penetrant + Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 13371 + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Brush-off® M,B 800L + 10g/100L Surfactant Spot spray Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (exp.2017) (600g/L) (spray oil) triclopyr (240g/L) + Cut stump/ basal Access® I 1L/60L diesel None Anytime Medium to large trees. Registered picloram (120g/L) bark Nature reserve and other native vegetation, roadsides, urban open space PER 12932 triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 1L/30L Diesel None Cut stump and forests. (exp.2016) Nature reserve and other native vegetation, roadsides, urban open space PER 12932 triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 170ml/100L Penetrant Spot spray and forests. (exp.2016)
Mesquite (Prosopis spp.) WoNS AW
Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA and Report obtain advice. Suitable for shrubs and small trees. For smaller plants and shrubs spray triclopyr (240g/L) + Access® I 1L/60L diesel None Basal bark Anytime the trunk from the ground up to 30cm. For large trees spray from the Registered picloram (120g/L) ground up to 100cm.
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 65 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 66
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) triclopyr (240g/L) + Suitable for large trees. Apply herbicide immediately after cutting the Access® I 1L/60L diesel None Cut stump Anytime Registered picloram (120g/L) stump. triclopyr (300g/L) + Spring Grazon Extra® I 350ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Do not spray plants bearing pods. Registered picloram (100g/L) -summer
Mexican feathergrass (Nassella tenuissima) AW
Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA and Report obtain advice. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 1.5-3L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 100-300ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 500ml/10L Surfactant Wiper Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Use higher rate if the weed is dense. Apply to fresh foliage. flupropanate (745g/L) + 1.5-3L + 300- PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Boom spray Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will glyphosate (450g/kg) 500ml/ha (exp.2015) increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Use higher rate if the weed is dense. Apply to fresh foliage. flupropanate (745g/L) + 150-300ml + PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Spot spray Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will glyphosate (450g/kg) 270ml/100L (exp.2015) increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. Will give varied results – Suppression only. PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2.4L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2015) 800ml/100L Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Surfactant Spot spray water Variable results. (exp.2015) PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2.6L/10L water Surfactant Wiper Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2015)
Muskweed (Myagrum perfoliatum)
Seek advice Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority and obtain advice.
Noogoora burr complex (Xanthium strumarium sp. agg.)
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 67 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 68
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) When actively Rate depends growing Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to on crop type and 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I Boom spray and before drift warnings on the label. Registered crop stage – refer flower Cropping – refer to label to label and burr formation When actively growing Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I 560ml-1.7L/ha Refer to label Boom spray and before drift warnings on the label. Registered flower Non-agricultural areas. and burr formation When actively growing Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I 17-22ml/10L Surfactant Spot spray and before drift warnings on the label. Registered flower Spray seedlings only. and burr formation When actively Spot Spray – Do not growing glyphosate (360g/kg) add surfactants if Suitable for use near waterways – refer to label. Roundup Biactive® M 1L/100L and before Registered biactive using near aquatic Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. flower areas and burr formation When actively growing Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. glyphosate (450g/L) Roundup® M 1.5-2.5L/ha Surfactant Boom spray and before Registered Fallow or prior to planting a crop or pasture. flower and burr formation When actively growing glyphosate (450g/L) Roundup® M 1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray and before Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered flower and burr formation HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) When actively glyphosate (450g/L) growing Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Ally® M,B 1L + 7g/100L Surfactant Spot spray and before Registered Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (600g/L) flower and burr formation When actively growing Can be used within orchards, vineyards and established trees provided a glyphosate-trimecium Touchdown® M 700ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray and before directed or shielded spray or wiper is used. Registered (480g/L) flower Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. and burr formation When actively growing Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (340g/L) + dicamba Banvil®M I 2.8-4L/ha None Boom spray and before drift warnings on the label. Registered (80g/L) flower Grass pastures. Use higher rates on larger plants or plants in late flower. and burr formation When actively growing Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (340g/L) + dicamba Banvil®M I 190-270ml/100L None Spot spray and before drift warnings on the label. Registered (80g/L) flower Grass pastures. Use higher rate on late flowering or larger plants. and burr formation When actively growing Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (750g/L) Agritone®750 I 1.35L/ha Surfactant Boom spray and before drift warnings on the label. Registered flower Spray young seedlings only. and burr formation When actively growing Seedlings or before early flowering. Use higher rate when plants are metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Registered (NSW Brush-Off® B 5 or 7.5g/100L Surfactant Spot spray and before beyond early flowering or add glyphosate. kg) only) flower Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. and burr formation
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 69 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 70
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Nutgrass or sedge nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus)
Spot Spray – Do not glyphosate (360g/kg) add surfactants if Suitable for use near waterways – refer to label. Roundup Biactive® M 10ml/1L None Registered biactive using near aquatic Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. areas glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1/100 Surfactant Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered methyl bromide (1000g/kg) Methyl Bromide 1000® 100g/square 8A None Fumigant Dangerous gas, use with caution. Registered fumigant Fumigant meter 12L/ha (in 500L MSMA (800g/L) Daconate® Z None Boom spray Non-crop. Repeat application will be required. Registered of water) MSMA (800g/L) Daconate® Z 1L/100L None Spot spray Repeat application will be required. Registered
Olive (Olea europaea) – excluding cultivated trees
PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Neat None Cut stump Effective on smaller plants only. (exp.2017) PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Undiluted to 1:1 None Drill and fill (exp.2017) HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) glyphosate (450g/kg) + Roundup® + Garlon® M, I 333ml + 33ml/1L Penetrant Cut stump Registered triclopyr (600g/L) glyphosate (450g/L) Penetrant + Follow up control may be required. 800ml + PER 13371 + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Brush-off® M,B Surfactant Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. 10g/100L (exp.2017) (600g/L) (spray oil) Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. glyphosate dual salt Cut Stump/ drill PER 13371 Weedmaster®Duo M 1L:1L None (360g/L) and fill (exp.2017) metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ PER 13371 Brush-Off® B 15g/100L Surfactant Spot spray Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. kg) (exp.2017) triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 1L/30L diesel None Basal bark Plants up to 5cm basal diameter. Registered Nature reserve and other native vegetation, roadsides, urban open space PER 12932 triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 1L/30L diesel None Cut stump and forests. (exp.2016) Nature reserve and other native vegetation, roadsides, urban open space PER 12932 triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I Undiluted None Drill and fill and forests. (exp.2016) Nature reserve and other native vegetation, roadsides, urban open space PER 12932 triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 170ml/100L Spot spray and forests. (exp.2016)
Parkinsonia (Parkinsonia aculeata) WoNS AW
Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA and Report obtain advice. Monitor site and undertake follow up control until eradication has been achieved Suitable for shrubs and small trees. For smaller plants and shrubs spray triclopyr (240g/L) + Access® I 1L/60L diesel None Basal bark Anytime the trunk from the ground up to 30cm. For large trees spray from the Registered picloram (120g/L) ground up to 100cm. triclopyr (240g/L) + Suitable for large trees. Apply herbicide immediately after cutting the Access® I 1L/60L diesel None Cut stump Anytime Registered picloram (120g/L) stump. triclopyr (300g/L) + Spring Grazon Extra® I 350ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Do not spray plants bearing pods. Registered picloram (100g/L) -summer
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 71 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 72
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) AW
Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA. Not Report yet known to occur in SA. Rosette dicamba (500g/L) Kamba 500® I 40ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Registered stage Grub individual Inform your regional NRM office. Monitor site and undertake follow up Manual removal plants control until eradication has been achieved. metsulfuron-methyl Registered (NSW Ally® B 5g/100L Surfactant Spot spray Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (600g/kg) only)
Perennial ragweed (Ambrosia spp.)
dicamba (500g/L) Kamba 500® I 8.8L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Non-crop. Registered dicamba (500g/L) Kamba 500® I 600ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Non-crop. Registered Grub individual Manual Removal Obtain advice from your regional NRM authority. plants HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Perennial thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Soil residual. Do not use near desirable vegetation or in waterways. Do not 2,4-D (300g/L) + picloram Tordon®75-D I 650ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray apply near susceptible crops. Registered (75g/L) Apply during budding stage. clopyralid (300g/L) Lontrel® I 250ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Pastures and fallow. Treat rosettes prior to stem elongation. Registered Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to clopyralid (300g/L) + MCPA drift warnings on the label. Lontrel® + MCPA 500® I 50ml + 1L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered (500g/L) Barley, oats, triticale, wheat – 4-5 leaf onwards. Spray when thistle rosettes are 5-15cm. Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to clopyralid (300g/L) + MCPA 50 or 70ml + drift warnings on the label. Lontrel® + MCPA 500® I Surfactant Boom spray Registered (500g/L) 1-1.5L/ha Pastures and fallow. Treat rosettes prior to stem elongation. Use higher rates on rosettes larger than 30cm in diameter. PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2017) glyphosate dual salt PER 13371 Weedmaster®Duo M 1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (360g/L) (exp.2017) Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (500g/L) MCPA 500® I 700ml to 1.4L/ha Spot spray drift warnings on the label. Registered Seedlings. Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (500g/L) MCPA 500® I 2L/ha Spot spray drift warnings on the label. Registered Well developed plants.
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HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Pheasant’s eye (Adonis microcarpa)
bromoxynil (200g/L) + Pastures, wheat, barley, cereal, rye, oats, triticale. Use higher rates for Bromicide®200 C 700ml-1.4L/ha Boom spray Registered liquid hydrocarbon (616g/L) plants with more than 4 leaves. flumetsulam (800g/kg) Broadstrike® B 25g/ha Surfactant Boom spray Cropping. Registered
Pink pampas grass (Cortaderia jubata)
Surfactant or glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2.5L/100L Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered Penetrant Manual removal Large plants need machinery such as a bobcat to grub them out. HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Plumerillo (Jarava plumosa) AW
Report Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 1.5-3L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 100-300ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 500ml/10L Surfactant Wiper Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Use higher rate if the weed is dense. Apply to fresh foliage. flupropanate (745g/L) + 1.5-3L + 300- PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Boom spray Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will glyphosate (450g/kg) 500ml/ha (exp.2015) increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years.
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 75 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 76
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Use higher rate if the weed is dense. Apply to fresh foliage. flupropanate (745g/L) + 150-300ml + PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Spot spray Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will glyphosate (450g/kg) 270ml/100L (exp.2015) increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. Will give varied results – Suppression only. PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2.4L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2015) 800ml/100L Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Surfactant Spot spray water Variable results. (exp.2015) PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2.6L/10L water Surfactant Wiper Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2015) Grub individual Inform your regional NRM office and obtain advice. Monitor site and Manual removal plants undertake follow up control until eradication has been achieved.
Poison buttercup (Ranunculus sceleratus)
Spot Spray – Do not glyphosate (360g/kg) add surfactants if Suitable for use near waterways – refer to label. Roundup Biactive® M 1L/100L None Registered biactive using near aquatic Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. areas MCPA (340g/L) + Dicamba Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to Banvil®M I 470ml/100L surfactant Spot spray Registered (80g/L) drift warnings on the label. MCPA (340g/L) + Dicamba Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to Banvil®M I 470ml/15L surfactant Spot spray Registered (80g/L) drift warnings on the label. HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Primrose willow (Ludwigia peruviana) AW
Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA. Not Report yet known to occur in SA but established in the eastern States. When actively growing at or beyond Spot Spray – Do not the early Registered (as glyphosate (360g/kg) add surfactants if Roundup Biactive® M 1L/100L None bloom stage Ensure thorough coverage is achieved. general woody biactive using near aquatic of growth weeds) areas but before autumn change of color Inform your regional NRM authority. Ensure all parts of the plant are removed from the site and destroy by Grub individual Manual removal burning or deep burial. plants Monitor site and undertake follow up control until eradication has been achieved. When actively growing at or beyond the early Apply a 5mm layer of gel. picloram (43g/kg) gel Vigilant Herbicide Gel® I Undiluted None Cut stump bloom stage Ensure all parts of the plant are removed from the site and destroy by Registered of growth burning or deep burial. but before autumn change of colour
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 77 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 78
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Sagittaria (arrowhead) (Sagittaria graminea) WoNS
Report Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA. Spray at month intervals when actively growing. Apply herbicide to individual mats only – do not broadcast spray over glyphosate (360g/kg) water. Registered (under Roundup® Biactive M 10ml/1L None Spot spray Summer biactive Confirm ID prior to spraying. general weeds) Seek advice from an NRM Officer. Undertake follow up control until eradication has been achieved.
Salvation Jane (Echium plantagineum)
Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I 1-1.7L/ha Boom spray drift warnings on the label. Registered Pastures and non-agricultural areas. Refer to label. March-May (from first Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 2,4-D amine (625g/L) using rains in 2,4-D amine 625 I 560ml/ha Boom spray drift warnings on the label. Registered Spray-Graze autumn to Pastures. Seek advice. the end of autumn) HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Pollen beetle (Meligethes planiusculus) Suppression only. Leaf-mining moth (Dialectica scalariella) Suppression only. Crown weevil (Mogulones larvatus) Biological control agents Suppression only. Flea beetle (Longitarsus echii) Suppression only. Root weevil (Mogulones geographicus) Suppression only. Consult your regional NRM Board. Crops and pastures. Refer to label. chlorsulfuron (750g/kg) Glean® B 15g/ha Boom spray Registered Do not use near desirable trees and other vegetation. Sept-April When actively Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Boom spray Registered growing and Prior to sowing a crop or pasture. before seed set Sept-April When actively PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. growing and (exp.2017) before seed set glyphosate (450g/L) Adult plants. 800ml + + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Ally® M,B Surfactant Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered 10g/100L (600g/L) Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 700ml-4L/ha refer MCPA (500g/L) MCPA 500® I Surfactant Boom spray drift warnings on the label. Registered to label Pastures – refer to label MCPA (500g/L) using Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA 500® I 500ml/ha Boom spray Registered Spray-Graze drift warnings on the label. Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (750g/L) Agritone®750 I 270ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Registered drift warnings on the label. metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Early in the season. Ally® B 10g/100L Surfactant Spot spray Registered kg) Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. metsulfuron-methyl Ally® + MCPA 500® B, I 7g + 1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray Hormone type herbicide – use with caution near sensitive crops. Do not Registered (600g/L) + MCPA (500g/L) spray if spray drift is likely. Pasture – Sub clover based pastures with either rye grass, phalaris, terbutryn 275g/L + MCPA cocksfoot). Use higher rates when weeds are at the 2 leaf stage. Some Agtryne MA® C,I 300-500ml/ha Boom spray Registered (160g/L) reduction of clover may occure. Refer to label. Cereal crops – refer to label.
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HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Salvinia (Salvinia spp.) WoNS AW
Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA. Salvinia Report is usually found only as a deliberately grown water plant in SA. Seek advice from your regional NRM Authority. Apply as an overall spray to wet foliage thoroughly. Clear water is diquat (200g/L) Reglone® L 400ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray necessary for best results. Use the higher rate for heavy infestations or Registered deep or dirty water. Repeat applications 7-14 days later may be necessary for control of dense infestations. Dredge or skim plants out of the Seek advice from your regional NRM Authority. Monitor site and undertake Manual removal water and dispose follow up control until eradication has been achieved. by composting or drying Spray on free floating plants. Within artificial impoundments and enclosed bodies of water. Orange oil (55.2g/kg) + Water Clear® 1L/100L None Spot spray Do not use in natural water bodies or streams where it will reach natural Registered surfactants (195g/kg) water bodies. Do not use in dams holding water for human consumption.
Senegal tea plant (Gymnocoronis spilanthoides) AW
Report to your local NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA and seek advice. Not Report known to occur in SA. HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Serrated tussock (Nassella trichotoma) AW
Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA. Report Serrated tussock is not currently known to occur in SA. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 1.5-2L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 100-200ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 500ml/10L Surfactant Wiper Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Use higher rate if the weed is dense. Apply to fresh foliage. flupropanate (745g/L) + 1.5-2L + 250- PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Boom spray Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will glyphosate (450g/kg) 420ml/ha (exp.2015) increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years.
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 81 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 82
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Use higher rate if the weed is dense. flupropanate (745g/L) + 150-200ml + PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Spot spray Apply to fresh foliage. glyphosate (450g/kg) 270ml/100L (exp.2015) Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Use the lower rate on infertile lightly textured soils; use the higher rate on fertile basalt soils. Suppression only if serrated tussock plants are not PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2.24-3.2L/ha Surfactant Boom spray actively growing with long green leaves. (exp.2015) Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Use the lower rate on infertile lightly textured soils; use the higher rate on 560-1000ml/100L PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Surfactant Spot spray fertile basalt soils. water (exp.2015) Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2.6L/10L water Surfactant Wiper Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2015) Grub individual Prior to flow Monitor site and undertake follow up control until eradication has been Manual removal plants. seed set achieved.
Silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) WoNS
2,4-D (300g/L) + picloram Soil residual. Do not use near desirable vegetation or in waterways. Do not Tordon®75-D I 650ml/100L Spot spraySept-Jan Registered (75g/L) apply near susceptible crops. fluroxypyr (333g/L) Starane®Advanced I 300ml/100L Spot spray Sept-Jan Follow up treatment of regrowth is critical for best control. Registered Seed suppression only. glyphosate (540g/L) Roundup® Powermax M 6L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Sept-Jan Registered Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Seed suppression only. glyphosate (540g/L) Roundup® Powermax M 1.35L/100L Penetrant Spot spray Sept-Jan Registered Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Excavate soil to the depth of the root system, and remove plants. Manual Removal Manual Removal Permission to excavate may be required. Mowing/Slashing Mowing/Slashing Carry out slashing before berry formation. Repeat as required throughout. HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Skeleton weed (Chondrilla juncea)
Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (2,4-D (300g/L) + picloram Tordon®75-D + 2,4-D 300ml + 375ml/ Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to (75g/L)) + 2,4-D amine I Boom spray Registered amine 625 ha drift warnings on the label. (625g/L) Suppression only Soil residual. Do not use near desirable vegetation or in waterways. Do not 2,4-D (300g/L) + picloram Tordon®75-D I 650ml/100L Spot spray apply near susceptible crops. Registered (75g/L) Suppression only. Follow up spray with glyphosate. Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 2,4-D (475g/L) + drift warnings on the label. Surpass®475 + Roundup® I, M 1.1L + 1L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Nov-Jan Registered glyphosate (450g/kg) Non-selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Fallow or non crop situations. 2,4-D (475g/L) + Hormone type treatment - use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to Surpass®475 + Roundup® I, M 120ml + 1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray Nov-Jan Registered glyphosate (450g/kg) drift warnings on the label. bromoxynil (200g/L) + diflufenican(25g/L) + liquid Wheat, barley triticale, cereal rye crops and clover and/or lucern based hydrocarbon (416g/L) + Jaguar® C,F 1L/ha Boom spray Registered pasture. Suppression only. n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (150g/L) clopyralid (300g/L) Lontrel® I 300ml/ha Spot spray Nov-Jan Cereals only – Canola. Will provide control until harvest only. Registered Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to clopyralid (300g/L) + MCPA drift warnings on the label. Lontrel® + MCPA 500® I 500ml + 1L/ha Boom spray Nov-Jan Registered (500g/L) Cereals only – Barley, oats, triticale, wheat. Spray when rosettes are 5-15cm. Will provide control until harvest only. glyphosate (450g/L) Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Ally® M,B 1L + 7g/100L Surfactant Spot spray Registered Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (600g/L) metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Ally® B 7g/ha Surfactant Boom spray Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. Registered kg)
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 83 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 84
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Slender thistle (Carduus tenuiflorus)
clopyralid (300g/L) Lontrel® I 50 or 70L/ha Boom spray Pastures Rosette stage to early flowering Registered clopyralid (300g/L) Lontrel® I 250ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Pastures and fallow. Treat rosettes prior to stem elongation. Registered Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to drift warnings on the label. clopyralid (300g/L) + MCPA 50 or 70ml + Use lower rates in barley, oats, triticale, wheat (4-5 leaf onwards) when Lontrel® + MCPA 500® I Surfactant Boom spray Registered (500g/L) 1-1.5L/ha thistle rosettes are 5-15cm. In pastures and fallow treat rosettes prior to stem elongation. Use higher rates in pastures only when rosettes are larger than 30cm diameter. PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2017) Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (500g/L) MCPA 500® I 1L/ha Boom spray drift warnings on the label. Registered Non crop areas or fallow. Spray young plants only.
Soldier thistle (Picnomon acarna)
Barley, oats, triticale, wheat (4-5leaf stage) and canola. Spray rosettes up clopyralid (300g/L) Lontrel® I 300ml/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered to 10cm diameter (4-8 leaf). clopyralid (300g/L) Lontrel® I 250ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Pastures and fallow. Treat rosettes prior to stem elongation. Registered HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to clopyralid (300g/L) + MCPA 200ml + 700ml/ drift warnings on the label. Lontrel® + MCPA 500® I Surfactant Boom spray Registered (500g/L) ha Wheat, barley oats, triticale – Apply to crop at tillering stage after the crop has 5 leaves and before the crop commences jointing. PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2017) Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to drift warnings on the label. Grass pastures – Use low rate on seedlings and higher rates on adult MCPA (500g/L) MCPA 500® I 700ml-2.1L/ha Boom spray plants (prior to flowering). Registered Use 100 liters of water for best results. If clover present do not exceed 600ml/ha. Crops – refer to label. Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (500g/L) MCPA 500® I 75ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Registered drift warnings on the label. Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (500g/L) - Spray MCPA 500® I 600ml/ha Boom spray drift warnings on the label. Registered Graze technique Pastures. Seek advice.
Soursob (Oxalis pes-caprae)
glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1.2L/ha Boom spray July-Sept Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered July-Sept Apply at flowering. PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray Appy at Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2017) flowering May-July metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Use higher rates for dense stands. Brush-Off® B 5 or 10g/ha Surfactant Boom spray Before Registered kg) Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. flowering May-July Use higher rates for dense stands. metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Brush-Off® B 5g/100L Surfactant Spot spray Before Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. Registered kg) flowering Not for home garden use.
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 85 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 86
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Spear thistle (Cirsium vulgare)
clopyralid (300g/L) Lontrel® I 250ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Treat rosettes prior to stem elongation. Registered Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to drift warnings on the label. clopyralid (300g/L) + MCPA 50-70ml + Use lower rates in barley, oats, triticale, wheat (4-5 leaf onwards)-refer to Lontrel® + MCPA 500® I Surfactant Boom spray Registered (500g/L) 1-1.5L/ha label. Spray when thistle rosettes are 5-15cm. Pastures and fallow treat rosettes prior to stem elongation. Use higher rates on rosettes larger than 30cm in diameter. Grass pastures, perennial grass seed crops, direct drilling, conservation 280-560ml/ha for tillage, no till fallow, minimum tillage and between cropping applications. seedlings. Use 110-280L of mixture/ha. dicamba (500g/L) Kamba 500® I 560ml-1.1L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered Apply when thistles have at least 3-5 true leaves. for young mature Do not treat thistles beyond the rosette stage. plants Use higher rates on larger plants. 40ml/100L for seedlings. dicamba (500g/L) Kamba 500® I 76ml/100L for Surfactant Spot spray Registered young mature plants glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1.6-2.4L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 600ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (340g/L) + dicamba Kamba M® I 190-270ml/100L Spot spray drift warnings on the label. Registered (80g/L) Use higher rates on larger plants Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to drift warnings on the label. Apply at Rosette stage. MCPA (500g/L) MCPA 500 I 700ml-2L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered Do not exceed 1.5L/ha within sub clover seed crops. Use higher rates on larger plants. Refer to label. HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Sweet briar (Rosa rubiginosa)
Spot Spray - Do not glyphosate (360g/kg) add surfactants if Suitable for use near waterways - refer to label. Roundup Biactive® M 1.5-2L/100L None Oct-Jan Registered biactive using near aquatic Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. areas PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Undiluted to 1:4 None Cut stump Oct-Jan Apply to cut stump immediately. (exp.2017) glyphosate (450g/L) 800ml-1L + Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 13371 + metsulfuron-methyl Roundup® + Brush-off® M,B Penetrant Spot spray Oct-Jan 10g/100L Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. (exp.2017) (600g/L) Use higher rates for plants larger than 1.5m. glyphosate (540g/L) Roundup® Powermax M 1-1.35L/100L Surfactant Spot spray Oct-Jan Registered Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Manual removal Oct-Jan Grub individual plants. metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ PER 13371 Brush-Off® B 15g/100L Penetrant Spot spray Oct-Jan Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. kg) (exp.2017) triclopyr (300g/L) + Grazon DS® I 350ml/100L Penetreant Spot spray Oct-Jan For plants up to 1.5m tall. Registered picloram (100g/L) Basal Bark or cut Nature reserve and other native vegetation, roadsides, urban open space triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 1L/30L diesel None Oct-Jan Registered stump and forests. Diesel can be replaced with water for ease of application. triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 1L/30L diesel None Cut stump Oct-Jan Nature reserve and other native vegetation, roadsides, urban open space Registered and forests. Nature reserve and other native vegetation, roadsides, urban open space PER 12932 triclopyr (600g/L) Garlon® I 170ml/100L Penetrant Spot spray Oct-Jan and forests. (exp.2016)
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 87 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 88
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Texas needlegrass (Nassella leucotricha)
Report Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 1.5-3L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 100-300ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. A slow working residual. Apply early in the season. If spraying late in the season add glyphosate for a faster kill. PER 9792 flupropanate (745g/L) Tussock™ J 500ml/10L Surfactant Wiper Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species (exp.2015) for one to two years. Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Use higher rate if the weed is dense. flupropanate (745g/L) + 1.5-3L + 300- PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Boom spray Apply to fresh foliage. glyphosate (450g/kg) 500ml/ha (exp.2015) Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will increase effectiveness. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Apply glyphosate alone for seed set suppression; or for control mix flupropanate with glyphosate. Apply to fresh foliage. flupropanate (745g/L) + 150-300ml + Slashing to promote fresh growth 2-3 weeks prior to spraying will PER 9792 Tussock® + Roundup® J,M Surfactant Spot spray glyphosate (450g/kg) 270ml/100L increase effectiveness. (exp.2015) Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Residues in the soil may suppress weeds and other susceptible species for one to two years. PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2.4L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2015) HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) 800ml/100L Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M Surfactant Spot spray water Variable results. (exp.2015) PER 9792 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2.6L/10L water Surfactant Wiper Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2015)
Three corner jack (Emex australis)
Registered (under glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Surfactant Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. general weeds) Established pastures – refer to label. metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Apply up to 6 leaf stage. Brush-Off® B 5-10g/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered (WA only) kg) Use higher rates for dense infestations. Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. terbutryn 275g/L + MCPA Cereal crops only. Agtryne MA® C,I 1.5L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered (160g/L) Apply at the 1-4 leaf stage.
Three cornered garlic (Allium triquetrum)
On arable land it can be controlled over 3-4 years of repeated cultivations. Cultivation and pasture Cultivation In pastures prevent seed production by mowing, slashing or heavy grazing improvement. of flowering stems. Combine this with pasture improvement.
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HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Surfactant or PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. penetrant (exp.2017) glyphosate dual salt Wiper sponge or PER 13371 Weedmaster®Duo M 1L/3L None Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (360g/L) brush (exp.2017) metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ PER 13371 Brush-Off® B 10g/400L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. kg) (exp.2017) metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. PER 13371 Brush-Off® B 2.5g/100L Surfactant Spot spray kg) Not for home garden use. (exp.2017)
Three-horned bedstraw (Galium tricornutum)
carfentrazone-ethyl (400g/ Affinity® + MCPA 500® G,I 50g + 500ml Boom spray Cereals – Post emergent. Registered kg) + MCPA (500g/L) Post emergent. flumetsulam (800g/kg) Broadstrike® B 25g/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered 6 whorls up to 10cm high. In faba beans and field peas – pre and post emergent. imazethapyr (700g/L) Spinnaker® B 70-100g/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered Refer to label.
Toetoe (Cortaderia richardii) AW
Report Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA. HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Surfactant (if For best results apply after flowering. glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 10-13ml/1L away from from Spot spray Sept-May Use higher rate for plants over 1m. Registered waterways) For easier access slash or burn plants and allow to regrow to 1m.
Variegated thistle (Silybum marianum)
Soil residual. Do not use near desirable vegetation or in waterways. Do not 2,4-D (300g/L) + picloram Tordon®75-D I 150-300ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray apply near susceptible crops. Registered (75g/L) Rosette to pre flowering. Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to drift warnings on the label. Spray at rosette stage. Use higher rates for larger plants. 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I 560ml-1.7L/ha Boom spray Registered Pastures, non agricultural areas and conservation Tillage (direct drilling, surface sowing or fallow maintenance). Pasture legumes including Lucerne, clovers and medics may be damaged unless well protected by grasses. Spot spraying is preferred. Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 2,4-D amine 625 I 95ml/100L Spot spray drift warnings on the label. Registered Spray at rosette stage. clopyralid (300g/L) Lontrel® I 50 or 70L/ha Boom spray Pastures – Rosette stage to early flowering. Registered clopyralid (300g/L) Lontrel® I 250ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Pastures and fallow. Treat rosettes prior to stem elongation. Registered Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to drift warnings on the label. clopyralid (300g/L) + MCPA 50-70ml + Use lower rates in barley, oats, triticale, wheat (4-5 leaf onwards). Refer to Lontrel® + MCPA 500® I Surfactant Boom spray Registered (500g/L) 1-1.5L/ha label. Spray when thistle rosettes are 5-15cm. Pastures and fallow treat rosettes prior to stem elongation. Use higher rates on rosettes larger than 30cm in diameter.
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HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) 800ml-1L/ha – less than 12cm diameter rosettes Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1-1.6L/ha – Boom spray Use higher rates on larger plants. Registered greater than Prior to sowing a crop, fallow, non agricultural areas. 12cm diameter rosettes PER 13371 glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 1L/100L Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. (exp.2017) Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to drift warnings on the label. MCPA (500g/L) MCPA 500® I 700ml-1.5L/ha Boom spray Registered Spray seedlings only. Use lower rates for seedlings and higher rates for larger plants. Use 2L/ha for well developed plants. Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to drift warnings on the label. MCPA (500g/L) MCPA 500® I 100-133ml/100L Spot spray Registered Spray seedlings only. Use lower rates for seedlings and higher rates for larger plants.
Water caltrop (Trapa natans) AW
Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA. Not Report currently known to occur in Australia. HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Water dropwort (Oenanthe pimpinelloides)
Spot Spray – Do not This species is not listed specifically on any registered herbicide label. add surfactants if Roundup Biactive® covers weeds in general and is suitable for use near Registered (under glyphosate (360g/kg) Roundup Biactive® M 1L/100L using near aquatic waterways – refer to label. general weeds) areas Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants.
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) WoNS AW
Report Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA. Seek advice from a local NRM Authority. Apply as an overall spray to wet foliage thoroughly. Clear water is diquat (200g/L) Reglone® L 400ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray necessary for best results. Use the higher rate for heavy infestations or Registered deep or dirty water. Repeat applications 7-14 days later may be necessary for control of dense infestations. Surfactant (if Apply when actively growing, at or beyond the early bloom stage. away from Spot Spray – Do not Monitor site until eradication has been achieved. glyphosate (360g/kg) waterways). add surfactants if Roundup Biactive® M 10-13ml/1L Use higher rate on dense infestations. Registered biactive None (if near using near aquatic Suitable for use near waterways - refer to label. or within areas Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. waterways) Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 93 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 94
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Skim plants off the water and Seek advice from the local NRM Authority first. Manual removal dispose by drying or Monitor site until eradication has been achieved. composting
Water soldier (Stratiotes aloides) AW
Report occurrences to your regional NRM Authority or Biosecurity SA. Not Report yet known to occur in Australia. Skim plants off the water and Seek advice from your regional NRM Authority first. Manual removal dispose by drying or Monitor site until eradication has been achieved. composting
Wild artichoke (Cynara cardunculus)
Soil residual. Do not use near desirable vegetation or in waterways. Do not 2,4-D (300g/L) + picloram Tordon®75-D I 125ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray apply near susceptible crops. Registered (75g/L) Use double rate at flowering. dicamba (500g/L) Kamba 500® I 1.6L/ha Surfactant Boom Spray Spray prior to flowering. Registered dicamba (500g/L) Kamba 500® I 100ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Spray prior to flowering. Registered HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated) Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 2.4L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered Apply at rosette stage. Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 400ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Registered Apply at rosette stage. Manual Removal Grub plants Manual Removal Ensure that the root system is removed to a depth of 150mm. Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to drift warnings on the label. MCPA (250g/L) MCPA 250 I 2.1L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Non crops areas, fallow, rights of way. Registered Apply at rosette stage. Crop and pasture rates – refer to label Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to MCPA (250g/L) MCPA 250 I 140ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray drift warnings on the label. Registered Apply at rosette stage.
Willows (Salix spp.) WoNS
glyphosate (360g/kg) Suitable for use near waterways – refer to label. Roundup Biactive® M Undiluted None Cut stump Registered biactive Cut stump and apply herbicide immediately. For plants less than 2m tall. Spot Spray – Do not Add a penetrant of applying away from waterways. glyphosate (360g/kg) add surfactants if Roundup Biactive® M 1-1.3L/100L None Use higher rate for plants 1-2m high. Registered biactive using near aquatic Suitable for use near waterways – refer to label. areas Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. glyphosate (360g/kg) Suitable for use near waterways – refer to label. Roundup Biactive® M Undiluted None Stem inject Registered biactive Basal diameter 0-25cm 1ml/cut, basal diameter 25-60cm 2ml/cut. Remove by hand or Manual Removal machinery picloram (43g/kg) gel Vigilant Herbicide Gel® I 3-5mm thick layer None Cut stump Cut stump and apply herbicide immediately. Registered
Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 95 Weed Control Handbook for Declared Plants in South Australia 96
HERBICIDE EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT HERBICIDE APPLICATION REQUIRED APPLICATION TIMING COMMENTS LEGAL STATUS NAMES GROUP RATE (with ADDITIONS METHODS water unless indicated)
Yellow burrweed (Amsinckia spp).
Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to drift warnings on the label. Pastures and non-agricultural areas. 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 24-D amine 625 I 0.56-1.7L/ha Boom spray Registered Pasture legumes including Lucerne, clover and medics may be damaged unless well protected by grasses. Spot spraying is preferred. Use lower rates on seedlings and higher rates on larger plants. Hormone type treatment – use with caution near sensitive crops. Refer to 2,4-D amine (625g/L) 24-D amine 625 I 73ml/100L Spot spray Registered drift warnings on the label. flumetsulam (800g/kg) Broadstrike® B 25g/ha Surfactant Boom spray Crops and pastures – refer to label. Registered Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Prior to sowing a crop or pasture with full soil disturbance by cultivations glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 800ml-1L/ha Surfactant Boom spray Registered or sowing with a tyned implement. Use higher rates late in the season or when treating under cold/overcast conditions. glyphosate (450g/kg) Roundup® M 800ml/100L Surfactant Spot spray Non selective, avoid contact with desirable plants. Registered Manual removal Manual Removal Hand pull individual plants. Ensure plant is not seeding. metsulfuron-methyl (600g/ Use higher rate for larger weeds or dense infestations. Ally® B 5 or7g/100L Surfactant Boom spray Registered kg) Soil active herbicide, may damage desirable vegetation. terbutryn 275g/L + MCPA Agtryne MA® C,I 1l/ha Boom spray Cropping – refer to label comments. Registered amine (160g/L) triasulfuron (750g/kg) Logran®750WG B 30g/ha Boom Pre emergent control within wheat and other cereal crops – refer to label. Registered Biosecurity SA, Primary Industries and Regions South Australia. Alert Weeds Fact sheets (various). Urrbrae, South Australia. REFERENCES Viewed May 2012, www.pir.sa.gov.au/biosecuritysa/nrm_biosecurity/weeds/sa_alert_weeds/sa_alert_weed_list Biosecurity SA, Primary Industries and Regions South Australia (2009). Branched Broomrape On Farm Management Handbook. Urrbrae, South Australia. Viewed April 2012, www.pir.sa.gov.au/biosecuritysa/branched_broomrape/broomrape_management Environment Protection Authority (2005). Guidelines for Responsible Pesticide Use. Adelaide , South Australia. Viewed June 2012, www.epa.sa.gov.au/xstd_files/Water/Guideline/guide_pesticides.pdf Environment Protection Authority (2007). Safe and Effective Herbicide Use: A handbook for near-water application produced by the Environment Protection Authority. Adelaide, South Australia. Viewed June 2012, www.epa.sa.gov.au/xstd_files/Water/Other/pesticide_water.pdf Ivory, S. and Mantel, S. (2013) A Guide to Biological Control in South Australia. South Australian Research and Development Institute. Pdf available at www.pir.sa.gov.au/biosecuritysa/nrm_biosecurity/weeds/biological_control_of_weeds Kondinin Group (2010). Field Crop Herbicide Guide 8. Perth, Western Australia. NSW Department of Primary Industries (2011). Noxious and Environmental Weed Control Handbook, A Guide To Weed Control In Non-Crop, Aquatic and Bushland Situations 5th Edition. Grafton, New South Wales. Viewed June 2012 , www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/123317/Noxious-and-environmental-weed-control-handbook.pdf South Australian Murray-Darling Basin Natural Resources Management Board, Pest Plants facts sheets (various). Murray Bridge, South Australia. Viewed May 2012, www.samdbnrm.sa.gov.au/Land/PestAnimalPlantControlProgram/PestPlantIdentification.aspx Weeds Society of Queensland Inc. (2011). Weeds of Southern Queensland 3rd edition. Toowoomba, Queensland.
Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority – Registered products and permit searches: www.apvma.gov.au USEFUL WEBSITES Biosecurity SA – Primary Industries and Regions SA – Weed identification and weed information: www.pir.sa.gov.au/biosecuritysa/nrm_biosecurity Environment Protection Authority – Information regarding safe herbicide use: www.epa.sa.gov.au Natural Resources Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges – Weed identification and information: www.amlrnrm.sa.gov.au Natural Resources Alinytjara Wilurara – Weed identification and information: www.awnrm.sa.gov.au Natural Resources Eyre Peninsula – Weed identification and information: www.epnrm.sa.gov.au Natural Resources Kangaroo Island – Weed identification and information: www.kinrm.sa.gov.au Natural Resources Northern and Yorke – Weed information: www.nynrm.sa.gov.au Natural Resources South Australian Arid Lands – Weed identification and information: www.saalnrm.sa.gov.au Natural Resources South Australian Murray-Darling Basin – Aquatic and other weed identification and information: www.samdbnrm.sa.gov.au Natural Resources South East – Weed identification and information: www.senrm.sa.gov.au Weed Management Society of South Australia Inc. – Weed identification and information: www.wmssa.org.au Weeds Australia – the national weed website: www.weeds.org.au WeedSmart – Information on herbicide resistance: www.weedsmart.org.au
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African feathergrass – © Matt Baker and Cutleaf mignonette – Robert Videki, Mexican feather grass – Forest & Kim Starr, Spear thistle – Steve Dewey, Utah State Tasmanian Herbarium – ‘Australian Plant Image Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org Starr Environmental, Bugwood.org University, Bugwood.org IMAGE CREDITS Index (APII) Dodder – Forest & Kim Starr, Starr Muskweed – Andrea Moro, luirig.altervista. Sweet briar – Robert Vidéki, Doronicum Kft., African lovegrass – USDA-NRCS PLANTS Environmental, Bugwood.org org/pics Bugwood.org Database Eurasian watermilfoil – Barry Rice, Noogoora burr complex – Jan Samanek, Texas needle grass – Larry Allain African lovegrass – Joseph M. DiTomaso, sarracenia.com, Bugwood.org State Phytosanitary Administration, Bugwood. Three horned bedstraw – Chris Evans, Illinois University of California – Davis, Bugwood.org Field bindweed ( flower/s) – Norman E. Rees, org Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org Alkali sida – Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of USDA Agricultural Research Service – Retired, Nutgrass – Charles T. Bryson, USDA Three cornered garlic (plant(s) – Joseph M. California – Davis, Bugwood.org Bugwood.org Field bindweed (infestation) – Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org DiTomaso, University of California – Davis, Arrowhead (plant(s) – Troy Evans, Great Smoky Norman E. Rees, USDA Agricultural Research Olive – Piero Amorati, ICCroce – Casalecchio di Bugwood.org Service – Retired, Bugwood.org Mountains National Park, Bugwood.org Reno, Bugwood.org Toe toe (flowerhead) – J.S. Peterson @ USDA- Athel pine – Ben Shepherd Field garlic (flower & seedhead) – Ohio State Parkinsonia – Forest & Kim Starr, Starr NRCS PLANTS Database Toe toe (plant) – J.S. Weed Lab archive, The Ohio State University, Environmental, Bugwood.org Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database Bellyache bush (flower) – Tony Pernas, USDI Bugwood.org National Park Service, Bugwood.org Bellyache Parthenium – Charles T. Bryson, USDA Water caltrop (infestation) – John M. Randall, bush (leaf) – Forest & Kim Starr, Starr Fireweed – Forest & Kim Starr, Starr Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org Environmental, Bugwood.org Environmental, Bugwood.org Parthenium – QDEEDI Water dropwort – Erin Stockschlaeder, Fairfax Gamba grass – Nathan March, Qdaff Bathurst burr (flowerhead) – John M. Randall, Perennial ragweed – Howard F. Schwartz, County Park Authority, Bugwood.org The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org Horehound – John M. Randall, The Nature Colorado State University, Bugwood.org Water hyacinth (flower) – Forest & Kim Starr, Conservancy, Bugwood.org Bathurst burr (leaf shape) – Robert Videki, Pheasant’s eye – Math Knight, http:// Starr Environmental, Bugwood.org Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org Horsetail – Ohio State Weed Lab Archive, The en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adonis- Water hyacinth (swollen leaf base) – Forest & Bifora (flowers, fruit, infestation, plant) – Ohio State University, Bugwood.org microcarpa001.jpg Kim Starr, Starr Environmental, Bugwood.org Thomas Meyer Lagarosiphon – Robert Videki, Doronicum Kft., Plumerillo – Ximena Nazal M., Chile, www. Water soldier – R.A. Howard, USDA-NRCS Blackberry (fruit) – Kate Blood Bugwood.org viverosangabriel.cl PLANTS Database Bladder campion – R.A. Howard @ USDA- Lagarosiphon (plant) – Rohan Wells, National Poison buttercup – Carey Minteer, University Willow – Richard Webb, Self-employed NRCS PLANTS Database Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, of Georgia, Bugwood.org horticulurist, Bugwood.org Bugwood.org Broad-kernel espartillo (habit) – Ximena Nazal Primrose willow – Forest & Kim Starr, Starr Yellow burrweed – Paul Gillen M., Chile, www.viverosangabriel.cl Leafy elodea (plant) – Robert Videki, Environmental, Bugwood.org Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org Broad-kernel espartillo (seed head) – Ximena Senegal tea plant (flower/s) – Robert Videki, All other images belong to Biosecurity SA, Nazal M., Chile, www.viverosangabriel.cl Leafy elodea (structure) – Robert Videki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org Senegal tea Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org Weeds & Pest Animals, (PIRSA) Bulbil watsonia (cormels) – Forest & Kim Starr, plant (stem/s) – Robert Videki, Doronicum Kft., www.pir.sa.gov.au/biosecuritysa/nrm_ Starr Environmental, Bugwood.org Lincoln weed (habit) – Adrian Harvey Bugwood.org biosecurity/weeds Bulbil watsonia (flower heads) – Kate Blood Lincoln weed (flowers) – Adrian Harvey Skeleton weed – Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org Skeleton weed (leaf) Cane needlegrass (seedhead) – J.Miller © Madeira vine – The Nature Conservancy Archive, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org – Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of California Centre for Australian National Biodiversity – Davis, Bugwood.org Research May or Hawthorn (flower/s) – Robert Videki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org Slender thistle – Eric Coombs, Oregon Catsclaw creeper – Forest & Kim Starr, Starr Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org Environmental, Bugwood.org May or Hawthorn (fruits) – Piero Amorati, Soldier thistle – Javia Martin Chilean needlegrass (seed heads) – Charles ICCroce – Casalecchio di Reno, Bugwood.org Grech Mesquite (flowers) – Forest & Kim Starr, Starr Soursob (flower/s) – Barry Rice, sarracenia. Environmental, Bugwood.org com, Bugwood.org Soursob (foliage) – Barry Chilean needlegrass (habit) – Jenny Conolly Rice, sarracenia.com, Bugwood.org Coolatai grass (plant) – Paul Gillen