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Spacelab. an International Success Story

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I I p I IIII DOCUMENT RESUME ED 291 565 SE 048 897 AUTHOR Lord, Douglas R. TITLE Spacelab; An International Success Story. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC. Scientific and Technical Information Branch. REPORT NO NASA-SP-487 PUB DATE 86 NOTE 558p.; Some drawings and photographs may not reproduce well. AVAILABLE FROMSuperintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. PUB TYPE Historical Materials (060) -- Reports - Descriptive (141) -- Books (010) EDRS PRICE MF02/PC23 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *College Science; Higher Education; History Instruction; History Textbooks; *International Cooperation; International Programs; International Relations; Science and Society; Science Education; Science Equipment; Science Experiments; *Science History; *Secondary School Science; *Space Exploration; *Space Sciences IDENTIFIERS European Space Agency; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; *Spacelab ABSTRACT The Spacelab program was a unique endeavor. For the first time in the history of the United States space effort, the design and development of a major element of a manned space vehicle was entrusted to a foreign agency and to a group of countries which had never before built such a system. This book tells of this cooperative effort between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) from the program's inception until the delivery of hardware to the United States. This chronological history of the Spacelab project includes chapters on "building an International Agreement, 1969-1973"; "Birth of a Concept, 1960-1973"; "Getting Under Way, 1973-1974"; "Solidifying the Requirements, 1973-1976"; "Planning for Spacelab Use, 1973-1977"; "Reviews, Reviews, Reviews, 1975-1978"; "At Last--Hardwarel, 1976-1979"; "Off the Mainstream, 1974-1984"; "Integration and Acceptance, 1978-1982"; Readiness for Flight, 1979-1983"; "At Long Last -- Spacelab Flies!, 1983-1985"; and "Lessons Learned." Appendices include "Memorandum of Understanding"; "Joint Programme Plan"; "Programme Requirements"; Key Program Participants"; and an extensive source list. This book, and the original documents it represents, constitutes basic historical source material for the study of the U.S. manned spaceflight program and for Spacelab in particular. (CW) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** NASA SP-487 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office el Educatiorial Research and Improvermmi ED ATPONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document nes been reproduced Pe received Prom Ire Person or orgentzellon opemete rt. D Minor Change* neve been made to Improve reproduction quell's, Points or vuewor opontons mated mph,. dock, mart do not necusiumir represent Official OEM posdion ar palmy gi AN INTERNATIONAL SUCCESSSTORY Douglas R. Lord 0.r... Go bo Scientific and Technical Information Division 1987 w* National Aeronautics and Space Administration 10 Washington, DC te) 2 ";NPV<Ier-41101:1_./e..'Ij-S1 - 1111111. 414'74- te't,;P% X-L,* .z.e--ev-Iirt,...,,,:.-.,a4:_=& -\ t 4,,Y,/?/' / .- , - 11;1/ft Li111§ fl, ?;" -;NA,4 lii, r....__,,,,,ti..'-.....,*15,4-Airfry,L,__(_,..,:14 /, Frontispiece Key MODULE 20 Keel fitting 55 Outer skin-portals 29 Subfloor 56 PallettOiblier Omer/ PidetiP 30 Aluminum alloy module shop 57 Pallet/Orbiler stabiliser pickup 1 Insutetion blanket 31 Electrical connectors for rack 59 Connector supports 2 Close-outs iskinireckel 32 Floor of eluminurn-skinned honey- 59 Pallet hard-paints 3 Cabin air ducting From sub-flooel comb sandwich (mars panel fixed, 60 Handrails 4 RAAB cater panels hinge up for occeosi 61 Support systems Remote AOquisiden 5 High Data-rate recorder 33 Overhead duct channels Unit IRAUI 6 Handrails 34 Viewport 62 Experiment RAU Iseveral) 7 averierfPreon hem exchanger 35 NASA high-quality wirelovr 03 Experiment power detribution box El Utility bey 36 rastimari for Insulation blanket 64 Paget/bridge supporta 9 Gaseous nitrogen supply 37 Reck fee-suppression system 05 Experiment-supporting bridge 10 Gaseous nitrogen tank 36 Double radc 66 Electrical junction box 11 Temperature trereaducer 39 Experiment airlock 67 Integrally - machined aluminum-4111ov 12 Forward end-cone 40 Aidock controls ribs 13 Modu le/Orbiter lower feed-through 41 Overhead lights platys (two) 42 Avionics cooing-sir ducts 14 Insulation blanket supporta 43 Aft end -cane 15 Freon pump 44 Radial support structure EXPERIMENTS* 15 Water pump 45 File agb7iguisher Haien/ 68 Synthetic aperture radar 17 Lithium Hydroxide cartridge 46 Portable orcygen equipment 69 Solar spectrum stowage 47 Foot restraint 70 X-ray astronomy 18 Freon Ones 49 Module/Orbiter pickups /fowl 71 Solar courant 19 Control-centre rack 49 Module-segments joints, 72 Chartad-particis seam 20 Debris traps incorporating seals 73 Advanced biastack 21 Wookbanch rack 74 Isotopic stack 22 Stowage container (lowers for *cease) 75 billao-organlams 23 Upper module/Orbiter feed through 76 Lyman Alpha plats PALLET 77 Waves 24 Gaseous nitrogen lill-velve bracket 60 Freon lifes from Module 78 Low energy electron-sus 25 Gaseous nitrogen reducing valves 51 Pallet interface (two-Nagel 52 Cable ducts ViereerltafiVe EVennients 26 Position for double rack 53 Cold plates 27 Position for single rack 54 Inner skin - panels Flight Magazine 1982 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lord, Douglas R. Spacelab. an international success story. (NASA SP ; 487) Biliography: p. 1. Spacelab project. 1. Title. 11. Title: Spacelab. 111. Series. TL797.L67 1986 629.44'5 86-17979 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington. D.C. 20402 iv Contents FOREWORD ix PREFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii CHAPTER 1. BUILDING AN INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT, 1969-1973 1 Situation In The United States 1 Situation In Europe 11 Developing The Agreements 21 Personal Reflections 30 CHAPTER 2. BIRTH OF A CONCEPT, 1960-1973 35 Background 35 NASA Long-Range Planning 36 Space Station Studies 37 Experiment Requirements 41 Shuttle Design Concept 42 Experiment Module Concepts 43 Research And Applications Modules Study 45 Sortie Can Study 46 Sortie Can Payload Planning 48 ESRO Studies 48 Phase B Studies 51 Personal Reflections 54 CHAPTER 3. GETTING UNDER WAY, 1973-1974 61 Early Requirements And Plans 61 v SPACELAB Both Sides Organize 67 Selection Of A Prime Contractor 69 Personal Reflections 76 CHAPTER 4. SOLIDIFYING THE REQUIREMENTS, 1973-1976 81 Shuttle Interfaces 81 Working Relationships 85 Evolution Of The Concept 87 First Major Review 91 Other Revisions 93 Second Major Review 95 Working Out The Bugs 100 Personal Reflections 107 CHAPTER 5. PLANNING FOR SPACELAB USE, 1973-1977 111 Early Inputs 111 Mission Simulations 113 Real Mission Planning 121 Payload Management 127 Operational Concerns 129 ESA Payload Activities 131 The Role of Payload Specialists 132 Key Operations and Data Decisions 133 Early Payload Definition 133 Personal Reflections 135 CHAPTER 6. REVIEWS, REVIEWS. REVIEWS, 1975-1978 141 The Design Becomes Firm 141 Management Information And Decisions 153 Personal Reflections 165 CHAPTER 7. AT LAST - HARDWARE!, 1976-1979 175 Early Milestones 175 MeanwhileBehind The Scenes 210 Personal Reflections 220 CHAPTER 8. OFF THE MAINSTREAM, 2974-1984 227 Instrument Pointing System 227 NASA Hardware'and Facilities 239 Joint Concerns 254 Personal Reflections 271 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRATION AND ACCEPTANCE, 1978-1982 277 At the ERNO Integration Hall 277 Vi rip CONTENTS In The United States 290 Personal Reflections 303 CHAPTER 10. READINESS FOR FLIGHT, 1979-1983 309 Flight Hardware And Support Systems 309 Cleaning Up The Paperwork 330 Personal Reflections 339 CHAPTER 11. AT LONG LASTSPACELAB FLIES!, 1983-1985 343 Spacelab 1 Mission 343 Spacelab 3 Mission 364 Spacelab 2 Mission 374 Personal Reflections 389 CHAPTER 12_ LESSONS LEARNED 393 Anticipation Versus Realization 393 Program Summary 399 SOURCES 403 APPENDIX A. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING 437 APPENDIX B. JOINT PROGRAMME PLAN 461 APPENDIX C. PROGRAMME REQUIREMENTS 499 APPENDIX D. KEY PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS 537 vii 7 Foreword 1 had the good fortune and awesome responsibility of running NASA in the years 1971-1977 when the Space Shuttle and Spacelab were in their crucial form- ative years and when most of the events in this book were taking place. The story of the Spacelab development program is a fascinating but somewhat neglected chapter in the history of the United States space program. 1 am delighted that this book will help to fill that gap. Spacelab is important to all of us for at least four good reasons. It expanded the Shuttle's ability to conduct science on-orbit manyfold. It provided a marvelous op- portunity and example of a large international joint venture involving government, industry, and science with our European allies. The European effort provided the free world with a really versatile laboratory system several years before it would have been possible if the United States had had to fund it on its own. And finally, it provided Europe with the systems development and management experience they needed to move into the exclusive manned space flight arena. 1 am delighted that my friend Doug Lord took on the job of writing this history, because no other individual was as centrally involved in the conception and birth of the Spacelab. The results of his efforts
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