JNROnline Journal Journal of Natural Remedies ISSN: 2320-3358 (e) Vol. 21, No. 6, (2020) ISSN: 0972-5547(p)
INCESSANT MIGRATION FROM HILL REGIONS OF UTTARAKHAND: AN ESCALATING PROBLEM Bijaya Laxmi Thapliyal1, Vinay Devrani 2 , Rakesh Chandra Bhadula3 and Ankur Singh Bist4 1Assistant Professor, School of Commerce, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun (India) 2Assistant Professor, Department of English, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun (India) 3Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun (India) 4Graphic Era Hill University, Bhimtal (India) Abstract Uttarakhand State was formed on November, 2000 after being separated from Uttar Pradesh with a vision to focus and upsurge growth in the predominantly underdeveloped hilly region. Though, the newly formed state has witnessed considerable development since its inception but such growth has been mainly centered in the plain districts of the state while the growth in hill districts of the state is far behind. The immediate consequence of this lopsided growth has been increasingly higher pace of out migration from the hilly districts of the state after its formation. The same is easily perceptible if one compares the population census of Uttarakhand of 2011 from 2001. According to the census 2011, the state has a population of 100.86 lakhs with about 52% population living in the plain districts of the state. Moreover, the population growth rate percent of the state from 2001 to 2011 is 1.74% of which the growth rate in plain districts is 2.82 % whereas it is as low as 0.70% in hilly districts. The pace of out migration is threatening, to say the least, as many of the villages are left with population in single digit. The incessantly decrease in the decadal growth of population in remote and border areas has even raised concern of security of the borders of the country falling along with the hill districts of Uttarakhand. The concern is intimidating and requires immediate intervention of the government along with introduction of new and innovative policies and their effective implementation.The present paper has focused on the rate of out migration of people from the hilly districts of Uttarakhand state, the pattern of migration, the reasons of migration and their suggestive solutions.
Key Word: Migration, Population, Hill District, Decadal Growth, Economic inequality
1. Introduction Uttarakhand state is divided into 2 administrative divisions, 13 districts, 102 tehsils, 95 development blocks, 670 naya panchayats and 7950 gram panchayats. Of these 13 districts, 3 are plain district viz. Dehradun, Haridwar and Udham Singh Nagar and 10 are hilly districts viz. Almora, Bageshwar, Chamoli, Champawat, Nainital, Pauri, Pithoragarh, Rudraprayag, Tehri and Uttarkashi. The 3 plain districts cover approximately 15.62% of the geographical area of the state and the remaining is covered by the Hilly districts. Although the hilly districts cover more than 5 times the geographical area of the State as compared to the plain districts, approximately 52% of the population of the State lives in plain district. According to the census the decadal increase in the population of the State in 2001 was 20.41% which has declined to 18.81% in 2011. However, the most concerning fact is that the said figure of decadal growth in Pauri and Almora district is negative being -1.51% in Pauri and -1.73% in AlmoraDistrict ,whereas the plain districts like Dehradun, Haridwar has shown high rate of decadal increase in population as per census 2011. Thus from the above it is perspicuous that the out migration from these hilly districts has increased significantly. An absolute decline of 17868 persons in the population of Almora and Pauri Garhwal districts between 2001 and 2011 clearly points outward movement of the people from the hilly districts. The reason for such migration can mainly be attributed to the lack of economic opportunities in hilly districts as compared to plain districts, thus causing economic inequality in addition to other reasons like health, education. The Government of Uttarakhand is well aware of
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the gravity of the issue and recently, Uttarakhand Rural Development and Migration Commission have been set up to analyze the issue and identify the problems. 1.2 Meaning of Migration Migration is conventionally defined as “the relatively permanent movement of persons over a significant distance” (Shaw’s 1975). However, nowadays migration is defined as involving a change in place of abode. In simple words migration means permanent or semi permanent change in place of residence (Lee 1966). However, in perspective of the predominantly hilly state of Uttarakhand, the definition given by Ban Ki moon is most relatable which states that “Migration is an expression of the human aspiration for dignity, safety and a better future. It is part of the social fabric, part of our very make up as a human family”. 2. Objective of Study I.To Study the rate of out migration from the hilly Districts of Uttarakhand. II.To Study the pattern of out migration from the hilly Districts of Uttarakhand. III.To Study the reasons behind out migration from the hilly Districts of Uttarakhand. IV.To suggest remedies for the problem of out migration from the hilly Districts of Uttarakhand. 3. Methodology The present paper is mainly based on secondary data. The information has been collected from books, internet, Census 2011 report of Uttarakhand, Report of Mamgain RP and Reddy DN(2015), Human Development Report of the state of Uttarakhand dated 31.12.2018, Report of Rural Development and Migration Commission of Uttarakhand, Economic Survey Uttarakhand year 2018-19 etc. And Regression line is shaped to calculate the predicated population of 2021.
3.1. Change in population and rate of Migration in Uttarakhand The table below has represented the decadal change in population in Uttarakhand since 1961:- Table-1 State/Union Census Year Persons Variation since the preceding Territory/District Census in Percentage Uttarakhand 1961 3,610,938 ----- 1971 4,492,724 24.42 1981 5,725,972 27.45 1991 7,050,634 23.13 2001 8,489,349 20.41 2011 10,086,292 18.81 Source:-Uttarakhand, Census 2011 From the table above, it is perceptible that the population of Uttarakhand declined in 2011. Moreover, it can be observed that the percentage increase of population in 2011 has been lowest since 1961, which indicates a sorry fact that even after separation of Uttarakhand from Uttar Pradesh in 2000, the percentage of theincreased population of the state in 2011 has been lowest in 50 years.
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P 15,000,000
10,000,000 y = 3E+08ln(x) - 2E+09 R² = 0.9914 Persons 5,000,000 Log. (Persons)
0 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Figure 1: Variation between Years and Populations The regression line (y) is drawn to calculate the population for the year 2021, where y= E80.0013x- 2.5269E8.Nowby using MATLAB software in table 1, it is predicted that the population of 2021 with the help of y= E80.0013x-2.5269E8, will be 1.1145E07. Thus, the regression line states that the population will be increased by 10.49% in 2021 and such pattern can be concluded with the help of figure 1. The predicted equationabove can also be helpful in evaluating the population for upcoming years. Therefore, this equation can be used to adopt different measures and plans to prevent the out migration from the hilly regions of uttarakhand. The table below shows the District wise Percentage decadal growth in population in Uttarakhand:- Table-2 District Percentage Decadal Growth 2001-2011 Almora -1.73 Bageshwar 5.13 Chamoli 5.6 Champawat 15.49 Dehradun 32.48 Haridwar 33.16 Nainital 25.2 Pauri -1.51 Pithoragarh 5.13 Tehri 1.93 Udham Singh Nagar 33.4 Uttarkashi 11.75 Rudraprayag 4.14 State 19.17 Source:- Census of India data
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Percentage Decadal Growth 2001- 2011 40 35 30 25 20 15 Percentage Decadal 10 Growth 2001-2011 -1.73 5 0 5.13 Percentage Decadal
-5 Growth 2001-2011
Tehri
Pauri
State
Nainital
Chamoli
Haridwar
Dehradun
Uttarkashi
Pithoragarh
Champawat Rudraprayag UdhamSingh…
Figure 2: Percentage Decadal Growth From the table 2 above, it can be easily observed that while the population has increased in the plain districts viz. Dehradun and Haridwar in 2011, there has been considerable decrease in population in all the 10 hill districts of Uttarakhand. However, the most concerning fact is that the growth in population has recorded negative figures in the hill Districts of Pauri and Almora and the population growth % in Tehri District is very low. The table represents District wise migrants in last 10 years from gram panchayats:- Table-3 Name of District Total number of Total number of Total number of Total number of persons migrated in persons migrated Gram Gram last 10 years(who are permanently in last Panchayats (who semi-permanent Panchayats (who 10 years(who have are semi-permanent migrant/who visit have migrated migrated migrant/who visit their homes in permanently or permanently or who their homes in regular who have sold have sold their regular intervals/have their property/or property/or whose intervals/have migrated semi- whose farms are farms are left migrated outside permanently for left barren/homes barren/homes are semi-permanently jobs) in villages are locked/or rarely for jobs) locked/or rarely visited their village) visited their village) Uttarkashi 376 19,893 111 2,727 Chamoli 556 32,020 373 14,289 Rudraprayag 316 22,735 230 7,835 Tehri Garhwal 934 71,509 585 18,830 Dehradun 231 25,781 53 2,802 Pauri Garhwal 1025 47,488 821 25,584
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Pithoragarh 589 31,786 384 9,883 Bageshwar 346 23,388 195 5,912 Almora 1022 53,611 646 16,207 Champawat 304 20,332 208 7,886 Nainital 339 20,951 213 4,823 Udham Singh 147 6,064 54 952 Nagar Haridwar 153 8,168 73 1,251 Source:- Uttarakhand Rural Development and Migration Commission, Interim Report 2018 on migration from gram panchayats Table-4 State wise migrants in last 10 years from gram panchayats:- Name of Total number of Total number of Total number of Total number of District persons migrated in persons migrated Gram Gram last 10 years(who permanently in last 10 Panchayats (who are are semi-permanent Panchayats (who have years(who have semi-permanent migrant/who visit migrated permanently migrated permanently migrant/who visit their homes in or who have sold their or who have sold their their homes in regular property/or whose property/or whose regular intervals/have farms are left farms are left intervals/have migrated semi- barren/homes in barren/homes are migrated outside permanently for villages are locked/or locked/or rarely visit semi-permanently jobs) rarely visit their their village) for jobs) village) Uttarakhand 6338 3,83,726 3,946 1,18,981 Source:- Uttarakhand Rural Development and Migration Commission, Interim Report 2018 on migration from gram panchayats. The above data ascertains the fact of highly increasing migration (semi-permanent and Permanent) from hill districts of Uttarakhand. Further, it can be inferred from the data that about 95.79% of permanent migration has taken place from the hill Districts and the said migration has been maximum in Pauri Garhwal, Tehri Garhwal and Almora Districts. Table-5 shows Sex Ratio by Residence as per census 2011:- India/Uttarakhand/Districts Sex ratio(No. of Females Sex ratio(No. of per 1000 Males) 2001 Females per 1000 Males) 2011
India 933 940
Uttarakhand 962 963
Uttarkashi 941 959
Chamoli 1016 1021
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Rudraprayag 1115 1120
Tehri Garhwal 1049 1078
Dehradun 887 902
Pauri Garhwal 1106 1103
Pithoragarh 1031 1021
Bageshwar 1106 1093
Almora 1145 1142
Champawat 1021 981
Nainital 906 933
Udham Singh Nagar 902 919
Haridwar 865 879
It can be seen from the above data that the sex ratio in hill districts is relatively higher to that in plain districts. Moreover, as per the census 2011 the child sex ratio(0-6 years) in urban areas of Uttarakhand is 868 girls per 1000 boys, while the same in rural region is 899 girls per 1000 boys. Both the facts mentioned above clearly indicate a pattern of more males’ migration away from the hilly districts. 4. Pattern of Migration from Uttarakhand Table-6 & 7 show the Age- wise migration status from Gram Panchayats:- District and Age-wise Migration Status from Gram Panchayats District Age of Migrants (In %) Age group of Less Age group of 26 Age group more than than 25 Years(at to 35 years (at 35 years(at present) present) Present) Uttarkashi 30.68 36.56 32.77 Chamoli 26.71 43.49 29.79 Rudraprayag 28.97 41.83 29.20 Tehri Garhwal 29.26 40.92 29.82 Dehradun 38.41 34.47 27.12 Pauri Garhwal 29.23 41.67 29.10 Pithoragarh 28.32 42.58 29.10 Bageshwar 33.92 42.10 23.97
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Almora 29.19 42.22 28.59 Champawat 25.23 45.49 29.29 Nainital 29.48 44.57 25.96 Udham Singh 16.66 43.34 40.00 Nagar Haridwar 13.99 52.79 33.22
State and Age-wise Migration Status from Gram Panchayats State Age of Migrants Age group of Less Age group of 26 to Age group more than 35 than 25 Years(at 35 years (at years(at present) present) Present) Uttarakhand 28.66 42.25 29.09
Source:- Uttarakhand Rural Development and Migration Commission, Interim Report 2018 on migration from gram panchayats From above, it is evident that maximum migration from Age Group 26 to 35 years has taken place from Districts of Uttarakhand with about 70.91% migration of age group upto 35 years, which indicates that migration is rigorous among young age group. Table-7 & 8 shows the destination of migrants from Gram Panchayats of Uttarakhand:- District wise destination of migrants from Gram Panchayats(In %) District To To District To other Outside Outside nearby Headquarte Districts of State state the country Towns rs
Uttarkashi 39.14 20.27 22.37 17.34 0.89 Chamoli 19.79 13.34 50.48 15.88 0.51 Rudraprayag 19.34 12.66 40.51 25.69 1.80 Tehri Garhwal 17.73 9.42 40.78 28.98 3.09 Dehradun 57.12 23.67 8.08 10.46 0.67 Pauri Garhwal 19.61 9.55 36.15 34.15 0.54
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Pithoragarh 15.70 33.07 34.33 16.67 0.23 Bageshwar 15.45 22.00 37.19 25.18 0.19 Almora 7.13 13.00 32.37 47.08 0.43 Champawat 14.00 16.86 36.24 32.59 0.30 Nainital 35.49 17.93 21.47 24.64 0.47 Udham Singh 27.48 8.48 28.04 31.11 4.89 Nagar Haridwar 44.27 18.29 16.10 20.85 0.49
State wise destination of migrants from Gram Panchayats(In %) State To nearby To District To other Outside Outside the Towns Headquarte Districts of State state country rs Uttarakhand 19.46 15.18 35.69 28.72 0.96
Source:- Uttarakhand Rural Development and Migration Commission, Interim Report 2018 on migration from gram panchayats The above data indicates that the migration of population is mainly inter-district and the inter-district migration is maximum from the hilly districts of Chamoli, Tehri Garhwal, Rudraprayag, Champawat and Pauri Garhwal. 5. Economy i.r.o. of Occupation in Uttarakhand According to Economic Survey of Uttarakhand 2018-19, the contribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors in GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of Uttarakhand has been 10.81%, 48.28% and 40.91% respectively. Moreover, if the contributions of the said sectors in GDP of Uttarakhand is analysed from financial year 2011-2012, it can be observed that the contribution of primary sector and secondary sector has decreased by 3.19% and 3.85% respectively, while the contribution of tertiary sector has increased by 7.03%, showing a tremendous growth, as per the said survey, the main contributors in primary sector have been Agriculture (44.35%) and Animal Husbandry (23.56%). Manufacturing (76.57%) has been the major driving force in Secondary sector while Tertiary sector has been boosted by services in business, hotels and restaurants (33.77%) followed by services in transportation, storage, communication and broadcasting (19.17%). Table-9 & 10 show the main occupation of the people of Uttarakhand living at different villages:- Table Gram Panchayat level main Occupation (district average)
District Major Professions of Gram Panchayats (In percentage)
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Labour/Wages Agriculture Gardening Dairy Govt. Other Services services
Uttarkashi 22.56 55.32 6.23 0.99 9.40 5.50
Chamoli 28.85 47.24 0.62 1.40 16.22 5.68
Rudraprayag 31.43 43.26 0.73 0.57 15.19 8.81
Tehri 30.32 50.04 0.82 1.47 7.83 9.52 Garhwal Dehradun 28.14 45.48 2.93 2.22 9.56 11.68
Pauri 38.67 38.81 0.92 1.06 12.75 7.78 Garhwal Pithoragarh 27.17 40.78 2.16 4.44 15.13 10.31
Bageshwar 29.70 42.55 1.52 1.79 14.35 10.09
Almora 34.13 39.35 1.51 3.66 10.86 10.50
Champawat 34.23 42.41 2.29 7.22 6.48 7.37
Nainital 26.27 44.41 8.41 6.44 8.70 5.76
Udham 45.61 37.64 1.23 2.95 3.67 8.89 Singh Nagar Haridwar 42.01 42.98 1.26 2.65 3.28 7.81
Table Gram Panchayat level main Occupation (State average)
State Major Professions of Gram Panchayats (In percentage)
Labour/Wages Agriculture Gardening Dairy Govt. Other Services services
Uttarkhand 32.22 43.59 2.11 2.64 10.82 8.63
Source: - Uttarakhand Rural Development and Migration Commission, Interim Report 2018 on migration from gram panchayats. The above data presents a precarious picture of Uttarakhand’s economy, where approximately 43.5% of the work force is involved in agriculture which contributes meagerly 4.79% (approx) to state’s GDP. This not only represents a sorry state of work force productivity but emphasizes the need of farm mechanization as intensive involvement of labour in different farm operation also increases the cost of production of many crops. The hilly districts of the state are the major sufferers of this anomaly as they depend highly on agriculture for their livelihood, due to lack of other opportunities.
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60 50 Major Professions of 40 Gram Panchayats (In percentage) 30 Labour/Wages 20 Major Professions of 10 Gram Panchayats (In percentage) Agriculture 0
Major Professions of Almora
Nainital Gram Panchayats (In
Chamoli
Haridwar
Dehradun Uttarkashi
Bageshwar percentage) Gardening
Pithoragarh
Champawat
Rudraprayag
TehriGarhwal Pauri Garhwal Pauri
Udham Singh Nagar UdhamSingh
Figure 3: Gram Panchayat level main Occupation 5.1 Reasons behind out migration from the hilly Districts of Uttarakhand. The predominant reason for migration of population from the hilly districts of Uttarakhand can be attributed to the extensive economical inequality contributed by lack of employment opportunities, uneconomical land holdings and low income level. As per the report of Economic Survey, Uttarakhand 2018-19, per capita income in Uttarakhand is highest in the Plain District of Haridwar followed by Dehradun and Udham Singh Nagar and it is lowest in the hill district of Rudraprayag followed by Tehri Garhwal and Uttarkashi. Moreover, the per capita income in the hilly Districts of Rudraprayag, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarkashi, Champawat and Almora is less than half of that in plain districts of Haridwar, Dehradun and Udham Singh Nagar which only substantiates the fact of high economic inequality. As per the interim report, 2018 of Rural Development and Migration Commission, Uttarakhand about 50% of the migration from the gram panchayats of Uttarakhand is due to the problem of livelihood and employment. Agriculture is the main occupation in Uttarakhand, as it can be seen from the data in above table 9& 10 that about 43% of the work force is involved in agriculture. The fact is more evident in the hilly regions as work-force is hugely involved in farming due to lack of other employment opportunities. However, farming in hilly regions is fed with intense hardship as lack of farm mechanization and use of manual tools demands hard backbreaking labourship for preparing cultivable land coupled with lack of irrigational water which makes agriculture rain-fed dependant and with continuously changing climate patterns and inconsistent rain has only aggravated the sufferings of the farmers. Moreover, increasing incidents of wild animals destroying the farms, in addition to above problems of farming has only accelerated the migration.In addition to above, the hardships of life in the hilly region cannot be ignored; underdeveloped infrastructure viz. poor roads and connectivity, scarcity of drinking water especially in summer season, lack of adequate water supply and insufficient educational and health facilities in the hilly regions has also accelerated Migration to the low lying areas. In fact, as per the interim report, 2018 of Rural Development and Migration Commission, Uttarakhand about 15% of the migration from the gram panchayats is due to lack of proper educational facilities. Moreover, as per census 2011, literacy rate in Uttarakhand is 78.82% which is even more than the literacy rate in India which stands at 74.04 %, and the said rate is even higher in the hilly districts of Uttarakhand at about 80%, thus the educated youth in the hilly regions though lacking proper skill training instead of back breaking labour and vulnerability of income fluctuation in the hills prefer regular/secured jobs, irrespective
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Journal of Natural Remedies Vol. 21, No. 6, (2020) of income and working conditions and thereby migrate to the nearby towns or district headquarters. Table:-11 illustrates the main reasons for migration from gram panchayats:- State Reasons for migration from gram panchayats(in %) Livelihoo Lack of Lack of Lack of Decrease Look Destructio Other d/ Medical Educati Infrastruct in after n of reaso employm facilities on ure Agricultur family/ Agricultur ns ent Facilitie al yield relatives e caused by problem s Wild Animals Uttarakh 50.16 8.83 15.21 3.74 5.44 2.52 5.61 8.48 and Source:- Uttarakhand Rural Development and Migration Commission, Interim Report 2018 on migration from gram panchayats. 6. Conclusion and suggestive remedies for the problem of out migration from the hilly Districts of Uttarakhand. In light of above data and discussion, there is no denying the fact that migration from the hill districts of Uttarakhand is happening at a rapid pace and innovative steps by the Government is the need of the hour to combat the problem less in no time the society, the culture, the heritage and the ethnic beauty of the hills will become a thing of past. Increasing the livelihood opportunities by focusing on specialized sectors like horticulture, tourism, small agro based industries, hydel plants etc, where the region has competitive advantage, creating better equipped institutions for education and health, developing connectivity and communication network by buildings new roads and providing access to electricity, internet connectivity etc, will eventually reduce migration.As it has been discussed earlier the work force in the hilly regions of Uttarakhand is mainly dependant on agriculture activities, thus improving conditions for agriculture in these regions and improvising techniques for increasing productivity can be a pivotal step for reducing migration. In Uttarakhand, due to its diverse agro-geo climatic conditions provides a great opportunity for horticulture and floriculture sectors. As per the report of State horticulture Mission, Government of Uttarakhand(2018-19), the State is first in the Country in production of Pear, Peach and Plum, second in the country in production of Walnuts, third in the country in the production of Apples and first in the productivity of Spices. According to the Horticulture production data 2017-18 of the state, Nainital District is the largest producer of Fruits in the state followed by Almora, vegetable production is led by Pithoragarh district in the state while the spices production is highest in Tehri District, however the productivity is very low. Thus, it can be seen that there is a great prospect of increasing horticulture in the hilly states. The productivity can be ushered by introducing proper farm mechanization techniques by providing mechanical power source with matching equipments, innovating rain water harvesting techniques, disseminating renewable energy gadgets and developing small scale agro processing industries in rural areas. Farming in the hilly regions of Uttarakhand is mainly dependent on rain for agriculture, thus developing proper technologies for harvesting maximum benefits from available water resources is necessary for increasing crop productivity. The centrally sponsored scheme National Mission on Micro Irrigation ( NMMI) was introduced in Uttarakhand in the year 2011-2012, which has been merged with National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture(NMSA) under the name of On Farm Water Management in 2014-2015 which primarily targets to increase the area under improved method of irrigation to provide impetus to Agricultural and Horticultural growth. Proper implementation and monitoring of this scheme is very much essential in order to improve the condition and increment on agricultural productivity in the hilly regions. Moreover from table 403
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5, it can be seen that female ratio has increased in the hilly districts of Uttarakhand, due to continuous migration of males and this has resulted in the feminization of agriculture sector in the hill areas, thus introducing schemes/programmes benefitting females and also introducing female friendly tools can usher growth and development lowering migration rate. Special financial- help schemes can also be introduced especially focusing the farmers in the hilly regions to improve easy availability and accessibility of bank loans. Tourism can be another important game changer in respect of preventing migration. Uttarakhand state is popularly known as Devbhumi, due to the presence of many Hindu pilgrimage cites such as Chota Char Dham comprising Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yamnotri, which are famous tourist destinations. Moreover, Uttarakhand is also blessed with extreme scenic beauty from snow covered peaks of Himalayas, beautiful rivers and grasslands to valley of flowers there are numerous cites. Thus by developing transport and communication services, increasing connectivity of telecommunication etc and planned infrastructural developments of hotels, restaurants etc. tourism industry can be proliferated thereby increasing the occupational opportunities for local inhabitants.
As the literacy rate in hilly regions of Uttarakhand is about 80%, it provides educated work force, however they lack skill training. Thus, more and effective skill training programs/ schemes can be introduced to create both educated and skilled work force in these regions. Further, IT service centres can be targeted in these regions due to availability of cheap land and educated work force by developing communication network and increasing connectivity of internet, telecommunication etc. All this will not only generate employment opportunities for the educated work force but will also give boost to the state GDP, as the growth of service sector in contribution to GDP of Uttarakhand has been maximum. Uttarakhand also specializes in variety of handlooms, handicrafts and khadi which are unique and beautiful, thus government should focus on the preservation and development of these unique arts by infusing it with modern techniques. Moreover, local peoples can be employed for increasing forestation and their maintenance which will help in meeting both the occupational need of the local inhabitants and the environmental need. It can be concluded that sincere and diligent endeavor of Government is necessary for successful implementation of any possible solution for preventing migration, in order to conserve these historical and scenic regions of Uttarakhand. Government in collaboration with NGO’s should take responsibility and prepare mechanism for conducting extensive awareness drives in respect of education, health care, governance, right to information etc, in these areas to make local inhabitants aware of their surroundings and their rights, so that they also extend active participation in the conservation of their special and unique culture and heritage.
References [1]. Uttarakhand Rural Development and Migration Commission, Interim Report, (2018). [2]. Economic Survey Uttarakhand, (2018-19). [3].Mamgain, R.P., & Reddy, D.N., (2015). Out-Migration from Hill Region Uttarakhand: Issues and Policy Options. [4]. Uttarakhand Census, 2011. [5]. Census of India Data, 2011. [6]. Uttarakhand Tourism.gov.in. [7]. State Horticulture Mission, Government of Uttarakhand (2018-19). [8]. Horticulture Production Data, (2017-18), Uttarakhand.
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