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Performance Evaluation of Anagram Orthogrphic Similarity Measures Original Research Research Article Article Page 174 Journal ofof ResearchResearch and and Review Review in inScience, Science, 174–183 174–183 Volume 4, December 2017 DOI:10.36108/jrrslasu/7102/40(0152)Volume 4, December 2017 ORIGINAL RESEARCH PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ANAGRAM ORTHOGRPHIC SIMILARITY MEASURES Raji-Lawal Hanat Y.1,2, Akinwale Adio T.2 ,Folorunsho O.2, and Mustapha Amidu O.2 1Deparment of Computer, cience, Abstract: Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos Introduction: Anagram solving task involves a retrieving process from previously acquired knowledge, this serves as a suitable memory cognition 2Department of Computer, test. Automation of this process can give a very good memory cognitive Science, Federal University Of Agriculture Abeokuta test tool, the method behind this automation is anagram orthographic similarity measure. Correspondence Aim: The purpose of this research is to study existing anagram Raji-Lawal Hanat Y., Department of Computer Science, Faculty of orthographic similarity measures, to deduce their strengths and Science, Lagos State University weaknesses, for further improvement. Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria Materials and Methods: Experiments were carried out on the measures, Email:[email protected] using real data. Their behaviour on different orthographic string set was observed. Result: Experiment revealed that brute force has a very poor processing time, while sorting and neighbourhood frequency does not have issues with processing time. Conclusion: The research revealed that existing anagram orthographic similarity measures are not suitable for character position verification and evaluation of syllabic complexity which are essential measures of working memory capacity. Keywords: Cognition, orthography, similarity measures, bi-anagram, word permutation. All co-authors agreed to have their names listed as authors. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Research and Reviews in Science – JRRS, A Publication of Lagos State University JRRS https:sciencejournal.lasucomputerscience.com 173 Page 175 1. INTRODUCTION like aphasia disease through anagram autographic similarity measure. [9],[10] The word permutation has to do with the • It is necessary to improvise for a rearrangement of characters in a word to form cognitive career counsellor. This is due other words. Several new words can be formed to the fact that, cognitive test reveals from a single word through word permutation. working memory capacity, and can in The rearrangement of the characters of a word turn be used to predict student’s ability to form another word of the same length n-gram to withstand some courses of study. but different position is called anagram. This is One of the steps to this is performance relevant for user’s cognitive analysis [8], evaluation of anagram autographic analysis of user’s memory capacity, analysis of similarity measure, which will reveal the user’s word fluency through anagram solving lapses of existing measures for ability. enhancement. [8] Verifying the memory stability of individual is • Several applications had swept mundane at certain levels. In cognitive deficit students attention from reading, which people due to Alzheimer’s disease, during the is a defect factor of student’s reading recovery process or medical monitoring of fluently. Anagram solving task is fun fill patients, it is important that patients are and also educative in terms of word at observed psychologically from time to time. sight and reading fluently for students. Anagramming is a very good measure of [5], [7], [11] recovery level in this case. The psychological status can further be measured through the 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS kind of anagram that can be solved by patients. The authors in [1] researched on the effects of [9,10]Ability of patients to generate hard or syllabic structure and grapheme frequency of average or simple anagram can quantify their target words on an anagram solving task. He level of recovery in terms of cognitive ability. also checked for presumable differences on the While choosing career during teenage age, solving performance of average and below cognitive ability can depict memory smartness average readers. This was achieved by of individuals. Challenging courses like medical measuring time spent and user’s number of sciences, engineering, law e.t.c. requires moves for solving different non-sense candidates with high cognitive ability. This is to anagrams. Data analysis revealed that enhance and ease student’s study of a course. anagram solving time is affected by the syllabic Anagram can serve as a good measure of structure of target words. The main effect of candidate’s intellectual capacity. Thus, it can be syllabic complexity indicates that both groups used as one of the measures for taking decision i.e. average and below average readers were during career counselling of teenagers. It gives equally affected. The effect of syllabic a true picture of working memory capacity of complexity was also noticed in the reading students. Also, Anagram solving can be used to fluency measure, where the above average enhance student’s spelling mastery ability. group out perform the below average group. Anagrams also serve as a means of data The two experiment groups achieve lower time encryption which is applicable to network scores at the simple syllabic structure. The security.[5,7,11] syllabic structures used in the research are: consonant-vowel(CV), consonant-consonant- This research explored anagram orthographic vowel(CCV), consonant-vowel-vowel(CVV) similarity measures, by considering their and consonant-vowel-consonant(CVC). An strengths and draw backs. This is to determine anagram solving task can be conceptualized as the necessary enhancement needed by these a lexical access task. [2] measures. The authors in [3] investigated lexical decision Anagram orthographic similarity measures task, to be able to deduce that “poor motion” were analysed, and thus serves as analysis detectors should encode letter position less measure for anagrams solved by users for accurately than good motion detectorss. He various purposes. Through these measures thus, inferred that “poor motion detector” should deductions can be drawn on users based on be more likely to unscramble briefly presented their anagram solving ability. anagrams and respond to them as if they were words. 1.1 Motivation The authors in [4] introduced the use of • It is necessary to devise a standard anagram for resisting evasion by polymorphic means of monitoring recovery rate and mimicry attacks, randomization strategy was level of patients with cognition problem used to achieve this. LASU Journal of Research and Review in Science Page 176 One of the tools used in psychology to provides different modes of operation: investigate cognitive processes is anagrams. interactive and automatic. The interactive mode This research applied rasch scaling to a sample allows a researcher to provide a hard generated of five-letters anagrams to examine whether a list of test strings or words for evaluation of single undimensional scale based on syllable possible anagram. The list can be entered number can be usefully applied. Rasch analysis either interactively or through an input file. The was used to establish a participant’s ability to automatic mode generates a specific number of solve anagrams, and also to establish the fixed length test string pseudo randomly. In relative difficulty of each anagram. Rasch’s either case, the test string is converted to a theory suggests that the probability of getting sorted order, and each possible sub-string is an anagram correct is caused by the difference considered. All possible anagrams are in a person’s ability and the anagram’s difficulty. identified, and the lemma frequency information It was deduced from the research that syllable for all orthographically identical word forms is number is a major factor in determining summed and printed. The research did not anagram difficulty. The more syllables the consider bi-gram frequency in anagrams. target word contain, the harder it was to solve and the higher the rasch score. Thus, syllable The processes involved in working through number is a compounding factor for other problems to solve anagram was reported in [9]. variables that contribute to anagram difficulty. The authors looked into the role of effort in This research made a useful contribution to remembering anagrams and their solutions. measurement models of human cognitive Firstly, experiment was conducted to compare problem solving [5]. the effect on memory of copying word, typing them as solution for easy/hard anagrams, and The authors in [6] used high-density (64 solving anagrams. Secondly, memory for channel) event related potential(ERP) anagram using frequency judgement was combined with di-pole source analysis to compared. It was deduced that memory for explore the neural bases of unconscious error difficult anagram is not better than memory for detection in an anagram solution task. ERP easy one. studies indicates error negativity (Ne/ERN) and error positivity(Pe), they are used for error Sandra et. al. in [10] researched on a new monitoring and error detection. Responses measure, the Northwestern Anagram Test were collected for unconscious error (NAT), which was developed to test accuracy of detection(UED), No error(NE) and detection word order
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