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Z BOOKS (GENERAL). WRITING. PALEOGRAPHY Z Books (General). Writing. Paleography History of books and bookmaking 4.A-.Z5 General works 4.Z9 Minor works Study and teaching 4.3 General works 4.35.A-Z By region or country, A-Z By period For works limited to specific regions or countries, regardless of period see Z8.A+ 5 Early to 400 Cf. Z105+ Paleography 6 400-1450 1450- (Printing) see Z124+ 1450- (Bookselling and publishing) see Z278+ 8.A-Z By region or country, A-Z Under each country: .x General works .x2A-.x2Z By region, province, state, etc., A-Z Dictionaries (Book trade) see Z118.A5+ Dictionaries (Bibliography) see Z1006 Writing Class here works on the physical appearance or production of writing. For works on the typology and the history of writing systems and the alphabet, or on the relation between a writing system and the sounds or language that it represents, see P211+ 40.A2 Bibliography 40.A3-Z General works. History Cf. BF889+ Graphology Cf. P1+ Philology and linguistics Autographs. Signatures Including forgery, collecting of autographs, etc. 41.A2 Periodicals. Societies. Serials 41.A3-Z General works 42 Catalogs, etc., of autograph collections Including collections of facsimiles 42.3.A-Z Autographs of classes of persons and ethnic groups, A-Z 42.3.A35 African Americans 42.3.A7 Artists Including painters, sculptors, etc. 42.3.A9 Authors 42.3.C47 Children 42.3.C74 Criminals 42.3.E57 Entertainers 42.3.J48 Jews 42.3.K5 Kings and rulers. Royalty Musicians see ML93+ Painters see Z42.3.A7 42.3.P7 Presidents Royalty see Z42.3.K5 Sculptors see Z42.3.A7 42.3.S64 Soldiers 42.4.A-Z By region or country, A-Z 42.5.A-Z Autographs of individual persons, A-Z Calligraphy. Penmanship Including writing exercises and "Copy books" Cf. NK3600+ Decorative arts 43.A1 Periodicals. Societies. Serials 1 Z BOOKS (GENERAL). WRITING. PALEOGRAPHY Z Writing Calligraphy. Penmanship -- Continued 43.A2 Bibliography Cf. Z5956.C25 Calligraphy as art General works 43.A3 Early through 1600 43.A5-Z 1601- Biography 43.4 Collective 43.42.A-Z Individual, A-Z 43.5 Penmanship for the left-handed 44 Writing exercises in characters other than Roman 45 Materials and instruments for writing (General) Including works primarily on paper, pens, ink, etc. Cf. TP946+ Manufacture of ink Cf. TS1080+ Manufacture of paper Cf. Z112 Paleography Cf. Z237 Watermarks 48 Duplicating processes. Copying services Including processes other than printing directly from type, e. g. mimeographing, multilithing Cf. TR824+ Photographic reproduction Cf. TR1045 Xerography Cf. Z110.R4 Reproduction of manuscripts Cf. Z265+ Reproduction of books, documents, etc. Typewriters. Typewriting. Keyboards. Keyboarding Cf. KF320.T9 Law offices (U.S.) 49.A1 Invention. History Including appliances, care, repair, etc. 49.A2 Theory, psychology, speed, etc. Cf. HF5547.5.A1+ Secretarial work 49.A3 Bibliography 49.A31-Z General works. Manuals 49.2 Examinations, exercises, etc. Including stenography and typewriting combine 49.3 One-hand typing 49.4.A-Z Machines using non-Roman characters, A-Z 49.4.A7 Arabic 49.4.B4 Bengali 49.4.B8 Burmese 49.4.C4 Chinese 49.4.H5 Hindi 49.4.J3 Japanese 49.4.K6 Korean 49.4.O7 Oriya 49.4.R8 Russian 49.4.S55 Sindhi 49.4.U73 Urdu 49.4.Y53 Yiddish 50.A-Z Individual machines, A-Z e. g. 50.C8 Corona 50.R7 Royal 50.U5 Underwood 50.2 Art typing 50.7 Tabulation 2 Z BOOKS (GENERAL). WRITING. PALEOGRAPHY Z Writing Typewriters. Typewriting. Keyboards. Keyboarding -- Continued Stenotypy. Phonotypy Including shorthand for writing machines 51 General works 51.5 Computer-aided transcription systems Abbreviations see P365+ Word processing Cf. HF5548.115 Office practice 52 Periodicals. Societies. Serials 52.2 Bibliography 52.25 Dictionaries 52.3 Examinations, exercises, etc. 52.4 General works 52.5.A-Z Individual programs, machines, etc., A-Z 52.5.A32 Adam (Computer) 52.5.A34 AES word processors 52.5.A63 Apple computer 52.5.A64 Apple Writer (Computer program) 52.5.A65 Apple Writer II (Computer program) 52.5.A66 Apple Writer IIe (Computer program) 52.5.A68 AppleWorks (Computer program) 52.5.A77 ASTRA (Computer program) 52.5.B35 Bank street writer (Computer program) 52.5.B38 BBC Microcomputer 52.5.C54 Clean Slate (Computer program) 52.5.C65 CP/M (Computer operating system) 52.5.C73 Creative writer (Computer file) 52.5.D57 DisplayWrite (Computer program) 52.5.D59 DisplayWrite 3 (Computer program) 52.5.D6 DisplayWrite 4 (Computer program) 52.5.D62 DisplayWrite 5 (Computer program) 52.5.E27 EasyWriter (Computer program) 52.5.E28 EasyWriter II (Computer program) 52.5.E52 Enable/OA (Computer program) 52.5.E67 Epson printers 52.5.E95 EXP (Computer program) 52.5.E97 Expert writer 52.5.F84 FullWrite professional (Computer program) 52.5.H35 Hanʻgŭl (Computer file) 52.5.H65 HomeWord (Computer program) 52.5.I24 IBM Displaywriter 52.5.I26 IBM PCjr (Computer) 52.5.I27 IBM Personal Computer 52.5.K39 Kaypro computers 52.5.L47 LetterPerfect 52.5.L63 LocoScript PC 52.5.M28 Macintosh (Computer) 52.5.M32 MacWrite (Computer program) 52.5.M47 Mercury (Computer program) 52.5.M52 Microsoft Word (Computer program) (52.5.M523) Microsoft Word for Windows (Computer program) see Z52.5.M52 52.5.M53 Microsoft Write (Computer program) 52.5.M58 MicroUSE-WORD (Computer program) 52.5.M84 MultiMate (Computer program) 3 Z BOOKS (GENERAL). WRITING. PALEOGRAPHY Z Writing Word processing Individual programs, machines, etc., A-Z -- Continued 52.5.M85 MultiMate Advantage (Computer program) 52.5.N57 Nisus Writer 52.5.N67 Norton Textra 52.5.P34 Pages (Electronic resource) 52.5.P35 PC-Write (Computer program) 52.5.P47 Perfect Writer (Computer program) 52.5.P48 PFS:WRITE (Computer program) 52.5.P55 Philips/Micom 52.5.P56 Philips P5020 (Word processor) 52.5.Q2 Q-ONE (Computer program) 52.5.Q55 QL Quill (Computer program) 52.5.R4 Ready, set, go! (Computer program) 52.5.R46 Reportpack (Computer program) 52.5.S25 Samna (Computer program) 52.5.S37 SCRIPSIT (Computer program) 52.5.S39 SCRIPT (Computer file) 52.5.S45 Select Write (Computer program) 52.5.S55 Sinclair ZX (Computer) 52.5.S57 SITAR (Computer program) 52.5.S6 SmartWRITER (Computer program) 52.5.S63 SpeedScript (Computer program) 52.5.S65 Spellbinder (Computer program) 52.5.S67 Sprint (Computer program) 52.5.S94 Superscripsit (Computer program) 52.5.T48 TEXTEDIT (Computer program) 52.5.T49 ThinkTank (Computer program) 52.5.T53 TI Professional Computer 52.5.T55 TV (Computer file) 52.5.U54 UNIX (Computer operating system) 52.5.V6 VNIW 52.5.V64 Volkswriter 52.5.W36 Wang OIS 140 52.5.W365 Wang Professional computer 52.5.W37 Wang 30 (Word processor) 52.5.W38 Wang word processors 52.5.W63 Word writer 52.5.W632 Word writer PC 52.5.W65 WordPerfect (Computer program) (52.5.W655) WordPerfect for Windows (Computer program) see Z52.5.W65 52.5.W67 WordStar (Computer program) 52.5.W676 WordStar professional (Computer program) 52.5.W68 WordStar 2000 (Computer program) 52.5.W72 WPS-plus (Computer program) 52.5.W74 Write for kids 52.5.W75 Write-Now (Computer program) 52.5.X47 Xerox 860 52.5.X94 XyWrite (Computer program) Shorthand. Stenography. Phonography 53 General works 53.12 Bibliography 53.15 Periodicals, societies, congresses, etc. Biography 4 Z BOOKS (GENERAL). WRITING. PALEOGRAPHY Z Writing Shorthand. Stenography. Phonography Biography -- Continued 53.2.A1 Collective 53.2.A2-Z Individual e.g. 53.2.G8 Gregg, John Robert 53.2.P5 Pitman, Sir Issac 53.2.T6 Towndrow, Thomas By subject see the subject, e. g. KF320.S4 Law; R728.8 Medicine; etc. By language English 54 Periodicals. Yearbooks 55 Societies. Congresses 55.5 Dictionaries Class here works cataloged before 1978 55.7 Directories 56 Manuals Class here works cataloged before 1978 56.2.A-Z Special systems. By name, A-Z Class here works cataloged after 1977 56.2.A35 AgiliWriting (Table Z13) 56.2.A44 Alpha hand (Table Z13) 56.2.A45 Alphabet (Table Z13) 56.2.A9 Avancena American language (Table Z13) 56.2.F67 Forhner (Table Z13) 56.2.G7 Gregg (Table Z13) 56.2.P18 PS (Table Z13) 56.2.S58 Speedee-Write (Table Z13) 56.2.S6 Speedwriting (Table Z13) 56.2.S87 Stenoscript ABC (Table Z13) 56.2.S94 SuperWrite (Table Z13) 56.2.T33 Tabor (Table Z13) 56.2.W47 Wesley (Table Z13) Other languages 58.5 Afrikaans 58.8 Arabic 58.85 Armenian 59 Bohemian. Czech 59.2 Burmese 59.3 Catalan 59.5 Chinese 60 Chinook (60.9) Czech see Z59 61 Danish. Norwegian 62 Dutch 62.5 Esperanto 63 Finnish French 65 General works. History 67 Periodicals. Serials 67.5 Dictionaries 68 Manuals 68.5 Transcriptions of literary works 5 Z BOOKS (GENERAL). WRITING. PALEOGRAPHY Z Writing Shorthand. Stenography. Phonography By language Other languages -- Continued German 70 General works. History 71 Periodicals. Serials 72 Societies 73 Manuals 73.5 Transcriptions of literary works Greek 73.9 Ancient 74 Modern 74.7 Hebrew and Yiddish 75 Hungarian 76.A-Z Indic, A-Z 76.A1 General 76.G83 Gujarati 76.H5 Hindi 76.K3 Kannada 76.M27 Malayalam 76.M3 Marathi 76.P3 Panjabi 76.S5 Sinhalese 76.T3 Tamil 76.T4 Telugu 76.U7 Urdu 76.5 Indonesian Italian 77 General works. History 78 Periodicals. Serials 79 Societies 80 Manuals 80.5 Japanese 80.7 Korean 80.8 Kurdish (all scripts) 81 Latin Including Tironian notes Cf. Z111 Paleography Cf. Z114+ Paleography 83 Malagasy Norwegian see Z61 85 Polish 87 Portuguese 89 Romanian Slavic 90 Russian 92 Other Including Croatian, Serbian, Slovakian, etc.
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  • The Origins of Word Processing and Office Automation

    The Origins of Word Processing and Office Automation

    Remembering the Office of the Future: The Origins of Word Processing and Office Automation Thomas Haigh University of Wisconsin Word processing entered the American office in 1970 as an idea about reorganizing typists, but its meaning soon shifted to describe computerized text editing. The designers of word processing systems combined existing technologies to exploit the falling costs of interactive computing, creating a new business quite separate from the emerging world of the personal computer. Most people first experienced word processing using a word processor, we think of a software as an application of the personal computer. package, such as Microsoft Word. However, in During the 1980s, word processing rivaled and the early 1970s, when the idea of word process- eventually overtook spreadsheet creation as the ing first gained prominence, it referred to a new most widespread business application for per- way of organizing work: an ideal of centralizing sonal computers.1 By the end of that decade, the typing and transcription in the hands of spe- typewriter had been banished to the corner of cialists equipped with technologies such as auto- most offices, used only to fill out forms and matic typewriters. The word processing concept address envelopes. By the early 1990s, high-qual- was promoted by IBM to present its typewriter ity printers and powerful personal computers and dictating machine division as a comple- were a fixture in middle-class American house- ment to its “data processing” business. Within holds. Email, which emerged as another key the word processing center, automatic typewriters application for personal computers with the and dictating machines were rechristened word spread of the Internet in the mid-1990s, essen- processing machines, to be operated by word tially extended word processing technology to processing operators rather than secretaries or electronic message transmission.