CAVE MANAGEMENT SYMPOSIA PROCEEDINGS Harrisonburg, Virginia November 5-7, 1982 Sponsored by The American Cave Conservation Association Co-Sponsors National Speleological Society The Nature Conservancy Butler Cave Conservation Society National Cave Diving Association Cave Conservancy of the Virginias National Caves Association Cave Conservation Institute Mammoth Cave National Park Perkins Cave Conservation an9 Virginia Cave Commission Management Society Symposium Chairmen • • John M. Wilson •• Roy D. Powers, Jr. Symposium Secretary · Gregory A. Baumgarner Editors • Helen Thornton .•••• Jer Thornton Copyright 1985 The American Cave Conservation Association P. O. Box 7017 Richmond, Virginia 23221 Please contact individual authors for permission to use any of the material in these Proceedings. Table of Contents Introduction and Overview The Challenge and the Future James P. Wiggins 3 Meeting the Challenge Lewis Cutliff 6 Cave Conservation and Management Overview Roger W. Brucker 8 Overview of Conservation and Management Robert Stitt 15- The Need for Cave Conservation Paul and Lee Stevens ••••.•..•.•.•••.•••.•.••..•••.•......•....... 18 Management Philosophies An Overview of Cave Management and Cave Interpretation in Missouri State Parks Scott W.. Schulte 20 Tennessee Valley Authority's Role in Cave Protection and Management Patricia A. Fink ....•........................................•... 21 Cave Management: The Bureau of Land Management Approach J. B.. "Buzz" Hummel 22 The Virginia Cave Commission Evelyn Bradshaw 26 Cave Resources Basic Cave Geology F. Howard Campbell, III ..........................•..........•.•.. 28 Origin of Caverns David A. Hubbard, Jr 31 Introduction to Cave Paleontology Fred Grady ...........•..•.....•...........•.•..................•• 33 Introduction to Cave Biology Dr. John R. Holsinger •..•.....•......•.••......•...•...•....... ~. 35 Cave Bats, Their Ecology, Identification and Distribution Dr. Virginia M. Tipton .•........•.•.......•.•.•.•...............• 36 Identification and Significance of Common Types of Archaeological Remains From Cave Deposits Dr. David T. Clark ....•............................••..•.•....... 45 A Brief Survey of the Role Played by the Cave in the Work of Art and Literature Rosemary Balister ...•............•................•.............. 46 Resource Management Prescriptions for Cave Management Robert R. Stitt and James Nieland ••.••.••••••••••••..•...•.•.•••• 50 A Cave Inventory System III J. B. "Buzz" Hummel ....•.............•.........................•. 54 A Simple, Low-Cost Computer Data Management Technique for Missouri's Cave Fauna Inventory Elizabeth A. Cook . 66 Results of a Cooperative Cave Inventory in'Missouri James E. Gardner ••.•••••••...••..••.•••.••.•••••••••••.•••••..••. 68 Volunteerism For Cave Management Harry B. Mahoney ..................•.•.•..•...•.••••••••••••••.•.. 69 The Use of the Significant Cave List as a Cave Conservation Tool Robert Custard, Dr. John R. Holsinger, Philip C. Lucas •.•.••••••. 76 General Cave Gate Considerations Roy D. Powers, Jr .............................•.................. 77 Management Projects Cave Conservation in the Klamath Mountains Mike Sims 82 The Formation of the Trout Rock Conservation Task Force Fred Grady ...............................•....................... 85 Cave Management for the Endangered Indiana Bat (Myotis Sodalis) and Gray Bat (Myotis Grisescens) John T. Brady ..........................•......................... 86 Cave History A Brief ,~~story of Grand Caverns Bob Custard 98 A Brief Overview of the History, Geology, and Management of Fountain Cave Bob Custard 99 A Brief History of Massanutten Caverns Bob Custard 101 General Cave Rescue Tom Vines, Dave Morrow .................................•......... 104 Cave Diving for the Cave Manager Arthur T. Leitheuser and Dennis Williams ••••••••••••••••••.•••••. 105 Using Photography to Educate and Communicate Cave Conservation Chip Clark 106 Perception of the NSS by Show Cave Operators Dr. George N. Huppert and Betty Wheeler •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 107 The NSS and Cave Management Bob Liebman III Film: Underground Rivers Phil Whitfield 112 Road Logs Segment 1: Massanutten Caverns 114 Segment 2: Shenandoah and Luray Caverns ••••••••••••..•.•••••••...•.• 115 Wooden Bridge Tour 118 i i INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW This page • IS blank The Challenge and the Future James P. Wiggins~r INTRODUCTION constraints imposed on us by a troubled economy in a changing society. It is indeed a pleasure for me to participate in the 1982 National Cave Management Symposium. It CHANGING TIMES seems like yesterday when Mammoth Cave National Park hosted the 1980 Symposium. I have many For most of the last three decades, park manag­ fond memories of that Symposium and I hope those ers have been in an era of growth and expansion of you that were there - and there are many of and have been making decisions accordingly. you here today - also treasure the same memo­ Like the rest of society, they were accustomed ries. I am sure that this Symposium, as with to many non-essentials and their facilities and the previous ones, will be equally rewarding and services were often second to none. As we all successful. In reviewing the agenda for this know, these conditions have been changed in year's meeting, I find the subjects vital to recent years. Like the visitors we serve, our sound cave management and the activities useful belts must also be tightened. We are now enter­ and exciting. ing a time frame where we must stretch a shrink­ ing budget to cover increasing costs in our My special thanks to John Wilson, Roy Powers and services to the public. Every major expenditure their committees for organizing the Symposium. must be justified as it will most certainly be I know, by experience, the many endless hours questioned. I believe this trend will continue that are devoted to an event such as this. into the foreseeable future. Many budgets have Again, thank you. already been severely severed and I fear many more reductions are to come. Managers will be If this is your first Symposium, bear in mind making difficult decisions such as which pro­ that some of the "best minds" in the caving grams are to be deleted or reduced and which community are here today. You will find them employees are to be furloughed. very friendly, composed of many disciplines, representing many organizations and agencies, The image of parks as being a "free service" for both public and private. You can be assured the many agencies will change and more emphasis will caving community wants to share their experience be placed on a "pay as you use" system. Public and talents with you. Please let them - and managers will adopt cost-efficient programs and please become a member of the family. Your become more self-sufficient and businesslike. continued support and participation is essential They will tap other government entities and the to sound cave management. private sector to see if they can provide ser­ vices at reduced costs. No services will be Today, cave managers of public agencies are immune and will include a wide range of activi­ facing what many of the cave managers in the ties such as maintenance, interpretation, re­ private sector have since their existence­ source management, law enforcement and various survival. In fact, at our last Symposium, one phases of administration. In the future, more of the panel discussions, chaired by the Nation­ emphasis will be placed on contract administra­ al Caves Association, covered many of the same tion. concerns Government park managers are plagued As cutbacks become imminent and managers examine with today. I am talking about severe fiscal the options, they should beware of false econ­ omics both now and over the long term. They *Management Assistant, U. S. Department of the should also beware of impacts their actions will Interior, National Park Service, Mammoth Cave have on the community and other agencies. Re­ National Park, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. gardless of the fiscal constraints, managers 3 should not jeopardize, under any circumstances, be working closely with the U. S. travel in­ the unique and fragile cave resources. Social dustry representatives to improve both domestic and economic pressures must not deteriorate the and foreign information services. irreplaceable treasures. In these changing times when public support is crucial to our Overall, there will be endless opportunities for existence, it is imperative that all managers increased concession involvement in federal effectively communicate with the public the agencies. The economic opportunity for the reasons for changes. Remember, cave apprecia­ private sector to assist the Government in its tion and preservation are inseparable. mission has never been greater. PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT The role of non-profit groups will become in­ creasingly important. The National Speleologi­ It is the position of the administration that the Federal Government and the private sector cal Society, the Cave Research Foundation, and share the responsibility for providing the re­ other non-profit groups have provided signifi­ sources needed to preserve the quality of life cant cost savings to many agencies and are a­ in our nation. It is Government policy to rely ligned with many Government priorities and on the private sector to support Government goals. At Mammoth Cave, the NSS has been as­ functions by providing products or services. sisting the rangers in the implementation of a recreational sports caving program. In