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POLITICS, ECONOMIC DEPENDENCE, AND ETHNICITY IN THE YAQUI VALLEY, SONORA Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors McGuire, Thomas Rhodes Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 02:59:36 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/298556 INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for micrcfihtiing. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to deJete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University Microfilms International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1R 4EJ, ENGLAND 79Z7117 flCGUIREs THOHftS RHODES POLlTICSe ECONOMIC DEPEMDENCEs AND ETHNICITY IM THE YAQUI VALLEY# SDMORA« THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZOMA, PH»D«s, 1979 Universi^ MicrOTilnns International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD. ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 POLITICS, ECONOMIC DEPENDENCE, AND ETHNICITY IN THE YAQUI VALLEY, SONORA by Thomas Rhodes McGuire A Dissertation Submitted to the Facility of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 7 9 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Thomas Rhodes McGuire entitled POLITICS, ECONOMIC DEPENDENCE, AND ETHNICITY IN THE YAQUI VALLEY, SONORA be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy . Dissertation Director Date / As members of the Pinal Examination Committee, we certify that we have read this dissertation and agree that it may be presented for final defense. ^ / 7, ^7 / 7 <7 Date/ Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense thereof at the final oral examination. 11/78 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for em advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to bor­ rowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or re­ production of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the in­ terests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. siGNKiJt —t—I '—"-ji ACKNOV/LEDGMENTS To bring this project to completion, I have accumulated a num­ ber of debts. I must acknowledge first an ethnographer's debt — inherently the most difficult to repay — to the Sonoran Yaqui and their Mexican neighbors. I have tried to tell the truth as I inter­ preted it in the field, and, I hope, as they would have me see it, I may have done a disservice to many of them, so they shall all remain ainonymous. Almost as difficult to repay are my continuing debts to severeil members of the anthropology faculty at The University of Arizona. The late Dr. Thomas Hinton, an astute observer of Sonoran culture and society, provided the initial encouragement to my project, and, as overseer to the department's Comins Fellowship, was instrumental in getting me to the field. During the seemingly endless stage of writing, Drs. Richard Henderson, Edward Spicer, and Richard Thompson have given me the intellectual help I needed, the encouragement I required, and the autonomy I desired. I hope I have not misused their help, nor abused the autonomy. I have no doubt that I have abused the facilities of the Depart­ ment of Anthropology and the Arizona State Museum Library. Dorothy Caranchini quickly perceived that I was incapable of typing out forms in quadruplicate, so she took care of such things, and much more, without complaint. And Daphne Scott of the Library quickly realized that I was incapable of returning books on time, and I am thankful, iii iv And I am grateful to Hazel Gillie, who quickly realized that I cannot spell, type, nor proofread, for patiently typing the disser­ tation. For preparing maps on very short notice, I thank Brigid Sullivan. Primary financial aid for the field research came from the National Science Foundation in the form of a Dissertation Improvement Grant (SOC75-15396), and I am grateful for their flexibility. The com­ pleted project bears little resemblance to the one proposed. For the initial stages of analysis and writing, I thank the V/eatherhead Foun­ dation and the School of American Research, Santa Fe is incomparable as a place for trying to put some thoughts together. And Dr. Douglas Schwartz is largely responsible for such an atmosphere. I wish to acknov/ledge the advice and friendship of a number of my fellov/ graduate students, some who have passed through the program, some still in it, and some who were given other things to do. I cannot name them, for they are all miscreants. Finally, I thank Susan and Teri. Families inevitably suffer during an undertaking such as this; they, I hope, have not suffered beyond their endurance. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix ABSTRACT x 1. POLITY AND ETHNICITY: THE INQUIRY 1 2. THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN THE STUDY OF ETHNICITY 10 Ethnicity as a Categorical Phenomenon ........ 13 Transactions and Identity ..... .. 13 Pivotal and Peripheral Attributes of Ethnic Identity 19 Classifying and the Nature of the Observer .... 22 Observers, Attributes, and Purposes 25 The Instrumentality of Ethnic Identity 27 Ethnic Boundaries and Resovirce Competition: Summary Fieldwork and the Nature of Information . 35 3. SOCIETY AND HISTORY IN THE YAQUI VALLEY k3 River Towns and the Five Ya' uraun ........... kk The Corporate Yaqui Polity .. 50 Economic Expansion in the Yaqui Valley ........ 56 Railroads, Land Speculation, and Revolt ..... 57 Canals and Colonists in the Valle Nuevo ..... 62 Population Shifts and the Growth of a City .... 69 k. DESCENT AND PERFORMANCE: YAQUI ETHNIC IDENTITY 75 Pivotal Attributes of Yaqui Identity 75 Secondary Attributes of Yaqui Identity ........ 86 Dress 87 Language ..... 89 Traditional Knowledge and Shared Historical Experience 95 Ritual-Political Participation 101 Maintenance of Secondary Attributes . 103 Summeiry: Who is a Yaqui? 105 V vi TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page V/ealth, Power, and Prestige 106 Ritual as Performance 121 Audience, Space, and Time 125 Sanctions and Incitement: Boundary Maintenance cind Stereotypy 135 5. SAN IGNACIO, RIO MUERTO . I38 The Pequenos Propietarios and the CCI 1^1 Yaqui Politicians and the Issues 148 "El Camino de la Ley" 150 End of the Sexenio l6k Mass, Organization, and Resources: An Analysis .... 171 6. VALLE AND ZONA: THE STRUCTURE OF DEPENDENCY I80 Economic Development and Social Welfare in Mexico ... I80 Agricultural Development: Policy and Practice . 184 The Economic Consequences of Expropriation in the Yaqui Valley I89 Dependency in the Zona 194 Irrigation Agriculture in Potam 194 Sociedades and Particulares 202 Summary: The Paradoxes of Development ...... 212 7. PESCADORES; MARGINAL RESOURCES AND POLITICAL SUCCESS . 215 History and Organization of the Fishing Cooperative . 216 Ecology of Yaqui Shrimping 222 Expansion and Resource Competition > 231 Demands and Concessions 234 Corporate Organization 237 Marginality of Resources 24l Residence, Ceremony, and Ethnicity 245 Summary 247 8. RESOURCES, POVffiR, AND ETHNICITY IN SOUTHERN SONORA .... 248 Corporate Polity and Resource Competition 250 Ethnic Boundaries and Ceremonial Performances ..... 253 Ethnic Identity: Ascription and Achievement ..... 254 Polity and Ethnicity: A Trial Model • 256 Change and Persistence in the Yaqui Zone 260 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page APPENDIX A: AREA CULTIVATED IN THE YAQUI VALLEY 26? LIST OF REFERENCES 266 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Elements in the ethnic classification process ...... 28 2. Claims to terrenes baldxos in Sonora 6l 3. Land ownership in the Valle del Yaqui 1935 75 k.

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