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Aspects of Vegetation and Soil Relationships Around JournalofBiology ISSN: 2084-3577 TMKARPIŃSKI PUBLISHER andEarthSciences BIOLOGY ORIGINAL ARTICLE Aspects ofvegetation andsoilrelationships aroundathalassohaline lakesofW a d i El-Natrun, Western Desert, Egypt MonierAbd ElGhani, Rim Hamdy*,Azza Hamed The Herbarium, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt ABSTRACT The relationship between soil parameters andvegetation aroundthe inland salinelakesofW a d i El- Natruninthe Western D esert ofEgyptwas studied. Twenty-five species in22standsconstituted the floristic composition included one tree, 3 annuals and 21 perennial herbs. The saline f e a t u r e of this habitat enabled somesalttolerant species to growandf l o u r i s h . Fourspecies (Juncus acutus L., J. rigidus Desf.,Cyperus laevigatus L. var. laevigatus andPhragmites australis (Cav.)T r i n . exSteud. subsp. australis) were constantly recorded aroundthe 7 studied lakeswhich exhibited wide ecological andsociological ra n g e s , while 8 species were confined to onlyonelake(narrowest sociological ra n g e ) . Basedontheir frequency values, classification ofthe recorded resulted in5 vegetation groups.Eachof these groupswas linkedto oneormoreofthe soilf a c t o r s which determines itsdistribution. Application ofRedundancy Analysis (RDA) indicated that CaCO3, Ca+2, SO4-2, NO3-, K+ and Cl- were the most importantsoil variables affected the vegetation around the studied lakes.Itisrecommended that conservation measures shouldbetaken to protectthe remaining populations of Typha elephantina throughout W a d i El-Natrunwhich represents itstype locality f r o m extinction. Key words: Egypt;halophytes; Inland saltmarshes; Redundancy analysis; Salinelakes;Salinity; Soil- environment re l a t i o n s . J BiolEarthSci2014;4(1):B21-B35 * Corresponding author: Rim Hamdy E-mail:[email protected] Original Submission: 11November 2013; Revised Submission: 1 0 January 2014; Accepted: 1 4 January 2014 Copyright © 2014 Author(s). Journalof Biology and EarthSciences © 2014 T o m a s z M.Karpiński. This isan open-access article distributed under the terms ofthe CreativeCommons Attribution License, which permitsunrestricted use,distribution, andreproduction inany medium, provided the original work isproperly cited. http://www.journals.tmkarpinski.com/index.php/jbes or http://jbes.strefa.pl e-mail:[email protected] JournalofBiology andEarthSciences, 2014,V o l 4,Issue 1 , B21-B35 B21 ElGhanietal. Vegetation and soil relationships around athalassohaline lakes of Wadi El-Natrun, Egypt INTRODUCTION which is being close to the ground [1 2]. The vege- tation around these lakes has a patchy structure: Athalassohaline lakes are inland saline aquatic different patches contain different species (or so- environments with ionic proportions quite different metimes one species) and even different growth from the dissolved salts in seawater. They are tem- forms [1 3]. porary bodies of water with salinities >3gl-1 and lac- Wadi El-Natrun is characterized by small di- king any connection to the marine environment [1]. sconnected lakes in its bottom, aligned with its ge- Salt lakes are confined to dry regions of the world neral axis in the north-west direction except Lake where evaporation exceeds precipitation and where Al-Gaar [1 4]. These lakes receive a limited supply they are often more abundant than fresh waters. of groundwater which seeps into the depression. Saline lands are widely distributed globally and Since the evaporation rate is high and the lakes lie make up about 1 0% of the Earth’s terrestrial surface in closed basins without outlet, the water in the la- [2]. Inland saline lakes have received increased at- kes has a high salt concentration and are suscepti- tention in recent years due to their sensitivity to cli- ble to marked fluctuations in level and salinity. matic change. Climatic conditions must reach a Although different colourations due to microbial po- certain degree of aridity effectively to remove water pulations are indicated by some of the lakes names by evaporation or freeze drying and so produce (Hamra = red, Khadra = green, Bida = white), the progressively concentrated brine. Geochemical and colouration of the lakes is not constant, but is sub- hydrological features are largely responsible for ject to seasonal changes. There is a discrepancy controlling the concentration and composition of the regarding the number of lakes in Wadi El-Natrun, resulting brine [3, 4]. Changes in evaporation and which ranged between two to sixteen [1 5]. Yet, Za- precipitation can affect the physical and chemical hran and Willis [1 4] reported the presence of 8 prin- conditions in such lakes [5-9]. cipal lakes for a distance of about 30 km; perma- In Egypt, certain areas are lower than the sea nent water in all or some of their parts; from south level and constitute depressions in the desert west to north: Fasida, Um Risha, Al-Razoniya, Abu-Gu- of Nile Delta. They include some water bodies cha- bara, Hamra, El-Zugm, Al-Bida, Khadra and Al- racterized by high salinity and considered as a va- Gaar, noting that Abu Gubara and Hamra form one luable economic resource that can be developed for lake in the summer. The Natrun occurs in solution in better exploitation. One of these depressions is the lakes, forms a crust around the edges of the la- Wadi El-Natrun (23 m below sea level) which consi- kes and in deposits on their bottom. Natrun deposits dered among the important depressions in the We- have long been known and were used by the an- stern Desert for land reclamation and utilization. cient Egyptians in the manufacture of glass, rem- The presence of irrigation water as underground nants of which are still found in the southern part of water of suitable quality, the existence of natural the depression. fresh water springs and the availability of some mo- Compared to studies of coastal marshes, little isture contained in the sandy layers above the shal- attention has been paid to inland saline landscapes low water table southwest of the depression are the [1 6, 1 7]. The earliest account of the vegetation of main reasons for the importance of Wadi El-Natrun the salines in Wadi El-Natrun was that of Stocker region [10]. [1 8]. The plant growth was studied around some re- The inland saltmarshes of the Western Desert of presentative lakes, providing the actual distribution Egypt are found in the form of Sabkhas around the of plants around the lakes using aerial photos of two lakes, springs and wells of the oases, e.g. Siwa, lakes [1 9]. The phytosociology of the wetland vege- Dakhla, Kurkur, Dungul, etc. and the depressions, tation revealed the presence of three distinct com- e.g. Qattara, Wadi El-Natrun, El-Fayum, etc. Being munities in addition to two species of common lower in level than the surrounding territories, the occurrence with no sociological affiliation (Cyperus inland saltmarshes are characterized by a shallow laevigatus and Juncus acutus) [20]. Some studies underground water table. In certain instances, the were undertaken; focused on the vegetation around underground water is exposed forming lakes of the inland saline lakes of Wadi El-Natrun [21 , 22] brackish or saline water [11 ]. The formation of this Typha elephantina Roxb. and Cyperus papyrus at saline is due to the uncontrolled spilling of water the shore of Um Risha Lake associated with some and flooding of the plains, or to the water table water loving plants has been reported [23, 24]. The Journal of Biology and Earth Sciences, 201 4, Vol 4, Issue 1 , B21 -B35 B22 ElGhanietal. Vegetation and soil relationships around athalassohaline lakes of Wadi El-Natrun, Egypt human impact revealed that Wadi El-Natrun repre- stream, because of its proximity and low level. A sents a raw grazing ecosystem and ecologically series of isolated saline lakes occupy the axis of the fragile with unique features and resources [10]. In depression. The water level in the lakes fluctuates addition some studies recorded natural and cultiva- seasonally along the year rising up in winter and ted land cover types in the area between 1 997 and falling down in summer but never get dry, and ran- 2000, as well environmental indices from DEM, cli- ges from 1 6 m in Zagig Lake to 23 m in Al-Gaar and mate atlas data, land-use observation and soil Fasida Lakes (Figure 1 ). Wadi El-Natrun area is re- sampling were recorded [25, 26]. garded as an extremely arid region where mean In a previous work [27], the spatial distribution of annual rainfall, evaporation, and temperature are the flora of Wadi El-Natrun within its various habi- 41.4 mm, 114.3 mm, and 21°C, respectively (Egyp- tats, and its changes throughout the last 7 decades tian Meteorological Authority, 2006). was investigated. This study aims to recognize and The water enters the lakes in two ways, as analyze the floristic diversity and variations in the springs in some of the lakes and as very small stre- vegetation around the inland saline lakes of Wadi ams or trickles found on the sloping edges of the El-Natrun, and to assess the environmental factors lakes which find their way directly to the lakes. The that affect their species distribution. origin of the water entering the depression has been discussed [28-31 ]. The study area Also the geology of Wadi El Natrun has been Wadi El-Natrun is a narrow depression located in studied by many authors [29, 32, 33]. In general, the west of the Nile Delta, approximately 11 0 km the area is covered by Quaternary lake deposits northwest of Cairo between longitudes 30° 80' 20" and old alluvial deposits of sand and gravel laid and 30° 82' 90"E and latitudes 30° 81 ' 60" and 30° when the sea encroach the area and the Nile flowed 83' 20"N (Figure 1 ). The total area of Wadi El-Na- through it.
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