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Composition and Changes in the Spontaneous Flora of the Wadi El Rayan Ramsar Site, Fayoum, Egypt, in the Last 20 Years

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Composition and Changes in the Spontaneous Flora of the Wadi El Rayan Ramsar Site, Fayoum, Egypt, in the Last 20 Years Limnol.Composition Rev. (2020) and 20,changes 3: 109-121 in the spontaneous flora of the Wadi El Rayan Ramsar site, Fayoum, Egypt... 109 DOI 10.2478/limre-2020-0012 Composition and changes in the spontaneous flora of the Wadi El Rayan Ramsar site, Fayoum, Egypt, in the last 20 years Abdelwahab A. Afefe Nature Conservation Sector, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), Misr Helwan El-Zyrae 30, Maadi, Cairo, Egypt, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Wadi El Rayan is located in Egypt in the Sahara ecoregion the Palearctic ecozone (the world’s largest hot desert). The total area of Wadi El Rayan is 1759km². The aim of this work was to study the ecosystems, compare species composition, species richness and species diversity of the study sites in the Wadi El Rayan protected area and the distributions of plants in the different landform. The field observations found that there is a low diversity and number of plant species around the lakes, in particular a decline in vegetation cover in accordance with a dramatic decrease in the water level in the lakes compared to earlier studies. The reduction of water levels due to decreased water supply is considered the main threat facing ecosystems and biodiversity in the lake area which requires a continuous survey of flora and measures to be implemented to conserve the natural vegetation in the area. Based on investigations of the spontaneous flora of Wadi El Rayan in 2018, 18 taxa of vascular plants were recorded. This inventory was compared with published records of investigations made in 1998, 2002 and 2014. A total of 18 vascular plant species belonging to 14 families were recorded in the wetland and desert ecosystems around the lakes of Wadi El Rayan. The vegetation mainly consists of sparsely distributed xerophytic and halophytic plants except in the wetland ecosystem around the lakes where it is characterized by some hydrophytic and halophytic plants. The family with the highest number of species was Poaceae followed by Zygophyllaceae. The results showed that a higher number of species was recorded from the Lower Lake (13 species) than the Upper Lake (10 species) and (5 species) for the connecting channel. The most frequently recorded species were Phragmites australis, Tamarix nilotica, Juncus rigidus and Alhagi graecorum: the first two species were the most successful species as they grow in a variety of ecosystems and habitats. Key words: vegetation, desert, Ramsar, protected area, plant life, wetland Introduction on the amount of precipitation in a given year. The flora of the Western Desert has been a subject of The flora of Egypt is well documented in study by numerous authors, often in the context of many reference books such as Täckholm (1974), the entire flora of the country (Tackholm 1974). The Boulos (1995, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2005). It com- present-day plant life in the Western Desert is poor prises some 2121 species and 153 infraspecific epi- both in diversity and plant cover (Boulos 1975). In thets (subspecies, variety, forms) of native and nat- 2011, Wadi El Rayan was recognized by the Inter- uralized vascular plants (Boulos 1995); in addition national Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) there are 158 species of mosses and hepatics (El- as one of 20 Important Plant Areas (IPAs) in Egypt Saadawi and Shabbara 2007). This important and (Radford et al. 2011) and in 2012 nominated by characteristic type of natural plant life covers about Egypt as a Wetland area of the Ramsar Convention 95% of the total area of Egypt and is mainly in the (EEAA 2012). The Wadi El Rayan Protected Area form of xerophytic shrubs and sub-shrubs. Monod is located 140 km southwest of Cairo in the Fay- (1954) recognized two types of desert vegetation, oum Governorate in the Western Desert of Egypt. namely contracted and diffuse. Both types refer to Its total area is 1759 km² and it is classified by the permanent vegetation that can be accompanied Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) as by ephemeral (or annual) plant growth depending a managed Protected Area for the conservation of 110 Abdelwahab A. Afefe wild species and the sustainable utilization of natu- Methods ral resources (Johnson 1995). Although the Western Desert is characterized, in general, by poor plant The present study was carried out in 2018. A diversity and cover (Boulos 1975), Wadi El Rayan is general survey and quadrate technique were used rich in fauna and flora diversity (Osborn and Helmy to study the vegetation along the shores of Wadi 1980; Saleh 1987; Saleh et al. 1988a) and has El Rayan lakes (Fig. 1). A total of 10 line transects unique geological and geomorphological features in the surrounding area of the lakes (including the (Said 1962). The area is hyper-arid with low pre- Upper and Lower Lake and the connecting chan- cipitation (mean annual precipitation of 10.1 mm nel) were identified ensuring a reasonable degree of irregular rainfall) and hot summers (temperature of physiographic and physiognomic homogeneity is as low as 1.2°C in winter and as high as 48.4°C of habitat and vegetation, and the list of species in summer) (Ayyad and Ghabbour 1986; Saleh et. and their count was recorded to determine the flo- al. 1988b). The Wadi El Rayan depression has been ral diversity. used as a water reservoir for storing excess agri- The identification of plant species was car- cultural drainage water above the capacity of Lake ried out according to Täckholm (1974). The disper- Qarun. Two man-made lakes joined by a connect- sal types of the recorded species were assessed ing channel were constructed at two different levels and identified according to Dansereau and Lems (Zahran 1970). Over time, the Wadi El Rayan lakes (1957); El-Sheikh (1996) and Al-Sodany (1998). The have created a variety of habitats in their surround- plant species and individuals can be grouped into ings , although the adverse consequences of their different life-form classes based on structural and creation on the ecology of the area cannot be ig- functional similarities (Muller-Dombois and Ellen- nored (Saleh 1987; Saleh et al. 1988a; b). The area berg 1974). The life-forms have close relationships has become increasingly inhabited by people from with environmental factors (Muller-Dombois and adjacent villages and consequently, rapid economic Ellenberg 1974) and can be viewed as strategies development was established (IUCN 1998). Climat- for obtaining resources (Crosswhite and Crosswhite ically, the Western Desert of Egypt belongs to the 1984; Cody 1986). Raunkiaer (1934) proposed a subtropical arid deserts zone (Walter and Breckle life-form classification system based on the man- 1984). The annual average precipitation rate is 10.1 ner in which plants protect their perennating buds mm, with the highest rainfall in December (40% of during unfavorable seasons. According to this clas- the annual rain) and lowest in August (0%). The av- sification system, the plant species can be grouped erage ambient relative humidity is 51%. The direc- into five classes: phanerophytes, chamaephytes, tion of the wind is, for most of the year, from the hemicryptophytes, cryptophytes and therophytes. North, varying North-West or North-East (Ayyad This sequence corresponds to increased protection and Ghabbour 1986). of the perennating buds (Rechinger 1963-2005). The aim of the present work was to study the For vegetation classification, TWINSPAN (Hill 1979) ecosystems, compare species composition, species was applied and the analysis was based on the im- richness, and species diversity of the study sites in portance values (IV) of the species. Species richness the Wadi El Rayan protected area, and distributions was calculated according to Barbour et al. (1987). of plants in the different landforms. The field obser- The national and global distribution of the recorded vations found that there is a low diversity and num- species were determined from Täckholm (1956 and ber of plant species around the lakes, in particular, 1974), Zohary (1966; 1972) and Wickens (1976). a decline in vegetation cover in the lakes of Wadi El Moreover, based on the key studies by Mashaly Rayan in accordance with the dramatic decrease in (1987), El-Sheikh (1989, 1996) and Mousa (1998) the water level in the lakes of Wadi El Rayan com- in the Nile Delta of Egypt, 13 major habitats were pared to earlier studies, which requires a continu- identified at the national level for recorded species. ous survey of flora and active measures to be taken to the conserve it. Composition and changes in the spontaneous flora of the Wadi El Rayan Ramsar site, Fayoum, Egypt... 111 Fig. 1. The map of the study site locations surrounding the lakes of Wadi El Rayan. The numerals 1-10 show the position of tran- sects used in analysis of plant species composition Results and Discussion Dicotyledoneae 1. Alhagi graecorum Boiss, Leguminosae (Fa- Species richness and diversity baceae) 2. Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric.)k. A total of 18 species (14 families) were re- koch, Chenopodiaceae corded in this study in Wadi El-Rayan Protected 3. Calligonum polygonoides subsp.comosum Area. The species arranged according to the Engler (L’ Hér.)Soskov, Polygonaceae system (Täckholm 1974) are as follows: 4. Spergularia marina (L.) Bessler, Caryo- phyllaceae Monocotyledoneae 5. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Myrta- ceae 1. Cyperus laevigatus L., Cyperaceae 6. Nitraria retusa (Forssk) Asch, Nitrariaceae 2. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch., Gramine- 7. Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC., Compositae ae (Poaceae) (Asteraceae) 3. Juncus rigidus Desf., Juncaceae 8. Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge, Tamari- L., Juncaceae 4. Juncus acutus caceae 5. Phoenix dactylifera L., Palmae (Arecaceae) 9. Zygophyllum album L.f., Zygophyllaceae 6. Phragmites australis (Cav.)Trin. ex Steud., 10. Zygophyllum coccineum L., Zygophyllace- Gramineae (Poaceae) ae 7.
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