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Biological Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles by Nitraria Schoberi Fruits

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Biological Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles by Nitraria Schoberi Fruits American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery www.ajadd.co.uk Original Article Biological Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles by Nitraria schoberi Fruits Majid Sharifi Rad 1, 2 , Javad Sharifi Rad 3, 4 *, Gholam Ali Heshmati 2, Abdolhossein Miri 3,4 and Dhrubo Jyoti Sen 5 1Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Iran 2Department of Rangeland Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49138–15739, Iran 3Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 61615- 585 Zabol, Iran 4Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 61615-585 Zabol, Iran 5Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Gujarat Technological University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, India Date of Receipt - 18/0 6/2013 ABSTRACT Date of Revision- 20/06/2013 Date of Acceptance- 29/06/2013 Biological synthesis of nanoparticles by the use of natural solvents Address for and it’s natural protecting method was compared with physical and Correspondence chemical methods. Among of biological synthesis of nanoparticles Zabol Medicinal Plants methods, using of plant and particularly medical plants are more Research Center, important. Synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles may be Zabol University of influenced directly or indirectly by phytochemicals in plants such as Medical Sciences, P.O. flavonoids, diosgenin and phenolics compounds. In this study the Box 61615- extracts of dry fruit was used for biological synthesis of gold and 585 Zabol, Iran & silver nanoparticles as a reducing agent. Salt of these elements was Department of added to extract with 1mM concentration and the reaction was Pharmacognosy, performed at room temperature. Change color in plant extract after its Faculty of Pharmacy, reaction with gold and silver salts and peak absorption in 550 and Zabol University of 450nm for gold and silver respectively using spectrophotometer Medical Sciences, P.O. showed that gold and silver nanoparticles was produced. Then size Box 61615-585 Zabol, and morphology of these nanoparticles was determined by electronic Iran microscope. The shape of particles was circle and the average particle size was 20-30 and 70-100nm for gold and silver E-mail: respectively. javad.sharifirad@ gmail.com Keywords : Gold nanoparticles, Silver nanoparticles, UV-VIS spectra, FSEM, Nitraria schoberi . American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery www.ajadd.co.uk Rad et al_______________________________________________________ ISSN-2321-547X INTRODUCTION The nanotechnology field is one of synthesis (Malabadi et al ., 2012; the most active areas of research in modern Geethalakshmi and Sarada, 2010). 6-14 These materials science. Nanotechnology is an methods provide promotion over chemical attractive research field because the use of and physical method as it is cost effective, nanoparticles due to particular environment friendly, easily scaled up for physicochemical characteristics is increasing large scale synthesis and in these methods in the various sciences. Nanoparticles there is no need to use energy, high pressure, demonstrate completely new or improved temperature and toxic chemicals. properties based on special characteristics Nitraria schoberi is a medical plant such as size, morphology and distribution. from Zygophyllaceae family. The leaves, New applications of nanoparticles are fruits and seeds of this species are often used emerging rapidly (Jahn, 1999; Murphy, in folklore medicine as an antispasmodic. It 2008). 1,2 Today, synthesis of nanoparticles has several classes of secondary metabolites has significant growth in many countries including flavonoids derivatives, fatty acids, especially in Iran. Nanoparticles have much alkaloids and sterols (Tulyaganov and usage in industry, agriculture, Allaberdiev, 2003; Hadj et al ., 2011; Suo pharmaceutical and medicine Sciences (Kim and Wang, 2010). 15-17 The previous studies et al ., 2004; Sperling et al ., 2008). 3,4 showed that the fruits of Nitraria schoberi Nanoparticles show important role in are a source for phenolic compounds different aspects such as drug delivery, (Senejoux et al., 2011). 18 antimicrobial activities, diagnosis and tissue The aim of this study is a simple, engineering (Malabadi et al ., 2012; Sharma rapid and green biosynthetic method using et al. , 2007; Song and Kim, 2009; Gardea- Nitraria schoberi plant has been Torresdey et al ., 2002, 2003). 5-9 The use of investigated for synthesis gold and silver environmentally benign materials such as nanoparticles. plant leaf extract (Parashar et al ., 2009), 10 bacteria (Saifuddin et al ., 2009), 11 fungi MATERIALS AND METHODS (Bhainsa and D’Souza 2006) 12 and enzymes (Willner et al ., 2007) 13 for the synthesis of Plant Material nanoparticles suggest many benefits of eco- In this study, the fruits of Nitraria friendliness and compatibility for schoberi plants (Figure-1) were used to make pharmaceutical and other biomedical usages the aqueous extract. The fresh fruits of as they do not use toxic chemicals for the Nitraria schoberi plants were collected from synthesis protocol. The chemical and Hamoon international wetland, Zabol, Iran. physical methods are common method for All fruits were thoroughly washed in distilled nanoparticles synthesis. These methods are water for three times and they were placed in often expensive, time consuming and an oven at 75°C for 48hours. 20grams of difficult. The methods of chemical synthesis dried fruits were boiled in an Erlenmeyer lead to appearance of some toxic chemical flask with 100mL of sterile distilled water for absorbed on the surface that may have 10min. Fruit broth was sterilized by filtration adverse effect in the medical applications. (0.45µm) and kept at 4°C for further The use of microorganisms such as bacteria, experiment. fungus and or macro organisms such as plant and algae can be an appropriate alternative method for nanoparticles AJADD1[2][2013]174-179 Rad et al_______________________________________________________ ISSN-2321-547X Synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles as flavonoids, diosgenin and phenolic In this step, 20mL of broth was added compounds. As a result of reactions of to 20mL of 1mM aqueous gold salt (HAuCl 4) Nitraria schoberi fruit extract that include and silver salt (AgNO 3) solutions and reducing agents such as alkaloids, tannins, incubated at room temperature. The color flavonoids, enzymes and other reducing change of extract from light yellow to dark factors with solution salts at room purple about gold and from light yellow to temperature, the gold and silver ion reduced brown or black about silver indicated the and their electrical charge became zero and synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles finally the gold and silver nanoparticles respectively (Figure-2). were produced. RESULTS & DISCUSSION CONCLUSION Spectrophotometry analysis by UV-VIS spectrophotometer The synthesis of nanoparticles by Approximately 150µL of solution plant is of great interest due to eco- derived from interaction between plant extract friendliness, economic prospects, feasibility and gold and silver salts were prepared at 1ml and wide range of applications in volume and in the range of 450-640nm nanomedicine, catalysis medicine, nano- wavelength was investigated by optoelectronics, etc. It is a new and emerging spectrophotometer. Absorption peak was 550 area of research in the scientific world, where and 450nm for gold and silver respectively day-by-day developments is noted in that represents the synthesis of gold and silver warranting a bright future for this field. This nanoparticles. (Figure-3) new method is rapid time scales for biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using environmentally benign natural resources as Determination of the morphology and size an alternative to chemical synthesis protocols of nanoparticles by field emission scanning as reductant for synthesizing silver and gold electron microscopy (FESEM) nanoparticles. nanoparticles. in the future, it For this purpose, derived deposit would be significant to know the precise from the interaction was centrifuged for mechanism of biosynthesis and to three times at a speed of 13,000rpm. The technologically engineer the nanoparticles resulting deposit was photographed by with the aim of attaining better control shape, scanning electron microscopy (Figure-4). over size and whole monodispersivity. The reduction of gold and silver ions and Electronic configuration of the two fruit extract lead to the formation of metals are: 197 14 10 1 79 Au =[Xe] 4f 5d 6s =2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 nanoparticles at room temperature. The 108 10 1 formations of gold and silver nanoparticles 47 Ag =[Kr] 4d 5s =2, 8, 18, 18, 1 as well as their morphological dimensions Both of the metals are in the class of by FESEM study demonstrated that average transition elements having one valence size of nanoparticles were 30 and 40 nm for electron in outermost shell (orbit). Valency of gold and silver nanoparticles respectively. gold: Au +1 and Au +3 and for silver: Ag +1 . The shapes for both for gold and silver Metal ions are produced by reducing action nanoparticles were spherical and irregular by phytoconstituents into nanoparticles. Since (Figure-4). Synthesis of silver and gold gold produce two cations so the λmax in UV- nanoparticles may be influenced directly or VIS range shows the peak nearly 540nm indirectly by phytochemicals in plants such whereas
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