The Impact of the Mormon Migration on the Community of Kirtland, Ohio, 1830-1839

Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

1984-04-01

The Impact of the Mormon Migration on the Community of Kirtland, Ohio, 1830-1839

Mark R. Grandstaff Brigham Young University - Provo

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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Grandstaff, Mark R., "The Impact of the Mormon Migration on the Community of Kirtland, Ohio, 1830-1839" (1984). Theses and Dissertations. 4725. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4725

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. IMPACT MORMON MIGRATION COMMUNITY

KIRTLAND OHIO 1830 1839

thesis presented department history brigham young university

partial fulfillment requirements degree master arts

mark R grandstaff april 1984

thesis mark R grandstaff accepted present form department history brig ham young university satisfying thesis requirements degree master arts

c robert C kenzer ry committee chairmchaiemchairman1 n

keith perkins committee member

fe 0 J date R fnieranierlanier britschjt graduate coordinator

11 acknowledgments

gratitude expressed robert C kenzer patience extensive assistance careful scrutiny manuscript likewise keith perkins expended large amounts time shared important sources kirtland period me besides serving my committee I1 benefited valuable classroom instruction private conversations deepest appreciation extended milton backman jr served my employer during my years brigham young university generously shared insights research numerous professors brigham young university I1 owe my deepest gratitude I1 should especially wish thank james alienallenailen david prattprattt each own way contributed my understanding those knowledgeable american especially mormon history realize I1 owe great debt marvin hill providing me valuable insights thanks extended D michael quinn donald cannon read parts manuscript offered helpful advice encouragement addition david whittaker shared bibliographical compilations mormon american history provided many important references iiiiliill staff LDS historical department genealogical department especially dean jessee kip sperry provided me valuable assistance did special collections harold B library brigham young university librarians lake county historical society mentor ohio geaughgeauga county historical society burtonburtton ohio western reserve historical society commended enthusiastic help my sincerest appreciation rendered my wife tamara my children ferrin cherreracherresaCher resa camber provided me love gratitude encouragement work dedicated them

ivIV TABLE CONTENTS acknowledgments iiiliilil LIST TABLES vii LIST MAPS ix LIST CHARTS x chapter introduction 1 terminology 3

I1 SOCIAL ORIGINS KIRTLAND MORMONS 4 conclusions 27 II11 IMPACT MORMON MIGRATIONimmigrationemmigrationEM KIRTLAND OHIO 1830 1839 28 western reserve early settlers kirtland 29 kirtland 181518301815 1830 0 0 1.1 32 education religion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 mormon experience 183018381830 1838 0 0 0 41 subversion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 politics 0 0 0 0 44 mormon poverty 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 religious beliefs 49 kirtland economy 0 0 50 measurement impact 0 0 0 0 53 kirtlandsKirtlands decline growth 0 0 55 conclusions 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 illIII111 MORMON EXODUS KIRTLAND AFTERMATH 70

mormon hegira 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 great apostasy 0 70 aftermath 0 0 75 kirtlandsKirt lands decline grgrowthw h 82 conclusions 0 0 0 0 0 0 83

v appendices 86 I1 use lines longitude determine distance 87 II11 social mobility non cormonsmormons 1827 183418391834 1839 88 iliIII111 kirtland township elections 1830 1838 92

IV warnings kirtland cormonsmormons 1 102 V tables 104 NOTES 129 introduction 130 chapter I1 131 chapter II11 144 chapter iliillIII111 153 bibliography 157 primary sources 158 secondary sources 165

VI LIST TABLES tables lill111.1 number moves family within new england new york areas 179818391798 1839 104 121.2 migration new york kirtland 104 131.3 age baatbaptbaptismism 105 141.4 education 105 151.5 wealth converts 106 161.6iglg converts religious affiliation religious affiliation parents 107 171.7 converts occupational status fathers occupational status 108 181.8 converts fathers religious affiliation 109 191.9lgig reasons conversion written diary autobiography convert 110 llolio1101.10 ratio seekers converts place conversion illlilliiiliiii111 illiii1111.11 seekers religious affiliation illliilil111 212.1 kirtland township population 1830 1840 112 222.2 mormon non mormon town officers kirtland township 183018391830 1839 113 232.3 wealth distribution kirtland community 183018391830 1839 114 242.4 non mormon wealth concentration 1827 183018391830 1839 115 252.5 mormon wealth concentration 183518391835 1839 116 262.6 non mormon wealth concentration acres land 1827 183018391830 1839 117

VII 272.7 mormon wealth concentration acres land 183518391835 1839 41 118 282.8 average size farm kirtland 183018391830 1839 119 292.9 land distribution kirtland mormon community 183518381835 1838 I1 120 2102.10 growth rate non mormon mormon kirtland 183018391830 1839 121 2112.11 kirtland land prices current dollars 183018391830 1839 I1 122 2122.12 non mormon persistence 182718391827 1839 123 2132.13 non mormon turnover ratio 1832 1839 124 2142.14 non mormon social mobility 1827 183418391834 1839 125 2152.15 non mormon non persistersPer sisters wealth distribution 1827 1830 1839 126 2162.16 non mormon newcomers wealth distribution 183518381835 1838 127 313.1 post migration patterns kirtlandkirfcland saints 183718381837 1838 128

viii LIST MAPS maps iiil111.1 early branches mormon church 6 121.2 settlement patterns wiwithinthin new york 176018501760 1850 8 212.1 western reserve ohio 1833 30 222.2 kirtland township ohiohlohio0 1830 37 232.3 kirtland village 1837 38 242.4 church moves kirtlandartlandkirtland 0hiohloohio 1831 43 252.5 joseph smiths 1836 plplanpian kirkirfclandtlandaland ohio 0 52 262.6 land values kirtland township ohio 1830 57 272.7 land values kirtland township ohio 1832 58

282.8 land values kirtland township ohio 1833 0 59

292.9 land values kirtland township ohio 1834 0 60

2102.10 land values kirtland township ohio 1835 0 0 61

2112.11 land values kirtland township ohio 1836 0 62 2122.12 land values kirtland township ohio 1837 63

2132.132013 land values kirtland township ohio 1838 0 0 64 2142.14 land values kirtlandkirfcland township ohio 1839 65 2152.15 mormon non mormon property kirtland ohio 1832 0 0 0 0 0 66 2162.16 mormon non mormon property kirtland ohio 1834 0 0 0 0 0 67 2172.17 mormon non mormon property kirtland ohio 1836 0 0 0 68 2182.18 mormon non mormon property kirtland ohio 1838 0 69 ix LIST CHARTS charts 212.1 1820 population pyramid kirtland township 33 313.1 post migration patterns members kirtland branch 183718381837 1838 73 323.2 growth rate kirtland compared western reserve geaughgeauga county lake county 84

x introduction

introduction mormonism kirtland area topic numerous scholarly studies eva L pancoastsPan coasts cormonsmormons kirtland 1929 milton V backmansbackmannBack mans heavens resound 1983 cormonsMormormonsmons stay kirtland during 1830s examined light mormon doctrinal economic social development 1 examination first quantitative community study impact mormon immigration non mormon township 2 answers questions involving kirtland cormonsmormons how did migration affecttheaffect township kirtland what happened both kirtland cormonsmormons kirtland township mormon exodus 1838 chapter through use diaries journals autobiographies reconstructs mormon social backgrounds provides portrait those saints moved kirtland challenges those scholars postulated mormonism attracted those psychologically dislocated due frequent migrations however does substantiate current thinking mormon movement anti pluralistic counterrevolutioncounter revolution attempting re establish order redefinere define what antebellum life should like based 1 2 upon reason revelation millenarian movement advocated return primitive christian principles inaugurated number experiments designed accomplish societyssocietys restoration many joined movement those seeking stability few migrated often yet many poor occupations primarily subsistence farmer small home manufacturer threatened increasing speculation urbanization commercial agriculture large scale manufacturing study finds Morcormonsmormonsmons part those seeking divine intervention straightening affairs irrational society chapter two through use land records deeds personal real property tax records measures results constant influx mormon families non mormon kirtland community many sociopoliticalsocio political economic factors lead anti mormon sentiments discussed quantified ZI1 study finds besides numerous social factors increasing mormon growth rate combination rising land prices affected communitys perception cormonsMormormonsmons non cormonsmormons saw mormon growth rate economic opportunity sold them land others felt threatened high land food prices left afraid cormonsmormons reducing township poverty few economic political leaders realizing cormonsmormons 3 beginning dominate township initiated economic restraints against them chapter three analyzes kirtland community mormon exodus provides analysis what happened kirtland cormonsmormons migrationimmigrationemmigrationem specifies how many apostatized 1837 1838 died moved missouri nauvoo utah terminology terms mormon church LDS church church synonymous church jesus christ latter day saints incorporated fayette new york joseph smith april 6 1830 members church referred cormonsMormormonsmons latter day saints saints case first chapter persons become cormonsMormormonsmons time analysis called pre mormon converts pre cormonsmormons those individuals belonging mormon church called non members non cormonsmormons gentiles terms prophet prophet joseph refer religious movements founder joseph smith jr CHAPTER I1

social origins kirtland cormonsmormons

early spring 1831 recorded members new religious movement entered chiosohios scenic western reserve settled town kirtland

came men women children every conceivable manner horses oxen vehicles rough rude while others walked part distance future city saints appeared like beseiged every available house shop hut barn filled utmost capacity even boxes roughly extemporized used shelter until something permanent secured 1

small group under 200 1831 2000 1837 mormon converts responded churchschurche active missionary program parts united states canada 2 many western reserve residents asked numerous scholars investigated these people what origins historians either found biographical data scant lacked quantitative skills however findings inconclusive quantitative study based upon records cormonsmormons while kirtland vicinity 1830 1839 attempt provide complete portrait early mormon social origins

4 5 work mormon origins presented plethora possible solutions why movement arose scholars theorized mormon converts reacting profound economic social changes typical turbulent Jacksojacksoninanninan period 3 others postulated rural maturation 4 mormon converts doctrines anticlericalanti clerical anti revivalist anti pluralist 5 recent scholar comparitivecomparativecompari tive work cormonsMormormonsmons shakers oneida perfectionists argues mormonism countering subversion patriarchal household dissolution kinship bonds common changing new york environment 6 pioneer work mormon origins whitney R cross attempts explain origins steeped sectarian revivalism emanated section western new york known burned district 7 cross plots where mormon converts lived burned district see map llli111.1 conclusion mormon converts neither frontier nor part mario de pillis finds croisscrosss map well conclusions flawed 8 arguing mormon converts migratory nature made them ready authoritative message mormonism associates origins mormonism disorientation values caused migration within backwoods united states 9 marvin hill agreeing de pillis m

147 p

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SOURCE 7 asserts cormonsmormons transients seeking stopping place lifestyle 10 contrary both hill de pillis study finds little correlation between migration mormon religious conversion 11 fact sources indicate striking similarities between pre mormon converts american contemporaries 12i 9 westward movement new york frontier between 1790 1830 stimulated shortage available land new england 13 immigration many settlers rapid dissemination agriculturally suitable areas new york frontier appears much like wave sweeping uniformly across new york however map 121.2 demonstrates new settlers well pre cormonsmormons westward migration symmetrical wave rolling along broad front DW meinig explains highly selective uneven fragmented pattern advance 14 main body early migrants traveled through mohawk valley wich accesibleaccessibleacce sible overlanderroverlanderslanders new england 1510 secondary influx pennsylvania meinig describes how channel flowed along Susquehannsusquehannahah directly wyoming valley reached new york turned spread strongly east west along valleys binghamptonBing hampton cannistocanniotonisto n eventually reached well finger lake district 16 vermont served third gateway new 00

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settlement 1775 1 40 1789

17761789 melerREFER ausauwMUS

BEFORE 0 1776 2 4 0 1 1 SCALE 0 DATES M 10 9 york vermontersvermonfcersVerven monters crossed northern edge adirondacks before entering western new york where intermingled fellow yankees southern new england spreading northward black river corridor southwest side adirondacks ezekial johnson whose family converted mormonism early 1830s1830 vermonter migrated western new york established home ezekial like many americans followed two step migration procedure first able bodied men family went look land make clearing build cabin second returned bring women children permanent settlement 177 joel hills johnson ezekialsezekielsEzekia ls son writes families migration 1813 records father went ahead family scouted area bought land concluded return locate family countcountryryn 18i ft joel further writes like young men age anxious get own obt-obtainain property 19 joel uncomplicated reasons westward movement cheaper better land yet better land incentive land speculation complicated migration pattern many predicted where critical junctures arise towns established supply center purchased land rapid growth new york particularly susceptible speculative phenomena equally important 10 process migration role family successes initial settlers found prosperity new surroundings enticed relatives east join them meinig explains yankee social system tight community bonds close kinship network prompted unusual degree group migration sustained movements greatest lure enthusiastic report family friend actual success frontierfrenfrontier 20 example luman androw shurtliff early mormon convert moved kirtland writes family received numerous favorable reports brother frontier caused excitement r our minds 21i soon shurtliff family road hopes obtaining cheaper better land west migration previously noted occurred cases means obtaining land yet migration de pillis contends disorientated pre converted Morcormonsmormonsmons values longer prior religious leaders lifestyle guide them 229 thus predisposition made pre mormon convert susceptible authoritative message mormonism kirtland saints study does find transitory nature 23 table illi111.1 shows ninety five percent cormonsmormons moved two less 11 times eighty percent less fifty percent did move between birth first child move kirtland 190 families reconstituted average moves per family less 77 24 further child step ladder method measuring frequency duration between moves indicate average number years stable residence prior moving kirtland 737.3 years median 11711.7 25 looking once again map spread settlement map 121.2 several conclusions drawn

1 map based upon location year converts first child new york see majority cormonsmormons moved grown areas previously settled thus turnerian sense word frontiersmen 2 1780 1820 first half mormon population moved new york new england within next decade 1820 1830 half new yorks western borders 26 3 map 121.2 based upon first child new york table 121.2 appendix I1 based upon birth pre cormonsmormonsMormons child new york confirm pre cormonsmormons 12 continuing west frontier expanded hence each subsequent decade passed pre cormonsmormons initialitialfitial move closer new yorks western borders consequently post conversion move kirtlandartlandkirtland table 121.2 shorter distance

summary mormon converts new york like neighbors part either born new york migrated new england prior conversions transients geographically stable migration pattern suggests long move previously settled area rather frontier therefore least those moved kirtland geographical mobility migration patterns alone cannot account attraction mormonism however hill correct cites social dislocation change important key understanding religious conversion 277 argues coming erie canal broke down corporate family structure thereby undermining both self sufficient farming home centered production cloth woolens 289 0ft according historians areas western new york palmyra experiencing extensive economic growth social realignment serious religious conflict chaotic winds social dislocation blew burned region spread flames 13 revivals moral crusades christianize antebellum society 9029 tradition being torn asunder eighteenth century patriarchies dissolving myriads people found themselves free pursue own needs wants 30 sex roles longer strictly defined corporate family economy main stay canal era old occupational class structures dissolving 31 small farmers lifestylelifesfcyle jeopardized specialization commercialization farming products previously made sold farm household now made larger scale shipped distant markets sold less farmer manufacture them 323 land became scarce unproductive second generation sons daughters new yorks farmers began moving towns cities find occupational stability sense community 330 william mcloughlin work great awakenawakeningsings asserts second great awakening displayed something greater emotional conversion espoused revivalism utopianism millenialismmillennialism advent numerous religious sects reactions profound changes taking places america during first third nineteenth century 34 mcloughlin views awakeningsawaken ings periods cultural system revitalized order overcome jarring disjunctions between norms experience old beliefs 14 new realities dying patterns emerging patterns behavior 35 hence awakenawakeningsings occur society finds everyday behavior drastically deviated traditional norms basis argument lies anthony wallaces classic work revitalization movements wallace studying hundreds groups various parts world concludes individual finds enculturated pattern thinking behavior mazowaymazmazewayeway fails reduce level stress ie rapid change social dislocation confronted either maintaining old mazewaymazoway tolerating stress changing mazewaymazoway attempt reduce stress 363 0f revitalization according wallace individual makes effort change mazewaymazowaymaz eway group attempts change mazewaymazoway becomes revitalization movement mcloughlinsmcloughlink vernacular awakening 377 wallace suggests pattern revitalizing movements awakeningsawaken ings arise orientatereorientatereorientreorientabere abeaae groups suffering severe cultural distortion first stage occurs period individual stress people become disorientated often psychically physically ill numbers socially disorientated increase traditional institutional bonds society begin weaken eventually dissolve 380p thus societyssocie tys traditional 15 restraints lessened during early decades nineteenth century many people elevated previously unknown level knowledge freedom autonomy mcloughlin pointed induced untolerable stress societyssocie tys old world mazewaymazoway resulted men searching new creeds new ways evaluate themselves society 39 second stage wallace calls period cultural distortion begins individuals become convinced root anxiety originates societal institutions symptoms cultural distortion include economic disorders political rebellions well schismatic behavior within churches 40 during second great awakening many individuals voiced dissatisfaction sectarian religions dwelled election ppredestinationedestination tended promote elite learned 414 consequently revival became increasing means assuring common folk uniqueness individuals place society 42 revivalism mcloughlin noted solidified relationships among those seeking new mazewaysmaz eways served means assimilate participants americasamerlAmeri caiscals cchanginghang ing culture 430 according wallace during period cultural distortion traditionalist 16

t t group attempts stem L tidetldelideulde L change arguing return old beliefs values religious sense god displeased society principles ancient church practiced begin look institution group practices ancient rituals ie seekerism 44 many seeking ancient church mormonism solutions societyssocie tys ills did practice form christian primitivism provided adherents I1 encompassing plan dispel confusion restore 1 traditional beliefs values establishreestablishre order J important our discussion mormonism wallaces third final stage revitalization during third stage wallace identifies how prophet personally undergone profound religious experience diety visits emerges result meeting prophet receives new forms divine law shows others how follow god appoints disciples proselytize explains nature god develops new set norms outline individual group behavior within relireligousreligiousgous order prior v y conversion according wallace people often 4 divine experience similar prophet experience confirmsreconfirmsre prophets sanctions teachings gods finally fourth stage cultural reorientation 17 begins t prophet attracts those flexible enough experiment new lifelifestylesstyles 454 william mcloughlin argues those seeking cultural assimilation revivalist prophet while leaders joseph smith william miller prophets those seeking modified version american i ccultureu 1 t u r e 46 consequently what significantly links mormonism wallaces revitalization movements origin mormonism predicated upon rise prophet joseph smith uneducated poor smith came family religious seekers suffered number financial social setbacks 477 middle teens smith became concerned multitude issues decisions future central Q concerns desire accepted god 480 however due conflicting teachings sectarian ministers t unsure religion follow eventually ei Tr iselih ydryir receiving visit deity smith concluded tiryry P

4 churches wrong true church f god soon restored 49 early september 21 1823 joseph smith told angel instrumental preparing world second coming jesus christ 50 receive priesthood keys assist translation book mormon 515 throughout course early mormon movement smith inaugurated number socioreligioussocio religious 18 experiments designed create society void antebellum strife thus mormon doctrine exclusive gathering egalitarian priespriesthodpriesthoodthod exalting temple ordinances communitarianismcommunitarianismcommunifcarianism polygamy means culturally orientatereorientatere followers redefined nineteenth century american life created primitive christian society establishedreestablishedre covenanted community 52D v wallaces pattern cultural reorientation v many pre mormon converts expressed number tension forming crises eventually led searching ancient church these crises ranging feeling alienation god losses land money social prestige contributed feeling deprivation anger confusion resulted 53c3ca c questioning viability institutions fesllemke many americans suffered similar crises duringdu ringt V ly period mass revivalism served means ahtyht displace insecure emotionalism assimilate them changing american culture 354 pre mormon convert hand looked restoration traditional beliefs values search led many further dissatisfaction pluralism preached various religious denominations culminated seeking membership ordered society absent generalities vagueness plagued jacksonian america mormonism emphasis divine authority 19 continual revelation provided fellowship seekers ezekial johnson family provides vivid example pre mormon converts pattern joel hills johnson oldest sixteen children born ezekial julia first join mormon church 55 small child recalled how h mother educate him religion 5056 many occasions hinkthink nature god religion weep bitterly felt himself sinner sight god 57n occasion being scolded parents considered suicide 58c p teenage years filled anxiety desire find faith once delivered saints 5 9 eighteen floating between religious meetings writes mind rest ministers told him experienced religion 6000 yet joel hills felt incomplete neither baptized remission sins nor given gift holy ghost practiced ancient church inconsistency led eventual baptism free baptist church near pomfret chautauquachautauguaChaut augua county new york 61 religious needs somewhat fulfilled joel wanted economic security concluded purchase farm adjoining parents build saw mill 62f however faulty planning caused saw mill torn foundation johnson 20 lost money ttofcotco creditors saw my situation came upon me took away I1 left me worse nothing n6363 attempt recuperate loss joel invented patented machine cut shingles again misfortune struck johnson writes being original inventor I1 sold many rights helped me considerably being honest myself supposing everyone else same I1 soon swindeledswinde led largest part my right n646 johnson discouraged decided leave home my youth seek asylum among strangers 6563 moving amherst ohio exposed christian fundamentalism preached mormon elders baptized 66 meanwhile things going well father johnson family farmland becoming increasingly unproductive need cloth woolens decline prices goods bought town rapidly rising 677 doubt ezekialsezekielsEzekia ls eyes town pomfret far different small village came 1813 few remained I1 friends LAA t kaakajMA persistence area 18618.6 percent 1825 1835 68 further 18618.6 percent stayed 81681.6 percent upwardly mobile 69 ezekialsezekielsEzekia ls 55 acresacraar esps placed him upper third wealth yet son joel records amilyffamily state poverty due familysfam ilys large size 70 beside 21

I1 711 ezekialE z ekia1 drdrankaiiiaidiN heaviheavily non church goer juljuijuliajuiiajuilaia j C hill ezekialsezekielsEzekia ls wife seemed antanttiffpathy husband devout presbyterianpresbvt e rianpian d dedicatedd edica ted mother julia raised 16 children almost single handedly 727 ezekial became immersed bottle operation farm left 737 eventually ezekial quest social respectability proper family life decided leave pomfretpomfrett look new beginning further west 74 left julia children promise let them know where settling join him 7573 record julias feelings doubt apprehension anger present ezekial running away problems facing him either through bottle frequent migration left raise numerous children organize run farm face changing socibocisoc i economic environment western new york what relief must see oldest son joel return ohio hovHowhowevereverieverl joel did come stavstevstay rather preach creeds new religion what ever anxiety julia feeling released tenaciously clung tenets new church soon julia family way city saints kirtland ohio 76 various enduring tensions dominated joel julias lives joel endless sense guilt desire right eyes god 22 neo caoitalistcapitalist economy speculation deceit seemed epitomize what wrong society u joel lived joel wanted accepted god knew sinful society either migrate area free decadence failing find area join group sought exclude attempted both julia hand found life ezekial difficult 77 christian did profess promoted temperance addicted alcohol concerned present status continually emphasized future status migrated area area search society fit thus mormonism joel julia promised acceptance god assured membership society promoted consistency disorganized world benjamin brown another convert pomfret area searched religious authority social stability records youth very interested religion 787 0fi several visions decided attend nearby revival while attendance brown caught wanted stand advocate conversion 797 Q however large amount masons anti masons congregation stood against better judgment asked large group put antiantimasonmason issue behind them 080 though trembled felt inferior writes 23 proposition well received 81 having gained acceptance wanted join them shortly meeting brown went see minister where told him visions desires practice ancient gospel 82 minister told brown both visions desires devil 0083 brown once again looking lifestyle afford him society status respect mormon missionaries preaching area brown found what looking

joseph bates noble writes youth desired religion 084RA wanted truth wanted belong ancient church boy 14 apprenticed 0 help father support large Q C yet poorp 0 0 r family 85 throughout teenage years experienced burdens wanting approved forgiving god 0086Q f changing jobs learning milling trade found mormon missionaries preaching religious authority 870Q 1 indeed gods second coming soon hand noble wanted part organized kingdom where equality justice prevail 88 brigham young future president church recalled how impoverished childhood made mind quit country see what do village 89 village auburn cayuga county new york 1817 boom town stores 24 houses being erected almost overnight land speculation caused local leaders continually open new streets meet requirements immigrants entrepreneurs thousands newcomers found work small shops stores taverns mills along main street 90 young age 17 moved auburn found himself many teenagers seeking occupation place society many turned revivals association 1 i young though brought strict j methodist home records experience religion many children young men got religion 5 brigham recalls until age 22 made profession faith 91 then just profession keep minister peers off back 92 loneliness occupational instability desire order place society part youngs experience until 1832 mormon missionaries brought new type society young searching 93Q 3 luman shurtliffsshurtliffe early life inconsistency self doubt family belonged various religious sects luman records secretly I1 christian far I1 knew kept entirely myself yet went myself prayed continually hoping time come soon I1 join church 94 1819 lumans family moved ohio father lost properties ohio 25 massachusetts series land deals 95 luman attempting find employment teacher records how ill prepared teach older scholars 966 shurtliff writes made me sick brought nervous q7qa complaint followed me several years 97 family reduced poverty luman discouragingly writes

wales brother now twenty seven years old saved hard labor hundred twenty dollars property I1 twenty worth forty dollars father sixty two years old stripped even horse ride broken discouraged energy ambition seemed ease thus our harhard98 labor years forced start anew

shortly familysfam ilys financial failure lumans nervous disorder nearby revivals began writes stirred reformation got religion ngg religious conversion shurtliffShurfcliff took shoemaking recover familysfam ilys previous economic loss 100 embittered ill fortune befell him records how work day night year just make living loi10101 during time continued attend baptist services eventually sought church stressed heavenly authority provided plan stability first thought campbellism unsatisfied continued attend both methodist baptist meetings 10210 shortly once confused searching found sanctuary mormonism 26 preceding cases indicative lives many cormonsmormons prior conversion young mean age 29 50 percent them under 30 see table 13 many shared common n Q surname 1031 few migrated often marriage less timetimesfortimesvortimessvorsyoryor changed religions frequency 10410 those whose parental data found vast majority converts herredadherredad both fathers religious affiliation wellweli occupational status see tabletabie 161.6lgig 171.7 hence semiskilledsemi skilled fathers tended semiskilledsemi skilled sons unchurched fathers unchurched sons however evident fathers belonged major denominations did sons see table 181.8 main factors common mormon converts quest religious authority social stability 105 those whose reasons conversion found 58 ninety percent responded mormon doctrine divine authority continuing revelation see table 191.9lg 106 ninety percent seeking religious authority stability majority joined ohio new york see table liollo1101.10 two thirds these seekers farms rural villages sixty percent either unchurched members christian primitivist sect prior conversion see table lillii1111.11 like 27 converts young lower social status f groupings common school education 107lu 7 t & leastr conclusions while many americans experiencing social dislocation rapid change relatively few chose anti pluralistic solution rather attempting reform american society mormonism redefined established own americans turned revivalism served means reducing anxiety social disorientation assisted assimilation americas changing culture others like pre mormon convert neither changed religion nor moved often found current society lacking looked i r p alternative society promoted stability 1081 1 hence important factors attracted converts mormonism thus kirtland promise divine sanction assurance status ordered lifestyle undeviating restored kingdom god short new church met needs CHAPTER II11

impact mormon migrationimmigrationemmigrationEm kirtland ohio 183018391830 1839

1830 township kirtland located geaughgeauga county ohio part western reserve beginnings bright future population doubled previous decade densely settled areas geaughgeauga county cleveland 54 citizens 1 early spring 1831 religious group known cormonsMormormonsmons began n immigrate kirtland area 2 result kirtland community tripled population during 1830s largely due 55 percent annual growth rate Morcormonsmormonsmons 1837 mormon population peaked kirtland area approximately 2000 see table 212.1 yet spring 1839 cormonsmormons deserted kirtland leaving behind temple few church members many disgruntled ex members citizenry 1840 kirtlandsKirt lands non mormon population failed double during preceding decade lost many original settlers well 3 exceptional 317 percent growth rate fell 74 percent 25 percent

28 29 less growth raterace 1820s Crankedoutrankedouloulcrankedranked dozen geaughgeauga county townships 1834 elected committee kirtland citizens charged cormonsmormons impeding townships progress subjecting community unsupportable weight pauperism thus inhibiting permanent citizens settling 5 chapter investigate charge suggest degree increasing mormon population demographic impact kirtland non mormon community accomplish chapter divided three sections first beginnings kirtland township described emphasis developing sociological political economic environment second mormon beginnings highlighted several factors introduced collectively impact non mormon population kirtland third quantitative measurements rate persistence social mobility wealth examined see how settled community kirtland responded growing mormon population

western reserve early settlers kirtland western reserve see map 212.1 situated northeastern part ohio set aside connecticut veterans revolution educational purposes 6 september 2 1795 connecticut legislature sold western reserve W30C

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SOURCE 31 connecticut land company group 35 investors 1200000 7 october 1796 area east cuyahogaCuya hoga river including kirtland bad surveyed ready purchasepurchasebase 08 first permanent settlers kirtland christopher crary may 1811 32 day transit massachusetts crary family moved temporarily house friend mentor four miles west kirtland even though distance short move mentor kirtland took long period time often hazardous christopher gore charyscrarys son recalled move mentor kirtland

took old chillicotheChilli cothe road bad traversed scarcely except cattle wild beasts trees interlaced form canopy our headbead rendered quite romantic gloomy fordedcorded chagrin without difficulty supposed our worst fears removed going little farther our waraaonwaaon broke night fast closing around us crary further recorded choice continue walking carry torches means ward off bears wolves even though distance between mentor small did arrive campsite until well midnight 10 next morning young christophers first kirtland recalled forest trees endless variety tallest kinds thick growth underbrush grew beneath flowers rare beauty blushed unseen birds varied plumage filled 32 air music air fragrant invigoratingtheithelli1 like frontier settlers charyscrarys carve home wilderness erect house poles then struggle might survive 12i year crary family moved kirtland isaac morley family joined growing community like crary morley moved massachusetts kirtland secured land built log cabin eventually morley able build frame house plant wheat corn rye grow maple trees pursue trade cooper 13 besides becoming kirtlandsKirtlands first trustees morley active christian primitive group known family practiced form unitarianismcommunitarianismcomm under auspices future mormon leader sidney rigdon later morley family converted mormonism donated much land church eventually left kirtland migrated cormonsmormons missouri illinois ultimately utah kirtland 181518301815 1830 years between 1815 1820 saw rapid expansion kirtlandsKirt lands population reached 481 well economy 14 looking population pyramid see chart 212.1 see people 33

CHART 212.12 1 1820 population PYRAMID KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP

MALE FEMALE

AGE COHORT

19 11 45

64 51 264426 44

36 32 162516 25

44 32 10 15

104 79 UNDER 10

SOURCE federal census 1820 34 kirtland young 93 percent men 95 percent women under age 45 15 1818 kirtland enough people form local government election held local settleressett leres elected various town offices these included three trustees treasurer town clerk constable overseers poor supervisors highways few property appraisers 1819 justice peace added town officials 16 kirtland like nearby towns mentor Painespainesvillegainesvilleville chester center agriculture farmers bring grain milled then either sell barter essentials villagers farmers what little industry close ties villages agriculture like northern united states single family farm homestead typical unit productivity i17 farmer used available resources supply own food own non agricultural goods clothing products food services bartered sold profit northeastern united states typical farm size 1820s ranged 100 200 acres 1 Q however many much smaller 180 kirtland farms small average size farm 1826 being 73 acres 19 three fifths land cleared cultivated five six acres set aside 35 houses barn garden orchard pasturelandpastu reland another five acres may set aside additional pasturelandpastu reland meadow 15 acres crops usually included 2 12 acres corn wheat rye barley oats 1 12 acres potatoes lucerne turnips buckwheatbuck wheat 20 corn first crops planted adaptable cleared fields old trees stumps lying around stable crop relied upon event crop failure corn required limited labor worker easily tend 2 12 acres feed family five seven year surplus corn usually fed livestock wheat hand shorter harvest season corn once grain began ripen farmer family reap quickly risk spoilage labor both scarce expensive entire family usually worked full day harvest wheat normally yielded five eleven bushels per acre livestock kirtland farm varied typical farm least four cows supplied necessary milk cheese butter meat augment farmers diet 22 livestock included horses oxen sheep chickens horses kept transportation plowing oxen used places plowing hauling large quantities sheep raised western reserve primarily wool wool transformed clothing blankets home 36 later bartered various goods carding factory established kirtland local women bring wool get dressed chickens contributed both diet economy sold 50 cents 75 cents per dozen provided both good meat eggs well means income 2391 map kirtland see map 222.2 depicts series isolated homesteads where life centered around village community village ideally situated tributary chagrin river see map 232.3 river supplied power industrial services supported kirtlandskirfclandsKirt lands agricultural economy gristmill erected 1820 essential kirtland community made possible whole wheat bread farmers diet provided market flour absence mill meant diet homepoundedhome pounded corn bread mill provided custom work farmer grinding wheat offered miller making money selling flour ground grain collected usual fee 24 saw mill grain mills erected around 1819 far grist mill carding machine dressed sheared wool agricultural services provided including blacksmith shop pocket furnace making iron tools ploughtploughsploug hs chair cabinet factory necessary home 37

MAP 2222.22

KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP ohio

7qaq

22 ic V TT 71

4aaa 90 91 95

1waw

SOURCE james bryan multicoloredmulti colored maps false color separations kirtland examples 180019001800190018001800 1900 MA thesis department geography brigham young university 1980 P 343 38

MAP 232.3

KIRTLAND VILLAGE 1837

1 k M WM dasday DRIGMAM H 0 g lofty NG YOU t ft adaywday amm& wm mswv I1

r06d KI SAWMILL T0 0 1 SITE wuobuo GRISTMILL0 oamDAM namDAM HEBER C KIMBALL delckBRICK yarcYARD 1 thouasTHOMAS HAN COCK 1 john F BOYNTON v

f SA 0ilc MORLEY izi i FARM alvardALVARO liNty NATHANIEL MILLUXEN beeseeforge GRANDISON NEWEL WHITNEY stomeSTORE chaiachalaCHAIR FACTORY mydeHYDE SIMEON WRIGHT MILL newnemgem TANNE Y DAVI D HO L BROOK et SAMUEL SAWMILL ITH IRA BOND

WILLUJAM SCHOOL HOUSE JACOB bumpSUMPsuup CASHERY

j N NA 1.1 LOSON J4 pftart VIE R smtthsmitmSMITH

MARTIN 1 jouphjoeph wrrmwarm VARIETY STORE AW 1 HARRIS LEVI CHRIST ER QUINN Imj I irllxkt marrismarais EF dijwllwijITH HANCOCK

1.1 H AH josepmJOSEPH smitmSMITH JR R METHODIST SAMON GEEgre NTON omieORIE CHURCH wlm stwatw CEMETERY LEVI rckmosw1ll1am TEMPLE LEVI R rigas OSEPH OLIVER PRINTING snwnnw OFFICE SIDNEY RIGDON smitersmithr l- f BREWER

JOSEPH JOSEPH smtthSMITH SMITHJR K E F G r triNTASN K nighHIGH T g willlamsWILLIAMS I1 VINSON KNIGHT akijkiALI YRUM smitmSMITH JOHN TAYLOR lomenzoLORENZO SNOW EPHEN PORTER SOPHIA ROBIWSON JOHN TANNER ARTEMAS MILLET gv46 GEORGE ROBINSON STONE QUARRY V i t I1

SOURCE keith W perkins way looks today camera tour church history sites kirtland neighborhood ensign 9 january 1979s1979 141l 39 furnishings additional industry included hatterybattery distillery ashery converting potash salts soapmakingsoap making taverns later hotel built many travelers journeyed through kirtland 25 merchant community provided critical function serving link between farmer external economy 269 fi since items firearms gunpowder tobacco tea coffee salt soap produced easily farm village craftsmen obtained village store merchant provided village usually through type barter system merchant turn receive farmers produce sell barter additional goods monies various market places 27 1821 newel K whitney built first store kirtland offered variety goods including silk canvas books indigo 289 fi whitneywhittney later joined mormon church became kirtlandsKirt lands first bishop 299 Q education religion while typical work day long hard early settlers kirtland time found both education religion 1814 first log school house erected village 1830 kirtland separated school districts thereby increasing opportunities children outlying areas benefits elementary education 30 however where 40 education often found incidental many farmers children religion found indispensable further religious meetings often contact family neighbors provided means worship served necessary social outlet these factors influenced many men women join type church group 1830 traditional denominations congregationalists methodists met formed orgainizations built church houses various parts kirtland jl31 others calvinistic baptists meeting homes members northeastern ohio deeply touched enthusiastic sermons second great awakening revivals camp meetings t protracted meeting integral religious environment period 32 various millenarian sects church god whinebrennarian free baptists milleritesMille rites proliferated area kirtland became fertile ground disciples christ christian primitivist group stressed return new testament standard under auspices alexander campbell future mormon leader sidney rigdon group flourished many kirtland vicinity joined 34 religious groups settled area quakers mount pleasant shakers thompson amish burton 41 mormon experience 183018381830 1838 might ask why did cormonsmormons come kirtland5Kirtlandkirtland35355 nothing typical semi obscure village distinguished particularly appealing area cormonsmormons settle occurrence seemed providential missionary group sent movements prophet preach indians missouri responsible connecting kirtland mormonism 366 parley P pratt four mormon missionaries persuaded missionary group visit sidney rigdon disaffected campbellite preacher converted prattprattt form christian primitivism few years earlier J37 soon rigdonsRigdons introduction mormonism baptized many congregations mentor kirtland followed example joined within two months converts ohio Mormonimormonismsmormonism1ssms home state new york december 1830 rigdon edward partridge Painespainesvillegainesvilleville merchant ventured new york meet joseph smith bring him p news ohio successes 38 joseph smith speaking third general conference church revealed lords counsel go ohio I1 give you my law you endowed power high 39 response command members fayette palmyra lesvillecolesville areas new york sold property packed worldly belongings headed 42 ohio several mormon groups used wagon roads led erie canal buffalo winter conditions poor usual especially those using lake vessels transport themselves buffalo fairport harbor ohio see map 242.4 finished journey kirtland vicinity lesvillecolesville group however situated itself thompson twenty miles northeast kirtland 40 during 1830s mormon migration kirtland should accepted kirtland prepared groups christian primitivists millenialistsMillenia lists receptive restored religion mormon migration began nothing unusual group mormon theology practices varied little practiced sects area nearby shaker amish communities strange creeds theology shakers celibate exclusive communities pennsylvania Harmonisharmoniststs practiced unitarianismcommunitarianismcomm oneida colony new york advocated form free love 41 yet these usually tolerated free abuse persecution whey then did cormonsmormons problems subversion central fears many kirtland inhabitants cormonsmormons subversive democratic principles 42 smith sustained monocratic leader entire church spokesman 43

w c Ce

E CI c 0 piP i X E ellwllwil 8 0 E 0 1 0 & 2 V 01 0 0 E C 8 DE 1 0 C 0 0 2 0 t C CL E V t 0 E 0 0 r 2 t CL 1f10ssr bec I 0 U C c iec 1 P I 6 C 0 0 2.2 C D 6 0 c c c M ib id 0 0 u C FL D E C 0 0 b 0 oi

c4ca c44 vi D

vav0 0 oodi- x tu 0 0 E clz votvol

cd 44 deity through control mormon population influence local politics direct economic endeavors virtually control every aspect church members life kirtland where smith performed first unlawful marriage under guise ecclesiastical rather civil authority 433 introduced plural marriage selected few individuals including himself practice 44 money became scarce advocated established bank 45 many church members chagrin non cormonsmormons kirtland seemed infallible 46 brothernbrother josephs word became word god almighty doubt feared many kirtlandsKirt lands citizens just matter time before joseph smiths revelations run town politics influx mormon population see table 212.1 allowed religious group increasing potential exert strong influence communityscommunitcommcommunityunit y sociopoliticalsocio political environment best illustrated local politics cormonsmormons ardent supporters jacksonian democracy decrying united states bank nullification south carolina privileged classes 47 kirtland community like western reserve consistent supporting whig party large bloc vote cormonsmormons able give majority votes democrats example 45 1834 whig candidate governor received 67 votes while democrat received 78 48 1835 local dislike mormon voting turned apprehension whig unity became crucial insuring mormon democrat defeat further mormon animosity developed kirtland cormonsmormons published political newspaper entitled northern times decried whig tactics advocated democrat martin van buren president soon first edition published whig papers area retaliated denouncing mormon political position whig editor responding mormon publication contended

mormonitesMormo nites country weary dull monotony dreams devotion vision vexation profitless prophecies talking tongues concluded turn attention political matters paper entitled northern times made appearance press kirtland bearing name 0 cowdery leaders preachers editor editor breaks forth flood words filling seven columns under editorial head pounces upon dead carcass united states band quixotic ferocity talks WIGS praised president nomination van buren still add meet our mind receive our strong support editor professes communion spirits invisible world certifies seen angel hefted golden plates prophet political anomaly dangerous opponent 7 46 presidential election 1836 mormon influence grew much stronger while whigs carried both county state lost kirtland 50 mormon political influence local level even pronounced 1834 cormonsmormons being elected town offices see table 222.2 citizens accused cormonsmormons voting according instructions church leaders non cormonsmormons further contended mormon influx continued town kirtland soon run prophesies joseph smith 513 even county officials apprehensive positions contended cormonsmormons continued multiply county offices soon C dominated Morcormonsmormonsmons 52f township elections 1837 kirtlandsKirt lands fears realized majority township offices won Morcormonsmormonsmons 5303 mormon poverty even early 1831 mormon poverty induced kirtland officials warn incoming cormonsmormons town 54 many thought cormonsmormons become public charge harm towns reputation 1834 township elected committee whose job hire person gather materials expose joseph smith fraud 55 committee contended impoverished cormonsmormons harming towns reputation threatening current citizens 47 unsupportable weight pauperism 56 important examine allegation wealth distributions see table 232.3 demonstrate majority both mormon non mormon populations lowest decilesdecales wealth however years 1835 1837 cormonsmormons close thirty percent population lowest cilesdecilesdecalesde even combining lowest two decilesdecalesdeciles trend still shows twenty percent differential between cormonsmormons kirtland non mormon community wealth concentrations tables 242.4 through 272.7 reveal significant disparity distribution mormon wealth land instance 1836 1837 ninety percent land held top twenty percent mormon landholders contrasting mormon wealth land concentrations rest community appears equal distribution among non members gini coefficient concentration tables 242.4 through 272.7 confirms mormon community higher level inequality land wealth did non cormonsMormormonsmons suggests few incoming cormonsmormons funds purchase large amounts land consequently many cormonsmormons either lived very small tracts land land church members fact while average size mormon 48 farm ten acres cormonsmormons owned less acre see tables 282.8 292.9 lack land further complicated growth mormon agriculture though cormonsmormons did enough land small garden perhaps cow few enough own subsistence let alone surpluses feed rapidly growing mormon population therefore 1836 increasing prices food forced cormonsmormons pool scant food supplies until 57 contemporary sources verify mormon poverty mormon observer wrote part mormon homes small unadorned evincing anything wealth further recorded homes scatterednscatteredunscattered directions river lords house south building 58 truman coe pastor old south congregational church kirtland writing eastern paper Morcormonsmormonsmons provides convincing portrait mormon poverty

many them live extreme indigence I1 suffer accumulated evils crowding multitude poor people together wider distribution might better means I1 supplying wants them wealthy purchased 3 4000 acres land different parts town grotesque semblanceassemblance hovels shanties thrown wherever find footing very few these cawscabins accounted fit human habitation 5 49 fall 1836 mormon church leaders issued new directions hopes deterring increasing poverty kirtland 60 these resolutions instructed leaders eastern branches church stop sending poor kirtland unlessuniess leaders come kirtland funds necessary support migrantsimmigrantsemmigrantsemmigranfcsem unfortunately effect these measures cannot determined cormonsmormons left kirtland little year instruction given religious beliefs time group mormon missionaries arrived kirtland latelatte 1830 citizens membership church religious society hence mormonism increase expense established religions sects like disciples christ angry actively fought back 610 furthermore cormonsmormons attributed having designs take non mormon land thus forcing gentiles january 18 1831 john whitmer mormon leader came new york preside mormon group kirtland upon arrival nearby paper explained whitmer came

ttotcofco inform tche brethren tche boundaries tche promised land tche new jerusalem just made known ttofcotco smithsmitch god tche township kirtland few miles westwestt thiethle tche eastern line tche pacific ocean tche western line tche northnortch southsoutthsoutch lines described nott learned them orders broughbroughtfc ttofcotco tche brethren 50 sell land rather buy joseph smith forces here soon take possession promised landhiie6

religious anxiety centralized around aggressive mormon missionary tactics many cormonsmormons forced preaching apathetic then denounced damned them believersunbelieversun caused ill feelings often led mormon elders being ordered area 63

kirtland economy local entreprenuers viewed incoming cormonsmormons anxiety prior mormon immigration kirtlandsKirt lands population doubled industry started grow future economic prosperity seemed imminent 64 however onset cormonsMormormonsmons non mormon growth rate declined see table 212.1 2102.10 prospects future economy seemed dim cormonsmormons tended buy exclusively own merchants 656 winter 1835 realizing cormonsmormons economic liability kirtland business men joined together effort force cormonsmormons leave first refused hire mormon laborers then boycotted selling foodstuffs them finally refused even mill mormon grain 66 these starvation tactics failed cause desired results cormonsmormons able grain shipped ground nearby mormon mill 51 temdletempletempie completed two additional programs instituted build cormonsmormons economically first city plan devised joseph smith replace original community pattern see map 252.5 each half acre lot then sold future mormon settlers two hundred dollars contemporary mormon apostle wrote journal town plan adopted kirtland kings earth come behold glory thereof 676 second mormon bank established hopes bank revitalize economy stimulate further interest agricultural industrial growth however cormonsmormons unable gain state banking charter rather wait future petition granted formed joint stock company known kirtland anti banking safety society started issue money soon firstf bills issued 1837 combination several factors including panic 1837 run bank doomed venture failure 68 result many cormonsmormons kirtland citizens alike became dissatisfied mormon leaders both programs city plot bank viewed many critics subversive concept separation powers church state cormonsmormons wanted redesign community control both money economy well 52 MAP 252.5

rawSAWyaw liosiosko h AA 1I lope

L7 L

n AA 0 4

77 V r V vtasiaviaata rv

777r net

t4ta

rl R1 1ak4k

7771 ft4

ILIimiF ii

i11ivlivi141 lly114blypl 1

e 6 am 4 7k

JOSEPH SMITHS 1836 PLAN KIRTLAND OHIO courtesy church archives 53 measurement impact preceding section presented several factors collectively affected non mormon attitudes toward mormon neighbors these attitudes reflected quality decision making processes related cormonsmormons community thus how kirtland citizens perceived increasing mormon population may dictated what type person stay leave migrate kirtland however evidence suggests those decisions lalargelyreelyrgely based two basic economic factors increasing population rising land prices tables 212.1 2112.11 2122.12 figures 262.6 through 2182.18 show increasing mormon population needed land land prices naturally rose point where many kirtland citizens saw profitable sell lands leave 069 hence mormon population began dominate kirtland 1836 1837 see table 212.1 land prices rose 4480448044.80 per acre 182 percent increase 1835 land prices resulted 36736.7 percent see tables 2112.11 2122.12 citizens selling leaving similarly turnover ratio see table 2132.13 growth rate see table 2102.10 demonstrate parallel pattern non mormon newcomers increased during years declining land costs decreased land prices high example 1830 land prices 6546546.54 per 54 acre turnover ratio reflected almost three people moving kirtland every leaving high rate persistence 90 percent substantial growth rate well 23623623.6 percent yet 1837 mormon population land prices height turnover ratio less 0770770.77 growth rate negative 939.3 percent 36736.7 percent non mormon population failed persist 70 measuring concentration wealth land social mobility possible shed light affected influx cormonsMormormonsmons tables 242.4 262.6 show wealth land concentrated around top 40 percent non mormon taxpayers kirtland group least affected fluctuating land costs likely remain present social level see table 2142.14 likely persist see table 2152.15 table 2162.16 suggests increasing trend toward wealthier newcomers rising land costs often attracted wealthier settlers encouraged wealthy stay 717 hand those affected cyclic nature kirtlandsKirt lands land prices poorest 40 percent see table 2152.15 example years 1832 1838 average 61 percent see table 2152.15 those 55 did persist bottom 40 percent taxpayers 72 kirtlandsKirtlands decline growth previously noted kirtlandsKirt lands growth rate decreased 30 percent previous decade 182018301820 1830 42 percent below countescountyscoun tys growth rate 1840 737 too simplistic assume mormon influx alone responsible kirtlandsKirt lands decline growth viewed different perspective decade 1830s saw years strong positive growth kirtland geaughgeauga county townships 1000 citizens enumerated census 1830 kirtlandsKirt lands growth rate highest 747 since large towns geaughgeauga county experiencing declining growth rate factors further westward expansion panic 1837 may affected growth rate kirtland therefore accuse cormonsmormons decline kirtlandsKirt lands non mormon population well decline growth rate may misleading conclusions constant influx 55 percent annual growth rate cormonsmormons induced various sociological religious political economic conflicts inhibited persons settling kirtland influx affected how kirtland citizens perceived 56 mormon neighbors important rapidly increasing mormon population triggered corresponding rise land costs thus affected kirtlandsKirt lands social structure wealthy part remained kirtland while poor susceptible fluctuating land prices tended make bulk those left situation kirtland during 1830s many ways unique few areas country large religious group move township become dominating force indirectly affect growth yet cormonsmormons alone cannot blamed kirtlandsKirtlands decline growth similarly sized townships geaughgeauga county experienced like declines 57

MAP 262.62 6

kirtland township ohio 1830 land vousvaluesvnus county tax assessor

dtdr vl aireir 952734912734952734912734.952734.9127349591 2734

2 02

SOURCE james bryan multi colored maps p 39 58

MAP 272.7

kirtland township ohio 1832 land valuevalues county tax assessor

I1 dtoaf vivlwvilelw rs 537 i7ia

2 2

SOURCE james bryan euleuimultimul bi colored maps p 41 59

MAP 282.82 8

kirtland township ohio 1833 land vaillvailsvalues county taxtox asrssorassssorassessor

i I1 I1 j dtdacdecdag vlVW exlrseeleklexlusExl rS

3 2 1 12 10

SOURCE james bryan multicoloredmulti colored maps p 44 60

MAP 2292.99

kirtlandkintKirt lond township ohio 1834 landlannlonoenno valuesvaluvolu county taxtox ainsorainsonassessor i

dt& VI tirtipuip ti 3774

c2ca

SOURCE james bryan multi colored maps p 46 61

MAP 22102.1010

kirtland townshiptownships ohio 1835 land valuesvou county tax assessor

I1 J I1 I1

drdate valuevalme erit1i4extromess154 3332933297

1 2 1 4

SOURCE james bryan multicoloredmulti colored maps p 49 62

MAP 22112.1111

kirtland township ohio 1836 land valuesvoluvolg county tax airssorassessor I1 J oafdagdeg vekveuVBU fzrfar s10sioslo 31

SOURCE james bryan nulnuimulticoloredmultimul ttl colored maps p 51 63

MAP 2122.12

kirtlandKirti township ohio 1837 landtandlond loiusvalusvoiusvolusvaluvaig county taxtoxsaxsox asllanassessor

1 1 t

0rar vlwvilelwvig fotrfxtr 11330113 30 11

0 o 20 14

SOURCE james bryan multi colored maps p 53 64

MAP 22132.1313

kirtland township ohio 1838 land valusvaiglvalvesvalues county tax assessor

i j I1 I1

dt0 viVJ xtrs4444297644 2976

2 ic

10 6 2

12 4

SOURCE james bryan multi colored maps p 55 65

MAP 2142.14

kirtland township ohio 1839 land valusvalues county tax ainiorminiorassessor

I1 i I1 i

drD vlvVWvilalvviv fsrisfsrfereeresriseeris 126-12126 3833

30 2 IA I1 0

j SOURCE james bryan multicoloredmulti colored maps p 57 66

MAP 2152.15

KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP ohio 1832 F NON- MORMON E MORMON township 9 range 9

ahbyghby kirtlandkirtiandKirti I1 C baldwin rd 0o r 41 aschvsch 0

KIRTLAND VILLAGE J 0 st L

eagle miflsmials ad

eclidemlid chagrin

SOURCE james bryan multicoloredmulti colored maps p 62 imapap 2152.15 2182.18 shows general areas where cormonsmormons bought property reflects size property holding 67

MAP 2162.16

KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP ohio 1834 F NON- MORMON E MORMON township 9 range 9

gilby kirtlandKirtikinti lovvot baldwin rd

kirtlandKIATLAND VILLAGE

eagieeagle mills rd

E fid chognm

SOURCE james bryan multicoloredmulti colored maps p 66 68

MAP 2212.117

KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP ohio 1836 R NON- MORMON MORMON

township 9 range 9

abyhby kvtancdi baldwin rd

TLAND

clid chgrinchagrin

SOURCE james bryan multicoloredmulti colored maps p 711 69

MAP 2182.18

KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP ohio NON- MORMON MORMON

township 9 range 9

SOURCE james bryan multi colored maps p 755 CHAPTER liiIII111

mormon exodus kirtland aftermath

mormon hegira great apostasy night january 12 1838 death knell sounded mormon headquarters kirtland combination dissension within mormon ranks well non mormon persecution sent mormon prophet assistant sidney rigdon fleeing lives 1 mormon historians point 1837 1838 period churchschurche great Aposapostasytasyn 2 complications arising collapse kirtland safety society mormon dabblingsdabb lings land speculation continual build smiths temporal ecclesiastical power tarnished prophets reputation eyes many 2 faithful Morcormonsmormonsmons 3 basis apostasy rooted smiths insistence sole infallible spokesman god smith questioned ledgedalalledged improprieties kirtland disgruntled member recorded smith saying

authorized god almighty establish kingdom gods prophet gods agent do whatever 70 71 should choose do therefore church right call question anything did censure him reas9nreasenreason responsible god almighty 4

even early february 1837 kirtland safe smith may land records demonstrate mormon land transactions peak many cormonsmormons began question smiths integrity 5 months june july found mormon prophet gravely ill church member attributed ills transgressions 56 mormon apostle recorded time twenty persons earth declare joseph smith prophet god 1177 during summer lawsuits both cormonsmormons disaffected cormonsmormons increased late july recovering slightly smith left kirtland canada returned early september found several mormon leaders cut off church being sustained church conference prophet left missouri upon return december kirtland church splintered group apostates parrish party repudiated smith formed new church 8 group advocated physical overthrow smith demonstrated resolve inducing riots several church meetings 9 january smith rigdon remained kirtland peril lives 72 traditionally supposed many members church became disaffected during dark hours 1837 1838 10 however difficult find support contention study mormon migration patterns shows majority saints kirtland 1837 1838 remained faithful church table 313.1 chart 313.1 shows eighty percent those kirtland during apostasy period followed church leaders another gathering place outside kirtland further 53 apostate heads households 290 persons based upon mormon family size 555.5 during 183018401830 1840 decade almost thirty percent church leaders consequently eleven percent total kirtland membership during those years separated church significance kirtland apostasy involved much mormon leadership disaffected leaders felt smith abused ecclesiastical authority others accused him being despot many smith began symbolize what wrong encompassing religion permeated too much lives meant promotion few expense many 73

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10 cazcgzapnp cr sujgiigd kumPUBmcm 01 edoemo 0 0 LJ 0 43ubj13C 9zaz T ca colzoiUOIc203 C 0 4 inossgnoss CD lamambamm 0 iejbiL muepueC 00 4 Dq W 2393ex.23 5 35 0 w W p moodmoom0 N ra 2 D PUUmuepue x isodasod ncenuapue aclncl cn ca jaj3 memoE 0 jo c IJ 3 0 5 Q 0 eQ eQ 0 & Q JQ i Q c5ca q CQ 33 C U m JD qeqojdja qeqojdja 0 111.1iili saieisody jeisijeioi0 sjeqwow 9 0 smog 0 14zm 1 m M 0 10 w glamD M E CL 0 zogoi seieiseieisodesode0 OM0r sjeqiuaoi3 3 jamo1 r 0 Q 0 601 LJ 0 m 03 m4 m CL m N N 13cpr seibisode0 giamglamE 0OIMolmr sjapesjD U rqojnyo0 c r0 sojelsodv 0 0 frzarz ssieisodyU 00 eiqissodcr 0 Q 00oo ln m 0 0 70 aiqeqojdcr agi291& ssieisodv L 0 060 09 OL009 0 090 0 oc0 oz0 0 eftoftmft0 0 000 r 0 10 VT M 00 74 warren cowdery perhaps summarizes rdissidentsf dissidents perspective best wrote church newspaper

must inevitably effect monopolies sooner later give privipriviledgesledges withhold them others make rich richer poor poorer money know power possess men power give our privipriviledgeledge man make him monarch absolute despotic ourselves abject slaves fawning sychophants grant privipriviledgesledges monopolies few always continue undermine fundamentalvfundamental principles freedom sooner later convert purest liberal fornformf 0 r m government rankest aristocracy these conceive matters history matters fact cannot controvertcontrovertedcontrovertered well may said thus barter away our liberties unworthy them syren sic song liberty independence empty name does allow man himself think speak reason act wealthy landlord should dictate virtually resigned dignity independent citizen much slave maraclesmanaclesmanacles upon hands boasted liberty deception independence phantom whenever people unlimited confidence civil ecclesiastical ruler rulers men themselves begin think do wrong increase tyranny oppression establish principle man poor frail lump mortality like themselves infallible does see principle popery religious tyranny involved order things great object privileged classes money power universal undeviating course possess both add both expense liberties best interests fellow citizens cries fallen prophet schismatic groups like parrish party attempted wrestle 75 control church smith hopes reforming while advocating return old standard these reformers desired church tune cultural pluralism time followers smith however pushed purging dissenters within main body believers them society established smith where elect gathered pre millenialmillennial kingdom god built historian astutely pointed kirtland sown seeds ideological division time lead split between reorganized branch mormonism capitol independence amongst gentile community utah branch mormonism became isolated self contained closed i f somewhat militant 12

aftermath expulsion two mormon leaders did quell violent outbursts displays violence designed force cormonsmormons leave unidentified persons burned mormon printing office 13 may arsonist incinerated methodist meeting house attempted ignite mormon temple 14 mobs consisting both apostate Morcormonsmormonsmons non cormonsmormons continued campaign breaking mormon homes then setting fires basements 151 amidst internal dissension non member persecutions many cormonsmormons began exodus kirtland kirtland saint recorded 76 turned key locked door our homes leaving our property possessed hands enemies strangers never receiving cent anything owned 16 july 1838 handful faithful saints remained kirtland 17 escaping missouri jail joseph smith general conference church nauvoo commerce illinois may 1839 sent oliver granger back kirtland take charge oversee house p lord 18i101 0 further smith suggested cormonsmormons living east should move kirtland resettle stake saints nauvoo anticipated returning kirtland either establishreestablishre residency finish unsettled business however exodus both kirtland missouri left church leaders nauvoo numerous projects large debts little income thus church leaders apprehensive rumors spread many nauvoo planned return kirtland 191 high council meeting december 1839 nauvoo bishop edward partridge directed publish article times seasons informing church improper remove r west purpose locating kirtland ohio 20n while saints nauvoo being discouraged returning kirtland those kirtland high 77 hopes return mormon capital city WW phelps letter dated march 9 1840 writes

work lord still going section country kirtland conference then session town nelson portage baptibaptisedbaptizedsed many believing branch church organized consisting thirteen members mob supposed put end mormonism called contrary mormonism spread far wide now begin pant word life hope word lle continue proclaimed earslieliaeli&e21

hiram kellogg another kirtland church member wrote nauvoo leaders exclaiming lord reviving work increasing membership many old inhabitants standing looking until convinced work lord willing embrace 222 during time almon babbitt itinerant member seventysSeventys quorum began preach kirtland kirtland gathering place lieu nauvoo 23 granger presiding elder kirtland wrote smith nauvoo complaining babbitts teachings 2224 smith instructed granger take charge church seek removal babbitts elders license 25 why nauvoo leadership concerned kirtlandsKirtkirfclandslands growth first failed establish nauvoo both church headquarters gathering place secondsec ond distracted necessary manpower financial 78 resources josephs industrious plans third perhaps important stimulated independent thinking part 0 f kirtland saints undermined prophets credibility theocratic leader 260 twice babbitt called face charges before high council first time babbitt sent back kirtland stake president second time made leader illinois 277 however during period church leaders nauvoo confused how handle additional satellite city correspondence kirtland leaders often misleading contradictory instance babbitts second disfellowshipdisfellowshipmentment november 1841 hyrum smith brother prophet decided end issue revelation saints dwell land kirtland commanded come away thus saith lord 28 however letter sent latter part november joseph smith acting stake presidency kirtland joseph appears refute hyrumshyrams prophecy further encourages build church kirtland writes

appears many kirtland desire remain build place you made great exertions according your letter establish printing press since period you may well continue operations according your designs do what you righteousness build kirtland do suffer yourselves harbor idea kirtland rise ruins nauvoo 29 79 throughout 1842 kirtland continued grow lyman wight twelve apostles recorded during visit kirtland preached 500 people thirteenth october wight reported thirty elders ordained 203 baptibaptisedbaptizedsed 18 children blessed further wrote nauvoo leaders nwe now holding meetings every night shall do long three ten coming forward day now case 0030 justin brooks babbitts replacement wrote smith amazing growth kirtland

reformation taken place here taken prominent members among methodists presbytepresbyteriansrians begin think mormonism dead consequence bennets apostasyapostacyapo stacy many smart intelligent young men ordained elders anxiety learn doctrines church never before manifemmanifest since commencement church manifeesic 1 yet early 1843 wight sent back kirtland command saints go nauvoo help build temple april 6 unanimous vote taken gather nauvoo plans drawn expedite departure 323 while many saints left spring 1843 few did remain however many those remained disaffected members letter 80 joseph smith joseph coe dated january 18r18 1844 smith relates bad attitude those remaining kirtland

terror your letter information I1 received tells black story situation apostates kirtland now dwells dishonesty fraud 35envy lying oppression every evil work 33 brigham young preached kirtland temple ninth june 1844 found kirtland saints dead cold things god 34 december 17 1844 reuben mcbride became presiding elder kirtland 35 however change church leaders did little strengthen faithfulness church members david pettegrew while enroute mission new york stopped kirtland held several meetings temple wrote amanynmanymany dissenters came hear stranger while spirit strong house lord many rejoice death joseph 36 new years eve 1844 hollister wrote twelve situation kirtland place kinds teachings martin harris firm believer shakerism testimony greater book mormon luman heath running them continually hiram kellog presiding officer rigdoniterigdonifceRigdon ite sidney man god called lead people brother joseph cut off transgression twelve carrying princprincdjy es follow shall cut off 7 81 phineas young letter twelve apostles summarized environment remaining kirtland saints lived

here called josephites nauvoo apostates first glory latter willing bear til our brethren shall proven us faithful seeing our faith good works time 40 50 good brethren place constitutes majority church here 383

final recorded church conference kirtland april 1845 reported order unanimity feelings characterized conference saints place appear united time past general determination keep commandments gather unto body church 39 evidence small branch church still operating late 1840s early 1850s elder james bay 1851 summarizes conditions kirtland

kinds false prophets here kirtland I1 found few begin feel west place authority brother isaac bullock I1 succeeded getting organization here begin calculate gather west valleybuin4uau kirtland seemed attract share false prophets mormon schismatic groups besides martin harriss apparent defection shakerism following former mormon chieftain sidney rigdon group 82 ex cormonsmormons formed group known church christ group grew 100 members prior dissolution 41 breweritesBrewe rites another mormon schism attempted establish kirtland headquarters however quickly dissolved 42 1882 richard W young mormon elder visited remains mormon citadel former residence brigham young razed temple viewed outside since elders reorganized church left town key 43 outside temple young writes poor repair much interior woodwork taken away firewood sashes contain broken unbroken panes glass paint seen generation least n44 far utah cormonsmormons concerned kirtlandsKirt lands magnificence lay past future perhaps richard young best summarizes these sentiments wrote temple

chief glory course past latter day saint brightness glory sufficient cause i even now shine retaining splendor 5 kirtlandsKirt lands decline growth story kirtland mormon exodus 1838 population decline according historian mormon exodus major factor leading decreasing growth rate 460 however cormonsmormons alone 83 cannot blamed since similasimilarilysimilarityrily sized townships both lake geaughgeauga counties experienced like decline chart 323.2 shows decline kirtland township fits overall pattern lake geaughgeauga counties well entire western reserve rebecca shepherd recent work migration ohio shows various ohio countries suffered marked declines population many landless heads households pushed westward 477 similarly check 1850 federal census shows 64 percent those leaving kirtland young landless 480 thus cite mormon hegira precipitating factor lack population growth misleading conclusions decade 1840s hope aspirations cormonsmormons kirtland church leaders nauvoo however found difficult proceed major plans nauvoo without aid those residing kirtland 1843 decided church two gathering places did undermine credibility prophet confusing new members well consequently expense place designated movements prophet kirtland remain viable alternative move utah kirtland memory besides quantifying post migration patterns kirtland saints study shed light 00 4

county

zhe 1900

aklamm 18301900 klom p 189011900 1830

lakenesenemm zmed

reserve townishtownsh county exo

census 1880190 compared county eck

century amkmck

western geaughgeauga rt lakelmkemame federal K 187080 neteenth county eck 323.2 N 32 ddn rt m

186070 SOURCE chart K year ng

geaughgeauga dur

glowthgrowth ratemezemese 1850160

onaozaome

except reserve

1840150 growth ts

ake 1830140

western measurement mcdmcm

eboevemso C th 1 901 90 80 70 60 40 30 20 10 10 20 30 ro0 0 h0 0 io0 0 w0 cm0 T0 0 T-0 CM0 0

D CL queojadU L uj eleycc smojoqmojo0L C1 85 183718381837 1838 apostasy found vast majority cormonsmormons remained faithful church during stay kirtland furthermore declining population kirtland mormon exodus followed pattern entire western reserve consequently alternatives westward expansion panic 1837 must examined intensely prior attributing mormon exodus precipitating factor Kirtkirtlandskirfclandslands declining population appendices APPENDIX I1

use lines longitude determine distance

professor robert C kenzer graduate student mark R grandstaff brigham young university developed technique measuring length migration assigning numerical coordinates lines longitude each line longitude divided 30 minute coordinates very northeastern part maine through western reserve example see map below far eastern border maine western border spans eight coordinates 1 I1 coordinate equals 25 miles 200 miles table 121.2 clearly demonstrates pre mormon expansion thirty year period each five year segment decreases families move closer western border new Yyorkyonkrk OT 1 hence closer ohio bordey n I T

87 APPENDIX II11 social mobility non Morcormonsmormonsmons 1827 1834 1839

see subsequent pages

88 00

111 1 0 0 0 y CM 0 CM aticti 0 21821.8 21821.8 86080020020.0 16416.4 18218.2 aps 24824.8 21221.2 22622.6 17517.5 13913.9 total baebamr 1 818bamrh 00aebweb 10001000100.0 total 848r rir i CM r- maabwam 1000100.0 1 1 0 CM CM CM0 i 0 CM CM CM i r percent i percent 01 01 i r Q Q cn

r i y ri cr r ro 0 29 ri31r i 24f 190 24 24 23 18 020 34 1 1 0 totalaj4j CM CM CM r CM lwe110awerir i total4 rqaq CM FQ CM f 137amb0 0 rir i 0 rir i E eiE i

dp dp dp dp dp dp .3ro o l m 0 0o 3 120 FQ 4.4 1 17 5 3 13013.0m 6 ro 60060.0 5 3 6 19419.4 5 20820.8 89589.5 1 33 mee0 1 130i ro 6000o 10 r 208808CM 895

f P cp dp dp dp dp dp i i f .7r .2CM ch 13ro CM 12 7 vo 0 2 i CM s- 21721.7 30030.0 8 12912.9 54254.2 10510.5 4 5 6 degorytegory 4 5 4 2 rir i 0 r CM mag cr 17 1 0 category fr66 nag 0 u CM KO 300FQ r i 129111 r i 0 0 ri ri p 4 0 N ca f u cp dp U dp fdp dp cr g .2CM CM 00 0 ro 2 14 ro 32032.0 14 60960.9 888.8 45245.2 12512.5 5 3 8 CM 5 3 3 5 rimr- 3 CM 1 oo in mem rh 00 17 1 0 wealth emme 1 1 1 wealth 609i 11 0 T U G & dp dp dp dp dp r- r r i g cCM 1827n CNCM 15 1834 15 i i 00 2 3 12512.5 60060.0 1 505.0 2 5 14714.7 51751.7 5 16116.1 1 424.2 1 r l arm 600mee 250 rl aggrir i mag amarir i wbwr

n dp dp dp dp dp dp dp

1 ln 1 1 21 11 1 i 26 rh 0 CM 1 87587.5 1 404.0 1 434.3 1 505.0 1 76576.5 1 353.5 2 656.5 2 838.3 ro vo 00oo 875 40 3wrwp 50 35mm 65mm 83mm

1i 2CM 3ro 4sr 5 & 1tht H 2CM 3 4 5 1 i 4 4 H r 1

1 1 1 mobilityr mobility11 H CM H ro ja 00oo1828 jaj3 1835 0 rh 0 r 1 18271828i i 183418351 1 r 1 tqaq r H ul r i CM 00 4411 r 1 i m 44. r i ri 1827 0 rir 1834 0 ri 1 r n3na M r 0 0 00 ro i categoryc7ca 0 1828 wealth category7 totals 1835 wealthri totals 1 l faf0 U 4 r 1 1 0 Q 4 social rlr social r U r 1 CL 4 0 0 rh CD 4 0 0 0 0 n3na eiE i cn U w U slodlo

14114 1 0 0 00oo tr 0 ro r cs 0 0 999.9 0 0 24824.8 25525.5 23523.5 15915.9 10310.3 27727.7 26226.2 22722.7 mm 13513.5 total amm 1000100.0 total 99y armCQamm 1000100.0 255855 ro835 159 103 0 cs r867877 vo 827887N 0 1 0 M CN i l N N N i percent d il rh 0 percent 0 2 iii i rh U u p4pa

rir i 1 1 vo 0 CT cs i 0 36 37r 34 23ro 15 39 37 32 14 19 total4 CS 145f totalaj4j m ro ro rlr l rir i aad141 0 i 0 111 1 E E

cp dp p ro op w r 14 tn 13 5 1 292.9 7 30430.4 93393.3 5 2 545.4 2 636.3 4 28628.6 2 68468.4 cs ro 89bm r ch 54mw mp 886

CP dp dp dp 1 i dp g W rlr l VO r 1 g i 1 l OO g 14714.7 14 60960.9 2.6 rlr 2.7 21921.900 57157.1 10 31631.6 4 5 1 676.7 4 1 26 1 27 7 ra 8 6 i VD CP tm CM r1 r category gem mg category jampam 7 agg1 meb0 670 86bm 67bg 819bamcs 571 ro U r 0 D aj4j 4 0 0 U U dp dp c dp ti 1 c 855255 c 17 5 3 6 16216.2 73573.5 2 878.7 5 3 1 262.6 9 24324.3 53153.1 1 717.1 1 mg i mmampa wealthrh 635 87 wealth 86bg 61ga 0 2 0 2 5 c Q U 2 tfptap dp dp dp P cp 43 ro 0 OP q1qa 1835 1836 CM r 30 81.1 N 17917.9 24c 64.9 12412.4 2 1 coic282.8 811 3 888.8 2 7 649 4 c l r rh CN maa mm r gwm 88bm 8113 88 rl rlr l 0 rh

t r 0 Ss dp dp dp r l 35 r l 30 01 1rl 97297.2 1 272.7 1rl sc76976.9 1 272.7 2 636.3 1 717.1 CM 972 87bg 669 87bg mp 61gar

1 1 k 1 2N 3ro 4 5 k 111 2CN 3 4 5 1 1 44. P 1 rlr l r 1 r i r mobility D mobilityri 1 i rqaq peag jaj3 00oo1836 f001837 0 M 0 rlr l 1 183518361 i 18361837 i i en c u 1 1 4 l m 1835wemmm 0 0 rlr rh 1836amreampe r 0 rh 1 ra ca faf0 categoryen r0 ni 00oo P categoryc7 0 1836ro wealth totals 1837 wealthrl totals r l Q 4 i i fo U 4 socialrl r 4 00 0 socialH u i t 0 u rh U P 0 0 2 0 efE f 0 n3na eiE i u3ua u M U IWO j Ffj

4444 4411 0 0 t cs 1 00oo cs 0 r- m 0 4 r r 0 0 28028088028.0 26726.7 beb80220220.2 13713.7 11311.3 0 28828.8 24784724.7 19219.2 12312.3 15015.0 1 10001000100.0 c 1000100.0 c2catotal 8670 i g total 288888 0amb 183123N 150ame 0 O C 0N l l 0 N CS l l 0 percent d rlr rlr 0 percent rh rlr rlr 0 2 rlr l rlr l U 0 la14l4 CH

M ihi H rqaq r y f0 CM V 00 00 CN 35 33 25 17 14 fa 42 36 28 18 22 0 totalU n r N 111 1 rir i 124CNI total4 FQ 04 rlr l C 146 0 ffii 0 rlr l eiE i elE l

g cs 39.39 r ro eln cn mb c 17 5 1r 303.0 3 12012.0 5 29429.4 9 5 2 565.6 3 10710.7 1 565.6 77377.3 M mm weg mm rinmepe abe 64 56 rir i 56 663r c c N

tfptap dp dp dp dp i g ro i g N ro 0 10 cs g 11 4 2 606.0 3 12012.0 58858.8 2 14314.3 4 1 282.8 7 25025.0 61661.6 2 919.1 en C en category 60w abe180M 588 i category 2888 250850 91ma U rir D 2 5 2 P 0 U dp dp dp U dp cs ro l 16koe 03 17 1 5 3 6 18218.2 64064.0 2 14314.3 5 3 4 959.5 2 565.6 60760.7 6 33333.3 1 454.5 l pip i mm mm meg mph wealth l l wealthrlr 95 56 mra 45wm 0 rlr 0 rlr 0 2 2 OJ U 553953 rfprap r dp OP dp dp VO aaiaal 0 r 1 0 1837 r 21 i r i 1838 28 63663.6 n 12012.0 rir 7197.19ri 5 11911.9 77877.8 363.6 2 7 fqaq 3 C 1 2 1 r l 020 gwm l pmM rl C 0 abe160rlr l 619t rlr rir i 678r

dp dpop dp dp dp dp 00 .0 1 28 0 04 33 868.6 r N 12112.1 11811.8 1rh 86mm 838.3 2 919.1 1 4 CN 2 rh 3 080 mm abwrlr l rlr l 7 283 babw

k 1rir i 2N 3 4 5 k 1rir i 2cs 3ro 4r 5 1 1 4 4 H ili l l l mobilityrlr mobilityrlr 0 1 H r JQ 1838 jaj2 183900oo 0 rlr l 0 rh 183718381 1 183818391 1 i i sll M r l rqaq 00 44. l l cn 4 l rl 1837 0 rlr rlr 1838 0 rlr i i rqaq CP c0ca 0 ro i categoryen 0 0 1838 wealthrir category totals 1839 wealth totals H i 1 0 Q H l 00 0 d 4 social P social rlr u rlr l 0 aj4j 0 U rlr l U aj4j 0 0 0 eiE i 0 faf0 eiE i c u U APPENDIX iliIII111

kirtland township elections 183018381830 1838

PLDS pre latter day saint LDS latter day saint ALDS apostate latter day saint SOURCE kirtland township minute book 181718371817 1837

april 1829 election town clerk NL rupell trustees jeremiah ames isaac morse roswell D cottrill overseer poor gideon riggs PLDS lory holmes fence viewers selah griffin john parks constables orrin thompson J ames treasurer newell K whitney PLDS supervisors highways districts 1 charles slayton 10 alvah brown 2 orrin thompson 11 william cannardstannardSf 3 jeremiah ames 12 argus holbrook 4 gideon riggs PLDS 13 seth makepeace 5 erastus crary 14 J willard 6 william blake 15 ebenesarebenezarEbe nesar doty 7 abiel piersons 16 john wills 8 isaac skinner 17 john hoffman 9 john F morse

92 93 april 1830 election town clerk josiah jones trustees john F morse dexter otisottis george smith overseer poor asa ayers jr jothan maynard fence viewers john parks newell K whitneywhittney PLDS constables arial hanson benjamin markell treasurer enoch morse justice peace AE russell supervisors highways districts 1 jotham maynard 2 samuel F whitney PLDS 3 sherman fairchild 4 elijah smith PLDS 5 able ames 6 reynolds cahoon PLDS 7 john goodell jr 8 nathan weathering 9 enoch morse 10 levi metcalf 11 william D stannard 12 elam sperry 13 ebenezar doty 14 lyman pitcher 15 david lafter 16 wm foster 17 nathan P goodell 94 april 1831 election town clerk roswell D cottrill trustees john F morse wm foster john wells overseer poor andrew beardslee samuel F whitney PLDS fence viewers oliver harmon jr PLDS david harrington constables nathan P goodell chaney morse treasurer enoch morse supervisors highways able ames isaac chatfield hardin cleaveland nathan wheeler josiah kinnery jonathan harrington walter stannard barzella millard harvey H morse abel ames luke wilson jeremiah ames stephen lapham james farmer john wells isaac luck chester bushnell 95 adrilapril 1832 election town clerk roswell D cottrill trustees john F morse hardin cleaveland jotham maynard overseer poor lory holmes asa ayers jr fence viewers oliver harmon jr PLDS samuel F whitney PLDS john parks constables isaac doty CG crary treasurer enoch morse supervisors highways john parks moses chair tunis rochafellowrockafellowRocha fellow isaac alfred arial hanson ebenezar doty winwibwm thompson enoch morse nathan hobart john hoffman thomas knight LDS john baldwin robert french timothy D martindale jonathan harrington charles holmes jeremiah ames arial corning 96 april 1833 election town clerk OA crary trustees dethanJejedethanjeduthan ladd ezra holmes spencer phelps overseer poor roswell D cottrill fence viewers david holbrook john wells constables WG crary stephen whiman treasurer enoch morse justice peace AE russell josiah jones supervisors highways hercules carrel james dulmage levi francis ezra holmes chas holmes EW crary CG crary morgan parks joseph robinson AC rupell john C white JN kinney dexter otis azariah lyman sam metcalf jacob kinney GS pitcher wm foster 2nd EL goodman ins H swist 97 april 1834 election town clerk JB seeley trustees john johnson jr LDS hardin cleaveland jotham maynard overseer poor arial hanson solomon webster fence viewers NK whitney LDS jeremiah ames constables luke johnson LDS wm K branch treasurer EL goodman justice peace arial hanson josiah jones supervisors highways districts 1 soloman webster 13 levi sperry 2 william foster 14 john furnance 3 reynolds cahoon LDS 15 jason lance 4 benjamin austin 16 samuel gore 5 jacob sherman 17 moses crary 6 eli G bunnell 18 enoch morse 7 tunis rockafellow 19 james gillet 8 luther snow LDS 20 charles holmes 9 dethanJejedethanjeduthan ladd 21 richey carrol 10 benjamin markell 22 john C white 11 erastus crary 23 hawkins hendricks 12 alvah brown 24 jasmionjasminn smith 98 1835 election town clerk AC rupell trustees enoch morse hardin cleaveland caleb E cummings overseer poor TD martindale austin loud fence viewers james lake joel mcwithey constables william branch lucius parsons treasurer EL goodman supervisors highways districts 1 edmond durfee LDS 2 warren smith LDS 3 salmon gee LDS 4 robert french 5 john hoffman 6 RD cottrill 7 bigelow barber 8 william barker 9 dethanJejedethanjeduthan ladd 10 samuel billings 11 andrew bartietBartletbartlettbartletttfc 12 stephen rupell 13 samuel heath 14 oliver higbee LDS 15 josiah cotton 16 james lake LDS 17 jacob kinney 18 edward gillett 19 lorin babbitt LDS 20 TD martindale 21 giles cook LDS 22 william manby 23 william foster 24 samuel T booth 99 april 1836 election town clerk thomas W Donavadonavaon trustees squire eggleston john johnson LDS lory holmes overseer poor turner sheppard oliver harmonharmony jr LDS fence viewers oliver harmon jr LDS lory holmes nathan hobart constables jerome bump LDS henry green treasurer lyman pitcher justice peace FG williams LDS supervisors highways edmond durfee LDS warren smith LDS oliver cowdery LDS benjamin austin turner heman hyde LDS benjamin rupell EH crary john parks jr GS pitcher OD call john swift HO stannard ebenezar doty samuel tomlinson oliver harmon jr LDS loo100 april 1837 election town clerk vinson knight LDS trustees reynolds cahoon LDS simeon wright caleb E cummings overseer poor john marton edmund bosley LDS school examiners thomas burdick LDS warren cowdery LDS elias smith LDS fence viewers ezra holmes ira bond LDS jared carter LDS constables james markell burtonburtton phelps LDS treasurer NK whitney LDS justice peace FG williams LDS oliver cowdery LDS supervisors highways isaac bishop LDS franklin redfield stephen lapham gideon carter LDS oliver harmonharmony jr LDS william durrin chauncey turner LDS david white alden burdick LDS ezekial rider LDS GS pitcher TD martindale samuel billings james randall LDS E fairfield J huntington L thompson LDS benjamin seeley iolloi101 adrilapril 1838 election town clerk alpheus russell trustees ezra holmes john morse john shirts overseer poor sethsetch thompson lyman pitcher fence viewers eliphalet boynton ALDS john johnson jr ALDS constables frank luke johnson ALDS treasurer timothy D martindale justice peace warren cowdery ALDS thomas burdick LDS supervisors highways districts 1 solomon webster 14 gurdon pitcher 2 william foster 15 john D call 3 john johnson jr ALDS 16 john sweet 4 erastus barber 17 heman hyde ALDS 5 robert french 18 jacob kinney 6 nathan hobart 19 jacob bump ALDS 7 turner sheppard 20 james whaley 8 PPFP day 21 george frank 9 dethanJejedethanjeduthan ladd 22 ira sperry 10 samuel miller 23 william manley 11 erastus crary 24 ashbel wright 12 harvey rockafellow 25 samuel F booth 13 samuel heath APPENDIX IV

arningsarnawningswarningsings kirtland cormonsmormons

SOURCE kirtland township minute book 1817 1837 13 jan 1831 1 barnett cole family 2 david stratton family 3 daniel willard family 4 harvey whitlockwhifclock family 5 betsey covert family 6 johnson 7 thomas cahoon family 8 elsey clisbee 9 simeon chase family 10 sidney rigdon family 11 HD howe family 12 john whitmer 13 heman Bassetbassettfc 14 doctor williams family 15 newton 16 chapins family 17 cisco overseers poor 1 jotham maynard 2 asa ayers jr 21 oct 1833 1 william barker family 2 lewis robbins 3 hiram stratton 4 lucinda bigelow family 5 sylvester smith family 6 john smith family 7 lyman shermon family 8 almon shermon family 9 william B holley 10 joseph smith family 11 joseph smith jr family 12 sydney rigdon family 13 hyrum smith family 14 zebedee coltrin 15 john murdock 16 joseph wood family 17 samuel H smith family 18 david patten family 19 alexander badlam family 20 lattersbatters seeley family 21 harnel howe 22 alexander whiteside overseers poor 102 103 1 RD cottrell 2 john parks those residing township writ served 1 lewis robbins 2 zebedee coltrin 3 john murdock 4 joseph wood family 5 hiram stratton 6 david patten family october 1833 1 gideon carter family 2 jared carter family 3 luman carter family 4 edson fuller family 5 john bird family 6 william cowdery family 7 leonard rich family 8 john johnson family 9 joel johnson 10 UL davis family 11 reed family 12 lyman johnson family 13 luke johnson family 14 levi hancock family 15 joseph hancock family 16 thomas hancock 17 moses martin 18 jedediah grant 19 john gander 20 samuel alger family 21 jacob bump 22 mary angel 23 gladden bishop family 24 dowell david patten family 25 martin harris 26 isaac G bishop 27 giles cook 28 ira ames overseers poor 1 RD cottrell 2 john parks writ served 20 dec 1833 APPENDIX V

tables

TABLE llli111.1 NUMBER MOVES FAMILY WITHIN NEW ENGLAND NEW YORK AREAS 1798 18391

number moves number percent

0 97 51 1 55 29 2 28 15 3 110 5 totals 190 100 SOURCE family group sheets collected genealogical department church jesus christ latter day saints ibasedimbasedased upon birthplace familysfam ilys first child child either born kirtland child born prior fani lys moving

TABLE 121.2 MIGRATION NEW YORK KIRTLAND years mean median median settlement number coordinates coordinates miles

1810 1824 12 939.3 858.5 246 182518291825 1829 19 848.4 808.0 239 1830 1834 44 585.8 505.0 171 SOURCE see table ilii111.1

104 105

TABLE 131.31 3 AGE BAPTISM

age cohort number percent

151915 19 13 15015.0 20202424 22 25625.6 252925 29 12 14014.0 30303434 14 16316.3 35353939 9 10510.5 40 iai6M 18618.6 totals 86 1000100.0 SOURCE diaries journals autobiographies family group sheets

TABLE 141.4 EDUCATION level number percent littlelowerLittl eLower 15 22722.7 commonelementaryCommon Elementary 48 72772.7 secondary 2 303.0 college 1 151.5 graduate 0 000.0oo totals 66 1000100.0 SOURCE see table 131.3 106log

TABLE 151.51 5 WEALTH convertsiconverts1CONVERCONVERTSTSi1 wealth levelllevelalevel1 number percent poor 21 50050.0 moderate 12 28628.6 affluent 8 21421.4 totals 42 1000100.0 SOURCE see table 131.3 idueique lack actual dollar estimates pre mormon wealth measurement subjective convert indicated diary early life impoverished categorized poor likewise indicated family wealthy categorized affluent those indicated neither extreme wealth nor poverty classi- fied moderate CD

835583.55 U 4411 0 0 0 0 0 0 ro rh 0 1 disciplesH U 0 10 u church 01 H 3 Q

40.02 U 40020 lonloacon 0 0 0 0 U 0 0 lewzee 0 0 414 1 G ts4 4 03 N 0 rir i 0 CQ N r0ra N baptisaj4j C x3xa ai&i 0

20.22 37.53 182218.22N u 0 2022d 158015.80 3753 0 CQ PARENTS CP 8086 3 i 1000100.0 0 0 CQ LO co 13

1 f- 0 eco 1 0 c 1 m n3na u 01 CQ 1 0 6 affiliation ae&e reformed i i groups3 reformedii 0 1 1 1 mlsmau 0 owl041ogi i 404U c r 17 U P affiliation pres 364436.44 200120.010 167l P 1671agegaggaagag 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 414 CS i i 10 D vist 0 6 H leeleo dutch4411

percent P 3 1 i t Q converts 1 CS 4134 13 mcdC cuuOUS otu primiti hamueTABLE 53l crimiti faf0 P affiliation maalmaat f 250225.02 364436.44 6 531mrmmsp 0 H M 0 m 8502 vo 0 0 0 n N P M 141 4 RELIGI 4 0 w ui c universalist C 0 H 1 1 methodists3 0 414 1 0 6321263.212 christian10 3 r l meth 04 rl H 1 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 n 1l D RELIGIOUS n CONVERTS L 0 0 rqaq H omi mor oti 00oo ro ro i i 01 appm131.3 low oeninclude i H reformedlenhen 10 9119.11 U unchurched 800880.08 158315.83 375037.50 rh 400240.02 0 0 maamaw 0 U C 8008 0 0 04 0 c 0 blezaozwetiT i amsamm Q rir i i f rqaq xi C 0 0 iii i elEtal stasuaauaP U U Q JG020smo cleolcleoo3 C U 414 1 4 0 seemoemooL PL 0 0 1 M lomzoaL 0 4 1 PHI11 10 D 4 111 1 I 1 U H presbyterian christ T affiliation i TS H U C unchurchedsi H parental 3 methodist0 1 jaj3 H U 0 baptist 10 otheriiotherie england C C 4 0 SOURCEoi U rh U P ai&i 0 c D en U ooncon aj4j 4 i c 0 CP 0 0 D Q P U U 0 M 0 H C c0ca

W unsC D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

020 n N SSW 0 0 0 0 303peppem 8Y 0 ro0 58 tqaq 3 status4 0 P 7 W JRff .6 t 0 0 0 0 6060 6 0 i l 20 iln3na c0 C 0 M H fhebhefflfal J E i occupational ei 03 l 1 rlr CL & 101 147514.75 i u 0 0 0 0 0 CQ 3 D 0l E 0 rlr STATUS U D 0 E i STATUSei M J P iii i 1 SKM 0 0 0 29l 0 convertsU 0 0 7 5 0 C 891291 M U cs 1 1 E i percent C 1 occupationalei u 0 H 0M U u i E i pn TABLE occupationalei D hablehamzeCQ U c 1 E i u c MC ei t 0 D tll 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 U 0 U M 0 W 63 FATHERS 03 0 i l i il i 1 eiE eiE i cu

cd bushrobuspro CONVERTS 1 29lQ M en 0 0 0 0 0 0 bebbab291mbamma 3 CN Z OQ u0 ro 1 1 1.3 13am 0 ili l IQ C 3 0 ti U U i 1 status4 H M r i tableja 0 Professional c ri 4 Q 0 skilledrlr l Q e eiE i 4411 i 1 craftsman4 1 U 0 moemoo businessprofessional 1 see 0 4 414 1 D I U C CL 0 i H C H 0 i 3 U 0O C E ID ili l iq 04 111 1 aroeroano D 411 10 U U 0 r 1 4 manufacturer occupational ie l U U U M i U fo journeyman laborsemi il faf0 shopkeeper U rh H ua H craftsman U unskilledH fathers0 BusinessC u4 clerical cejc4j U 1 4 l 4 SOURCEoi 3 master 3 d ut4uta 0 ai 4 U tqaq CQ C 0 U 3 0O ja 0 0 u 3 on3ona i 1 0 i 0 C 0 cn 0 CQ SS U tut U D 109

TABLE 1181.88 CONVERTS FATHERS RELIGIOUS affiliation

fathers converts affiliation number percent number percent unchurched 10 15215.2 21 26926.9 methodist 20 30330.3 15 19219.2 presbyterian 11 16716.7 8 10310.3 baptist 10 15215.2 10 12812.8 reformed baptist 0 11 14114.1 reformed methodist 1 151.5 4 515.1 campbellite 0 2 262.6 universalist 3 454.5 2 262.6 dutch reformed 2 303.0 2 262.6 congregationalist 5 767.6 2 262.6 otherl 606.0go 1 13 total 66 1000100.0 78 looilogi1001100.1 SOURCE see table 121.2 iotherlother included episcopal lutheran church england llolio110

TABLE 1191.9iglg 9 REASONS conversion WRITTEN DIARY autobiography CONVERT reason number percent authorityiAuthorityauthority1i1 27 46646.6 book mormon 17 29329.3 spiritual manifestations 8 13713.7 ainessPlplainestplainess doctrineiiDoctrinedoctrine11ii11 1 171.7 primitive simplicity 2 353.5 impressed missionaries 3 525.2 totals 58 1000100.0 SOURCE see table 131.3 ithoseithonethose indicated writings joined church divine authority hlndividualsindividuals recorded convinced churchschurche authority doctrine easily understood illlillii

TABLE iloiio1101.10 RATIO SEEKERS CONVERTS PLACE conversion conversion seeker member location number percent number percent ratio vermont 5 969.6gg 9 11311.311 3.3 5656.56 new york 23 44244.2 31 38838.838 8.8 7474.74 massachusetts 4 777.7 6 757.57 5.5 6767.67 new hampshire 1 191.9iglg 1 131.31 3.3 loo1001.00 ohio 17 32732.7 25 31331.331 3.3 6868.68 2 393.9 8 10010.0loo 2525.25 totals 52 1000100.0 80 1001100.1 SOURCE see table 131.3

TABLE 1111.11 SEEKERS RELIGIOUS affiliation

affiliation number percent

unchurched 16 30230.2 methodist 6 11311.3 presbyterian 4 757.5 baptist 7 13213.2 reformed baptist 11 20820.8 reformed methodist 3 575.7 campbellite 2 383.8 otherl 4 757.52- 5 totals 53 1000100.0 SOURCE see table 131.3 lotheriother includedludedeluded episcopal universalist church england 112

TABLE 212.1 KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP population 183018401830 1840 year total population non mormon mormon

1830 1018 census 963 55 1831 1120 1050 70 1832 1170 1070 100 1833 1350 1200 150 1834 1540 1140 400 1835 2040 1140 900 1836 2550 1250 1300 1837 3030 1230 1800 1838 3230 1230 2000 1839 1600 1500 100 1840 1778 census 1653 125 SOURCE milton V backman heavens resound history latter day saints ohio r 1830 1838 salt lake city deseret book 1983 p 140 92 71boiotokoloko69 56 96 100agedomocioomoci100 100 100 i i ioio oootowrolooiol rh il il U poor0 U 0 U CL peace0 i L U faf0 C mormon r 100.1 r 10 1001 c loantown 17 17 17 20 22 17 11 10 24 26 highway irrocsr1rar anni lr r onsonnCNN U 4411 0 inni U 1 ilcla014caa leeleo 1 trustees4 JS 441 H M 4 0 ffiafi U OFFICES zonzoanon 3 10 ozeozo U 4411 i ili l U aj4j 4 0 0 U seeseoC U 1 highways 4 441 u M 3 ca overseer 0 U U 0 4 4411 threesll U 1 I 0 0 0 MINOR 1 l 1 oceocoG odoiodor Xkhzjusticesha 5 8 29 31 44 4 1 1 1 1 cooil h3 I I1 cooiCNICQ I 4414 4 0cqmcq 0 CQ U 1 3 seeseo C 0 0 M t l aj4j r0ra tqaq 4 Q tl H OFFICERS sii 73 4 M supervisors 13 xamcam sii 1839 mcoimcgi c 0 0 8 treasurer 0oor0 1ionrconr0 2 7 5 1io0 toltoo 0 1 1 mormon fo CQ TS & electedU 18301839 U sll U 3 D H u3ua 0 4411 CQ r 1 y D elected u hewnTOWN 1830 4 0 1 1 D u 1839m H 00 supervisors r 4 oke 0 i 1 0 L 44. constables 2.2 18171839I1 H 4 U 0 288822 crocco clerkU to&im4 l omoor77 82crocno64 29 92 wmswam oooorwee f ca 100 100 100 100aee 100 r i i MORMON 1817rf 00 ooootcoocmcto1 1 IQ aq i 00 U c3 tq TOWNSHIP r lahr li 0 lrhr r i U U C NONMORMON ri oceoco TABLE C IQ C 0 f0 cormonsmormons town fa 0 E 0 u nenzenNON i tajr 03 bookmookmoom0 aj4j t3 0 D 0 mormon 0 0 2 CQ viewers 12 10 12 11i G 12 11icmooir12 1 9 7 incrinarinorlnor5 1 defined cii lr lr fr li itiriii li OCOH OD 0 anzazz ili 1 g oakoamC H 414 harmon 4 KIRTLAND i 1 Q i 0 poll rqaq0 0 r0ra 0 apostate OFFICES zonzoanon en M included 0 r 1 U U 10 0 CL U fenceC mlo1 111 1 lal414 MORMON 1 C U 0 U U faf3 1 viewers H 441 oliver CQ Q township H 0 tqaq G r 1 C five MAJOR 1 I1 I1 1 U i i I 23roooy5r18 36 711008 uo 1 1 1 1 I1 U O officesooiooli 4 nr irqr 0 moolpoor efE f officesH 0oi4411 0 4 &4 1 0 U 4411 ro fence 0 0 1836 C L U C 0 1838ro 0 leoohe i r 1 fa r i 1 rh 0 0 2 12 0 kirtlandri 1440 oooorqcycf0 0 3 4 1io 440minorC C mormon M P 0 0 1 r bnotwo jmajorimajor 4 H M C H iinH 411 M 0 sof0 2 4 avin1vin fc ool lazlacain1 1 I UH ili l 44r l H 0 U U overseersof H H U U QJ 1 03 oceoco U H U overseer C 4 officesH 183611 coan18381vcocn SOURCE0 0 oi icrqlnot 4 i yearnomm 1830amreampercnrqmrqfnrqfrorq1831amraampa 1832 1833 1834 1835 1837 1839 D 0 cocococococococococo IQ 4 i 1 ca0 i lr lr ii ir lr li lr lr li c3 0 0 0 114

4411 1 iii i c rlr l 0 0 0 0000000000000000 0 1 total1 percent 1000100.0 1000100.0 1000100.0 1000100.0 1000100.0 1000100.0 1000100.0 1000100.0 1000100.0 1000100.0 1000100.0 1000100.0 1000100.0 1000100.0 1000100.0 1000100.0 1000100.0 1000100.0 Q D 414 u genea- x 0 0 baw 0 0 u 0000000000000000 C law taxlawsaxo 0 0 l t 1 divi- 4 4 el 0 rtr r 0000000000000000i li lr i lr li i r 0 e8ea n 04 lr lr lr lr lr lr u 0 0 X C 1 C larlaxtax0 1 C 4 i 02 t 1 414 1 0 being1 1 equal fltf U D 3 property0 0 i 0o & i cra i choi & 0 0 4 numbero familiesrir 0 11 12 37 68 amm 0 1 1 9 amm i1 I taxed ame men dmm damdag 199 174 800200 ia104 840 11 i e ottOTOTI x c0oi123cs imiimp150 ir173 csirffcovdwofri 167aen 169 194 106 163 241bwl 1iii u 1 1 i l 1 l 09 01 3 e 8 11 il itffiwwoowrotforlr r li fr lr ani1ni property C I & Z 0 eiE i ls 1 locten& c b 1t 0 U 0 rlr l 18301 U 0 0 c3ca n1830 & 0 division C i U personal0 mortoinmtoormocoootrtno i 0 C Q 56356.3 75075.0 56756.7 63663.6 59559.5 58358.3 61761.7wag 83883.8 49749.7 76576.5 51051.0 85885.8 60860.8 88588.5 61561.5 89089.0 63163.1mma 90490.4 O 0101 emm mam acmmcm k 1 111 imesme vomoico595 imwvoi838 665 itnooor858 608 885 edmciomolomo890 904 C rl ri iomo k n3na Q 0 inrin&tninocoarnoovoco6cooo aj4j D tt0ta r 1 & 00 1 fnrenr lisalmams 0 0O C 1 9.1icorrwotoaooof838.3 5.4 888.8 383.8 itotnroot464.6 3.7 292.9 11 19819.8 20320.3 91 16816.8 mm 17417.4 mw54 18918.9 mm 18018.0 mm 13113.1ama wm 18518.5demmem 37mb 17017.0 ll cwiC dividerl 91ma 83 54 88 38 46 37 29rm ersonalpersonal 9 aticti198amm 1 203803 aumwem amm afeabe crl i i owvdoor tnoococowfncomrtn 0 paymammay 1 i 1 1 1 i l 03 TI I l N il x goryil 0 taxham H IRTLAND 0 0 U C m fairai lr &p 03 0 4411 oooofr wam 1 iflcor wms 1 737.3 919.1 838.3 787.8 272.7 888.8 575.7 wioioco343.4 373.7 383.8 0 iiei11.111 zotcos 10310.3amm gm 91mp 121481abw12.1 83mm gm bgng 14814.8 88mm 13413.4 mb 16616.6 pgpw 10010.0 37mb 12012.0 38mm cate 0 8 1 63 68 amu 57 amm 0 ulU l 0 C 0 tnosminwfoofncsfn1 1 1 1 1 rofscorf l r f u 0 fl rf w 0 owners c 0 C 111 1 U didmimmamrl 1 i wealth 0 0 0 0 itncsooooootn order 1839 404.0 ooofnofi6.0 909.0 404.0 838.3 606.0 5.4 7.1 151.5 828.2 090.9 303.0 060.6 505.0 181.8 252.5 3 l r- 25025.0 60 me mm me 54mw 71 am am bm O wealthrlr 7 40 60 90 40 83 60 jw babw 15 82 09 30 06 50 18 85 1 0 n3na B 250850 wotcovoinr r ioootnotnr trstrn tit i 0 0 N ty1 0 3 W JC 18301839 JJ u 1 1 c 1 CM 1 u lamommC saomaoC X 0 4.00 4.00 2.9 1.2 3.0omi151.5 212.1ioocsinwocr191.9 3.0 121.2 252.5 0.6 292.9 1.9 4 4411 U 232.3 w 40 40 nm29 12 30 am am 30 bm 06 bm ammm19 proper each 1830 40 1 40 1 29 1 abwb 1 30 15 bana 19 30 dr 85 06 89 those 63bm CM rlr l mi lcsiecsi IM rsonCSON l 0 0 0 percent iii i ah c J P 0 0 44. JJ u c ut 0 1 t- l I1 i 00oo i 1 1 1 O aj4j rl 0 242.4 1 070.7 181.8 363.6ainu151.5 464.6 inoocs151.5 060.6 101.0 060.6 121.2 0 ft 0 mcdmcm TABLE bg mm mm am wmwg mm agwg mb c 5 CS84 1 07 1 1 t 18l 1 36 15 1 15 06 06 abl 1 l t0ta 0 f r C ranked completerlr 0 fl nr ioe loi U lr personal0 i C oi 10 city4411 0 E U 0 distribution t 1 1 lil i 0 i U 1 1 1 I1 taxpayers communityr W i rann u5ua inoovoin i uu U fb 0 y 1.6 1 2.00 1.7rfnn8.3 1.2 0.6 0.5 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.5 nti 4 16amag 20 17 mm83 12 egmm06 05 09 10 ewmw06 05 0 1 1 80 1 abwi 83 abwb 1 1 05 09 10ae 05 1 1 1 4 r CS i icoiiacoi l I u i x c oos wam speculators 0 ooi 100 wmst0ta 10 lakezakazase 0 rir i ncmmcmc 0o 4 3 i 0 1 m ys I1 cs 1 1 1 m 1 1 1 00 1 10 en v U 0 1 1 I1 202.0 1 060.6 838.3 060.6 1 1.2 t 1 1 050.5 i 1 080.8 1 111 AJ U en em mm mmeg wn12 08em c 0 3 1 1 CS20 I1 06 83 1 f l 1 1 1 05 1 1 1 1 10 i H 03 ooooOCOO fl realmemamoma salt 0 0 0 0 0 1 ranking 4411 414 1 taxpayers0o 03 0 M c percentagec C & aj U WEALTH 1 t 1 w cs 1 olneoune 1 i wio i x u u poorest known0 cs 080.8 070.7 060.6 121.2 060.6oino151.5 101.0 060.6 050.5 101.00 11 0 lil i C 08em 07 06am mb ewmw mm 10 em me cryaryll 0 2 1 1 1 lb 1 15 l 1 1 06 05 1 1 1 zobcosntyy clyu 44. m 0 0 0 rlr l lr 00 c n ozioji 3 K u c en i cou omm th414 1 ft D oxloxilibr C c f i 00 1 r r 1 1 i mv 1 aj4j Jsmo lwe csrw 1 1 ir cludingclouding 1 1 0.8 1 0.7 9.1 1.7 1.2 2.7 0.6 1.0ealoeoloooin0.9 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 1383821.3 U 441 441 11 em08 07 91 17 mn12 bgng27 em06 10 em09 05em 05 06 04 0 1 08 1 07 91md abmb 1 06 1 ae 09 05 1 05 06 04 1 OWH rhirmohirmeirmeirmo c3ca I 10 44 3 0 ft 0 uga 1 000 ubaumatr tyi 0 4 ngnnennoCHO10 r 3 U IM C ili l U tat0 0 0 flf l r exX 3 eoaeomgea0 rtr aallr H 1 SC W socie iall shawishowi 4 status414 NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM u u 0 W 0 Z LDSwmswamQ ettiaioecoswemewscoewLDSaamwam masLDSmam LDS LDSwms zaszamLDS zasLDSzamLDSomm oms LDS 0 C 010 1 .3 1 fl 4 3 2qzqzq2qzqzq2q2q3 1 1 tat0 0 ta 0 w 0 r 1 10 M r wealthieflC 0 tat0 4 U assessed C wealthie OS 1 SOURCE U U N n w r 0 logical 0 r 0 rqaq rll ro m t0ta sion mealyear0 m 1832r 1833r 1834 fn1835 1836wemm 1837 1838 1839 dwiD rl u 1830 fi 00oo 00oo Q cn oc w 1 1 1 rlr l i 1 1 4 rlr l w 0 0 r 115

TABLE 242.4 NONMORMONNON MORMON WEALTHWEALTM concentration 1827 18301830183911839i18391

quintiles giniiiginisigini12 year 1 2 3 4 5 total coefficient

1827 65165.1 22122.1 888.8 343.4 151.5 30612 06140.614 1830 57057.0 23423.4 12512.5 484.8 222.2 33779 05530.553 1832 60960.9gog 22322.3 10510.5 454.5 161.6lgig 42534 05730.573 1833 61361.3 23123.1 10310.3 363.6 191.9iglg 47736 06020.602 1834 60860.8 21121.1 10510.5 545.4 222.2 46642 056295620.562 1835 55655.6 25825.8 12912.9 414.1 161.6iglg 52100 05430.543 1836 56456.4 25725.7 12212.2 434.3 151.5 55379 05500.550 1837 56456.4 25225.2 10510.5 606.0go 191.9lg 51471 05400.540 1838 57657.6 23123.1 13013.0 484.8 131.3 79158 05540.554 1839 601goigol60.1 23023.0 10310.3 515.1 151.5 51608 05720.572 SOURCE wealth concentration data turnover ratio data geaughgeauga county real personal property owners tax list 1832 1839 genealogical society library salt lake city utah laillaiilhllahll mormon non mormon taxpayers paid real personal property tax ranked order amount taxes assessed ranking completed divided five equal divisions quintiles total share taxes paid each division calculated gini coefficient concentration precise means comparing relative inequality within communities coefficient G bairesvaires between 000.0oo landholders same amount land wealth 10iolo1.0 landholder land 116

TABLE 252.5 MORMON WEALTH concentration 183518351839118391 percent

quintiles gini year 1 2 3 4 5 total coefficient

1835 69769.7 16016.0igo 888.8 444.4 121.2 11338 06320.632 1836 67767.7 16616.6 10310.3 454.5 191.9lg 13524 06150.615 1837 65565.5 14914.9 10910.9log 666.6gg 191.9lg 20785 05860.586 1838 72972.9 14714.7 787.8 323.2 141.4 17549 06670.667 1839 84584.5 888.8 333.3 202.0 131.3 9235 07530.753 SOURCE mormon wealth concentration data see table 242.4 source las table 242.4 wealth divided quintiles 117

TABLE 262.6 NON MORMON WEALTH concentration ACRES LAND 1827 183018391830 1839 percent

quintilesQuintilt5s tinipiniginiC year 1 2 3 4 5 total coefficientoefboef ficienfc

1827 69869.8 22522.5 585.8 161.6lgig 000.0oo 7200oggi0.6910 0691691.691 1830 58558.5 25825.8 13813.8 595.9 070.7 6944 05890.5890 589589.589 1832 58058.0 29229.2 iloiio11011.0 131.3 010.1oloi 7630 05970.5970 597597.597 1833 58758.7 29429.4 10910.9log 060.6og 050.5 8720 06000.6000 600goo600.600 1834 58758.7 29129.1 11711.7 090.9og 050.5 gill911191111 05880.5880 588588.588 1835 57957.9 26726.7 14414.4 0870.87 020.2 9827 05870.5870 587587.587 1836 57657.6 29029.0 12412.4 090.9og 050.5 10000 05970.5970 597597.597 1837 64564.5 25625.6 868.6 090.9og 050.5 8716 06280.6280 628628.628 1838 63663.6 27927.9 595.9 202.0 070.7 7743 06390.6390 639639.639 1839 62362.3 31631.6 404.0 131.3 080.8 8878 06360.6360 636636.636 SOURCE wealth concentration data see table 242.4 source table 242.4 wealth divided quintiles 118

TABLE 272.7 MORMON WEALTH concentrationconcentrationby ACRES LAND 1835 18391

quintilesqilintilelentile land gini year 1 2 3 4 5 total coefficient

1835 70770.7 17817.8 0720.72 0600.60ogo 01oloi0.1 1141 07600.760 1836 94494.4 434.3 0150.15 0770.77 030.3 1299 08080.808 1837 90190.1goi 181.8 6606.60 1181.18 040.4 2405 08500.850 1838 81181.1 110iioilo11.0 6606.60 1021.02 101.0lo 3329 07290.729 1839 83683.6 12012012.0 2402.40 0890.89 li111.1 1768 07660.766 SOURCE see table 242.4 source las table 242.4 wealth divided quintiles ilg119

oromrsir ct rir i c i iooxcrt lerrbirr ln re 428742.87 436043.60 479547.95 517251.72 481748.17iirr425242.52 377737.77 355135.51 LQ Q Q xomamean 14310143.10 V Q rocsfnr r ioocmrin leeleo okoomo i U u sypin arqrq 1 4 4 G rir i records U M r l rh 0 i C familiesrl en see3 i i i u ii 0 personal0 Q IQ establishedr C U familyrpzalo rih 0 H e c i jarieieeelTCI kli14114 1 0 H U 1 dividing lii 04041 i iq 4 inoimolmo00 x rir 044 j taxhoshoxn3na 0 04 r0ra 104 rir i elE l H C 0 0 U 0 0 Q u mcm 0 8719758719.75 r cac5 cazanoenz ooi grill00 0 cno c total M irocnco f3 dividedi U M aj4j acremowe ool i mone rorfa mi ii icncnt sizeNH roi 0 U adiyoiydr6944 7630 grilli 9827 8716 7r743 8878 4411 i 4 average sii u 0 ydi 10020 r E fcooirooir i ri ca cu i Q r .0 ataqta curi number0 1839 vorooycrocorco property0 landzanoc 6 ili l 13 rdeterminationciaci3l 0 n3na 3 1 rl 111 EO 18301839 0 ar ig c C i l H i U il C family si leoathenleoc0 C C CL H e U seeseo C C 013 1830 13 W 4 cormonsmormons 0 determined ujju4j both gu u u r e04i 4411 U H 4j mormone rii 0 aj P stt H 0 0 13 51037103 0.0 0 0 fo r i i 4 i U wmswamro estimated 0 familiesri c c estimated H 161icoooocomino178age 600800200 190 190 808208 805205805205bem 850250 u using SE e personal0 cru 6 I1 oocrioooin H 5 i rhar r CNMCN M 13 n3ctoheeheo 0 C P rhcr average aoanonconCP 4 C 3 1l mam& H ili l 0 02 zonzoanon0 fa 0 Q U 0 tiieil14114 1 KIRTLAND wmswam0 1 H Z axilxinumber 3 3 iciE 212.1 13 13 U 282.8 13 03 2181 U lmosmoj3 68 3 01 C ja cadcaeC W U C C ropro P U tat3 U lmalmo U U sheets doneC cr r l t U Q koclnmkOCLnm lihcmo 0 lorielorle determined i 1 tor 0 QQ 13 r lt lortableiei l 8628.62 8658.65 6057057.05gem 6966.96 5515.51mma 7617.61 9329.32 families jcl3 heoehebsIQ il C TABLE average owned 188618.86000ooinorocs H tuy fo U acremowe c 13120131.20 landC iualuyiu3 0 0 u cocooorvomr chichr i ro tobtoe ie 4 cormonsmormonsei3 1 wam eia 3 62 wms 0 r 13l faf0 &0 U H 0 FARM i B lal4 lr 13 1411314 113 0 ownedC group ba81212.1 0 0 CC lll11l MO M 0 U dasfo H 0 0 c70y1840dewewewe H HOO i l lolmor M ohio mormoneu hod il 0 SIZE ttt t i i i 411 u oriorl lillriiiiiifamilies th figure3 4 1 0 looinmr acres i ajarojartable i H 0110 n U omi 0 fo l U IQ 0 132.00 250.75 50020500.20crcldoo family U 13200 25075 6l3 totalaj4j K 1465146.5 2700ayco E t acresi i U 1299.25 yyco 0 acremowe nocor 1141251141.25loi129925 2r4o457 3329023329.02 1968001968.00 ii nooor acres 0 U i 13 ietocf34 i u sii i rqmootoc 1 1 eiE r li iollorhtn mot 4 040414114 ca U moiw c0 03 ra AVERAGE countyC aj4j 0 13 0 t0ta r0 pliriip li icsrqr l 3 0 U detdewUOT li 113 total4 estimated omeomo i 0 1830amreamperq4j iii 0 H ua fopro totalp records p U eulseuiaeui4H u4 foco populationfoorop 0 crpcr 73 M aj4j ili l estimatedemrhario U ta ear1 average CQ figures lo 4 0 C U 0 har34 U U P 0 H en 1I ITOPITOttoneinhiP & 1 I D smesmo 1 0 r geauga H CQO U mormon6 families ln geaugh3 0 4 estimated 17 29 71 15 H rr7 i iyior164 236mrm 316mam 357 0 ua UCN ezi X e n ntvdrqi loilorini u4 44 1820 H 11theE i taxo i 0 6 r icnmm Usl1 itheoheejs ei oi 01 P 2 0 U eiE i C 13 C iii i OH 4dasm c 10 talltjll 0 0 U 0 OH H H ro i H paeaag mormon mortolamormola 1839 paele dividing1 00 00.00 aaela4 lolmorie1 H H 0 propertytaxP 1 1 population determined 0 hr183018391 1 I i oe04 U U Property H U I1 U I1 U ocrqinvoroocri SOURCEcdo 3 p & 13 faf0 wemm ampe N C year 1830fncnromrrororqro1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 dm1830amre ap size 0 U cocooococxcooococo 000coo 0 CU zonnonzocOHO H 0aoanoncon 1 i 1 lrhrlahr lr ii ir lr irmi l c31cif 1 cl13 C 03 C P Q CD

TS U k taxedX 00 4 0 ro 0 183800 i 4 tqaq t 18351838 68 r ro i U U vo 0lem106mem 174r 0163agro LO Q H r t i 1 r l numberQH rt 1835M rl 00 e families 3 He rh 0 k en P ul listolmo r c t 3 hexahema0 x taxhaxtt3tta z eiE i c CN eiE i 1 63263.2 75575.5 67267.2 48548.5 0 10 n 655 r wem MORMON 0o r M K lessmoes Q iii i 0 i 5 U ownersc Q utah3 ot c3ca rn axvx 0 u 1991 767.6 i 00 13213.2 gm aeh10310.3wer 27627.6 id KIRTLAND 66 1 1 ro 866r 414 eiE i r r- o 1838n 1 i l CM k 1 CK 00 il Q 1 1 1 property 1l 11 r &i4j 18351838I1 city 190 0 H 9 r 1 ch vo 0 u u HS1835 10191 151.5 090.9 464.6 494.9 p4pa 15am 09 wggm 49wm 2 gs 10 r 1 U 01 0 i i ommoJ 0 lakeomko0 g fc C 1 TABLE g personal0 1 g 490 0 441 za 1 z5 00 CS i l i 00 il saltmallmaat Z 20491 4.4 282.8 9.2 9.8 0 COMMUNITY 44 92 98 l i ww mm 0 0 li D 44 cs2888 929898 020 r D M CQ 0 distribution 0 mcmmcq 1 11l l U C ll 0 ili l cic i 0 3 ra 99 library1 1 r1 ro vo r rir i 11 5099I1 7.6 3.5 3.7 10310.3 gm76 mm35 pgmg37 realmocamoxa0 jaj3 66 35 ro U r Q 500 r ro ri 01 r 3 Q i omzaLANDZ ip CT 4411 U 199CTamm society countyC H rhr H iai1 r r 3 u 1001991 7.4 5.7 3.5 3.7 74gw mg57 mm35 mg37 0 0 r64 57 ro35 ropg u 100weepee0 r0i 0 r 1 ri c7ca 0

geaughgeauga3 U 0 r 1 0 en r 00oo 0 genealogical 200 000.00000.0 0 171.7 181.8 001 agwg aewm r 0 00 00 1 cs i i r 0 0 0 0 M C U U vo i oo m 00 SOURCE U r1ra year0 ro ro mehmro D 0 1835 183600 001837 lehm1838 00 C 1 0 H rir i rh r 1 r rir i 121

TABLE 2102.10

GROWTH RATE NONMORMONNON MORMON MORMON KIRTLAND 183018391830 1839 percent years non mormontimormonsimormons1 mormon

1830 1832 23623623.6 1000100.0 1832 1833 595.9 22222.2 1833 1834 494.9 20832083208.3 1834 1835 515.1 83883.8 1835 1836 353.5 55955.9 1836 1837 939.3 64264.2 1837 1838 18318318.3 iloiio11011.0 1838 1839 loo10010.0 36236.2 SOURCE geaughgeauga county real personal property owners tax list 1830 1840 genealogical society library salt lake city utah ithe number non mormon families used measurement calculated subtracting those did persist during given year total number families taxed during year thus 1833 175 families taxed minus 29 taxed families did persist equaled 144 famicami lies T e 144 families then used calculating growth rate 122

TABLE 2112.112 11 KIRTLAND LAND PRICES CURRENT dollars1830DOLLARS 1830 1839

year current dollars

1830 6546.546 5454.54 1831 5775.775 7777.77 1832 7247.247 2424.24 1833 111811.1811 18.18 1834 162116.2116 2121.21 1835 157515.7515 75.7575 1836 255925.5925 5959.59 1837 444844.4844 4848.48 1838 255925.5925 5959.59 1839 175317.5317 5353.53 SOURCE marvin hill C keith rooker larry T wimmer kirtland economy revisited market critique sectarian economics provo brigham young universtiy press 1977 p 21 123

TABLE 2122.12 NON MORMON persistence 182718391827183911827 183918391 percent year number persistence persistencenonpersistencenon

1827 13123 89589.5 10510.5 1830 18128 86086.0 14014.0 1832 14150 90790.7 939.3 1833 29173 83283.2 16816.8 1834 30167 82082.0 18018.0 1835 25169 85285.2 14814.8 1836 56194 71671.6 28428.4 1837 73199 63363.3 36736.7 1838 51200 74574.5 25525.5 1839 42205 79679.6 20420.4 SOURCE persistence data geaughgeauga county real personal property owners tax list 183018401830 1840 genealogical society salt lake city utah persistenceipersistence measure how many people left tax list during given year example 1833 83283.2 percent population remained kirtland while 16816.8 percent emmigratedimmigratedemmigratedemmigrafced 124

TABLE 2132.13 NONMORMONNON MORMON TURNOVER RATIO 1832 18391

year incomingoutgoingIncoming Outgoing ratio

1832 3914 2792.79 1833 3629 1241.24 1834 2530 0830.83 1835 2825 1121.12 1836 5156 091ogi0.91 1837 5673 0770.77 1838 7251 1411.41 1839 8942 2122.12 SOURCE turnover ratio data geaughgeauga county real personal property owners tax list 183218391832 1839 genealogical society library salt lake city utah ithe turnover ratio demonstrates number people entering area versus those leaving 125

TABLE 2142.14 NON MORMON SOCIAL MOBILITY 1827 1834 18391 percent

families years upward downward stable tax list total

182718281827 1828 22722.722 7.7 loo10010.010 0.0 67367.367673 3.3 110 1000loo100.0100 0.0 183418351834 1835 26226.226 2.2 11811.811 8.8 62062.062 0.0 137 1000100.0loo100 0.0 183518361835 1836 13813.813 8.8 484.84 8.8 81481.481 4.4 145 1000100.0loo100 0.0 1836 1837 24 1.1 106log10.610 6.6 65365.365 3.3 141 1000100.0loo100 0.0 1837 1838 21821 8.8 10510.510 5.5 67767.767 7.7 124 1000100.0loo100 0.0 1838 1839 17117.117 1.1 10310.310 3.3 72672.672 6.6 146 1000loo100.0100 0.0 SOURCE see table 2112.11 source appendix B contains tables above data based lali non cormonsmormons ranked order personal real property assessment rank ing completed divided five divisions compared subsequent year individual changed higher category considered upwards mobile changed lower category downwardly mobile change category year next considered stable 126

TABLE 2152.15 NONNONMORMONMORMON nontpersistersNON persisters WEALTH distribution 1827 1835 1839

year 1 2 3 4 5 total number

1827 777.77 7.7 30830.830 8.8 15415.415 4.4 777.77 7.7 38738.738 7.7 13 1830 11111.111 1.1 565.65 6.6 illili11111.111 1.1 27827.827 8.8 44444.444 4.4 18 1832 liilililliii 14314.314 3.3 21421.421 4.4 717.17 1.1 57157.157 1.1 14 1833 353.53 5.5 696.9gg6 9.9 10310.310 3.3 31031.031 0.0 34534.534 5.5 29 1834 10010.0loo10 0.0 676.76 7.7 23323.323 3.3 20020.020 0.0 43343.343 3.3 30 1835 808.08 0.0 56056.056 0.0 36036.036 0.0 25 1836 898.98 9.9 10710.710 7.7 igiigl16116.116 1.1 26826.826 8.8 37537.537 5.5 56 1837 828.28 2.2 828.28 2.2 21921.921 9.9 31531.531 5.5 30130.130 1.1 73 1838 898.98 9.9 595.95 9.9 17617.617 6.6 35335.335 3.3 37337.337 3.3 51 1839 717.17 1.1 717.17 1.1 26226.226226 2.2 33333.333333 3.3 26226.226 2.2 42

SOURCE wealth distribution data geaughgeauga county real personal property owners tax list 182718391827 1839 genealogical society library salt lake city utah laillaii11ll non cormonsmormons left kirtland during year specified ranked order personal real tax assessed ranking completed divided five divisions showing percentage wealth each category 1 being highest 5 being lowest 127

TABLE 2162.16

NONMORMONNON MORMON NEWCOMERS WEALTHWEALTM distribution 1835 1838 percent year 1 2 3 4 5 total number

1835 373.7 373.7 747.4 33333.3 41841.8 27 1836 818.1 202.0 10210.2 26626.6 53153.1 49 1837 333.3 676.7 13413.4 43443.4 33433.4 60 1838 636.3 898.9 18918.9 30430.4 35435.4 79 SOURCE wealth distribution data geaughgeauga county real personal property owners tax list 1835 1838 genealogical society library salt lake city utah laillaiiailali non cormonsmormons moved kirtland during year specified ranked order personal real tax assessed ranking completed divided five divisions showing percentage wealth each category 1 being highest 5 being lowest 128 TABLE 313.13 POST MIGRATION PATTERNS KIRTLAND SAINTS 183718381837 1838 locations ProbablProbableprobablelprobable1el1 PossiPossiblepossiblellpossible11blell11 where kirtland kirtland totaillltotaliiiill cormonsmormons lived saints saints saintssaints 1838 total329tofcal329Total 329 total127Total 127 total456totaltohal 456 apostates 50 15215.2 33 242.42 4.4 53 11611.6ilg 1 church 14 434.3 leaders 2 36 10910.9log members missouri 227 69069.0 97 76076.076 0.0 327 71 nauvoo 250 76076.0 65 51051.051 0.0 315 69069.0 vicinity missouri 273 83083.0 111 87087.0 384 84084.0 nauvoo illiiiliilil vicinity both Kirtkirtlandladdlaud 13 404.04 0.0 1 10loio1.01 0.0 14 303.03 0.0 1840lv18401v1840 lv utah 148 45045.045 0.0 28 22022.022 0.0 176 39039.039 0.0 plainseplainsv total indi 290 88088.088 0.0 109 86086.086 0.0 399 87587.587 5.5 visualsviduals above lists SOURCE journals diarlediaries autobiographies family group sheets iprobableimprobableprobable saints those actually identifiedidenti fiedfled livinlivinginlivinginlivinyinyin kirtikirtland binpossible saints members re either avelintrtravelingravelintravelingthroughtraveling through livilivingng near kirtland breadshreadsheads 0 f househouseholdsholds kirtlandvkirtland census 1840 vthosehose either died enroute salsaisaltsaitt lake city nebrasknebraska ioiowalowawa during mormon trek west NOTES introduction

levaievaeva L pancoast Morcormonsmormonsmons kirtland MA thesis department history western reserve university 1929 milton V backman jr heavens resound history latter day saints ohio 1830 1838 salt lake city deseret book 1983 2anyoneanyone knowledgeable field mormon history observe my thinking stimulated marvin hill C keith rooker larry wimmers work kirtland economy revisited provo utah brigham young university press 1977

130 CHAPTER I1

social origins kirtland cormonsmormons

lhistohistoryry geaughgeauga lake counties ohio evansville indiana graphicsunigraphicsUni 1973 p 248 ifor2forn extensive discussion rise mormonism new york setting see larry C porter study origins church jesus christ latter day saints states new york pennsylvania 1816 1831 phd dissertation college religious instruction brigham young university 1971 two interpretive articles new york period see leonard J arrington mormonismnmormonism new york beginnings new york history 41 october 1980 appp 387410387 410 larry C porter church new york pennsylvania 181618311816 1831 F mark mckeirnan et al ed restoration movement essays mormon history independence missouri herald publishing house 1979 appp 276127 61 3seeaseesee mark leone roots modern mormonism cambridge massachusetts harvard university press 1979 appp 10 16 klaus hansen quest empire political kingdom god council fifty mormon history lincoln university nebraska press 1967 p viii klaus hansen mormonism american experience chicago university chicago press 1981 appp 458345 83 mario de pillis ntheanthe social sources mormonism church history 37 may 1968 55 57 gordon wood evangelical america early mormonism n new york history 41 october 1980 359 386 marvin hill shaping mormon mind new england new york BYU studies 9 spring 1969 354 marvin hill ntheanthe role christian primitivism origin development mormon kingdom 1830 1844 phd dissertation department history university chicago 1968 appp 454 5 william mulder cormonsmormons american history utah historical quarterly 27 january 1959 59 77 4whitneyhifcney R cross burned district social intellectual history enthusiastic religion western new york 1800 1850 new york harper row 1950 appp 88 109 mario de pillis social sources p 79 both argued rural backgrounds distinctive trait mormon convert study finds approximately two thirds conversion locations rural areas fifty percent converts being farmers however eighty percent american work force engaged agriculture during 1830s 131 132 what does really tell us Morcormonsmormonsmons mormon converts rural areas those denominations religious historians long maintained agrarian areas breeding grounds sectarianism revivalism hence catalyst mormonism yet works paul johnson Shopkeepershopkeepersls milleniummillennium society revivals rochester new york 181518371815 1837 new york hill wang 1978 appp 15 61 paul faler cultural aspects industrial revolution lynn massachusettss shoemakers industrial morality 1826 1860 n labor history 15 summer 1974 367399367 399 point revivalism little do rural maturation agrarianism both see revivalism tool employed urban ruling elite maintain supervision insure orderly efficient working class alternatives rural thesis see mary P ryan cradle middle class family oneida county new york 179018651790 1865 london cambridge university press 1981 appp 60 104 glen C altshuler jan M saltzgaber revivalism social conscience community burned district trial rhoda bement ithaca cornell university press 1983 appp 15 77 143169143 169 5 hansen american experience appp 636863 68 hillhlll christian primitivism appp 37 79 wood evangelical america appp 375384375 384 6lawerencelawerence foster religion sexuality threthree american communal experiments nineteenth century newnexnew york oxford university press 1981 appp 10 14 12123180.123180180318 i foster between heaven ehrearth9th sunstone 7 julyjuly august 1982 7 13 7crossacrossross burned district appp 31093 109 138 150 ade8dee pillis social sources appp 61 72 works attempt tie birth mormonism frontier thesis see dean C mcbrien influence frontier joseph smith phd dissertation department history george washington university 1929 milton R hunter cormonsmormons american frontier salt lake city LDS department education 1940 alexander evanhoff turner thesis mormon beginnings new york utah n utah historical quarterly 33 spring 1965 157 173 ade9deQ de pillis expands concept religious authority work quest religious authority rise mormonism dialogue fall 1966 688868 88 lomarvinlo marvin hill rise mormonism burned district another view new york history 41 october 1980 426 133 ilillawrenceallawrencelawrence yorgason demographic aspects hundred early mormon converts 183018371830 18371837r thesis department history brigham young university 1974 attempted analysis admittedly information limited questionable representative 8000 converts located ah0hohioio n missouriss ourouni i following table demonstrated large amount kirtland saints born new york new england seventy eight percent total provided impetus using area examining pre conversion migration however should noted thatthechurchchurch bembemembemem rsrsatarsat jcijrtlandi andmayanamaynaymay nott berebeneberepresentarepresentativepresentazivetiyediye entire church membershipbembmemb ership during time

birthplaces OP KIRTLAND SAINTS

C ftyateaty mj percentpelpeircenfc state mamalemaie1eae female combined total

new york 264 156 108 31831.8 massachusetts 126 82 44 15115.1 vermont 102 64 44 12312.3 78 new hampshire 66 37 29 808.0 connecticut 66 37 29 808.0 new maine 24 13 11 292.9 england canada 42 23 19 505.0 new ohio 33 18 15 404.0 york pennsylvania 33 15 18 404.0 england 19 6 13 232.3 others 55 36 22idlidi 666.6gg totals 830 487 343 1000100.0 SOURCE biographies autobiographies family group sheets

12the majority biographical data available genealogical library church historical department church jesus christ latter day saints family group sheet kept church contains data each family member birth marriage death records contained various diaries journals family histories 134

migration study four hundred twenty L these group sheets found kirtland membership group hundred ninety 22 percent 836 members reconstituted based nativity data first childs being either new york new england area 13walter131 0 walterwaiter nugent structures american social history bloomington indiana university press 1981 p 70 writing land rush vermont draws conclusion 1810 thirty years first mass waves settlers sons daughters much same position emigrants massachusetts generation before choices stay family farm probably subdividing where resources easily extend same level themselves third generation find new land new frontier again new land 50 100 miles away new york easily reachable timbered well watered less remote usually fertile vermont land prices rose vermont outmigrationoutt migration began even migration still going 14dwDW meinig geography expansion 178518551785 1855 geography new york state john henry thompson ed new york syracuse university press 1977 p 145 15meinig15meinig expansion p 144 161bidibid 17andrew17 andrew W young history Chautchautauquachautauguaaugua county new york first settlement present time new york matthews warner 1875 appp 446 535 joei18joeljoel hills johnson journal sketch life joel hills johnson TS special collections harold B lee library brigham young university hereafter cited special collections appp 1 3 land records pomfret township note ezekial joel original purchasers 1824 1825 respectively 191bidibid p 3 20meinig20 meinig p 144 kirtland membership records show sixty percent converts shared common surname further work kinship ties relating migration conversion position within mormon 135

church hierarchy see D michael quinn organizational social origins mormon hierarchy 183219321832 1932 prosopographical study MA thesis department history university utah 1973 2lluman21luman andros shurtliff journal luman shurtliff TS special collections appp 1 12 22de pillis social sources n p 78 iccifc possible historians often draw conclusionittift since joseph smith transient bulk Morcormonsmormonsmons however smith father made significant amount moves smith 7 14 father 24yorgason24yorgason hundred converts appp 282928 29 argued since parents these converts migrated often children parental migration should taken account part converts migratory experience thus demonstrated average two moves per convert 190 reconstituted families 59 31 percent them trace parental migrations using pearson correlation coefficient association between parental moves convert children negligible 077077.077 0505.05 level significance neither does seer1seerseera correlation between number moves changes religious affiliation seventy eight percent converts eighty percent parents moved did change religions converts parents did change religions seventeen percent sons did likewise based upon these measurements difficult label children transients 25the child step ladder method introduced barnes lathrop study migration east texas austin texas state historical association 1949 study persistence measured based upon length time pre mormon convert stayed within geographical area county mothers birth interval child born kirtland 26newfe nevnew york census records 1800 revealed 100000 inhabitants west old colonial region besides 10000 champlain area 1810 these totals increased 300000 50000 1820 700000 regions revolution 1820 just matter filling overall pattern already established 27hillhill burned district p 420 while ultimate causes conversion supernatural experiences beyond scope social history 136 understanding social processes conversion does say supernatural ideological influences involved certainly those believe omnipotent god must believe work through social processes environmental influences appear natural detached social scientist historian see david 0 moberg church social institution englewood cliffs NJ prentice hall 1962 appp 421444421 444 28ibidibid 29woodwood evangelical america appp 361 365 foster between heaven earth p 7 ryan cradle appp 7177 17 johnson milleniummillennium appp 9511595 115 30ryanryan cradle appp 545954 59 102 3libidibid appp 565956 59 72 trend seen large numbers 32 percent momormonrmon conconvertst worked different occupation fathers notice twenty three percent fewer sons employed farms excellent work deals effect ofofthe industrial revolution occupational social mobility see franklin F mendels social mobility phases industrialization journal interdisciplinary history 7 autumn 1976 193216193 216 137 CONVERTS FATHERS occupations

father convert occupationoccueoccup atlon number percentperc ent number percentperc ent

farmerr 38 80980.980 9.9 43 58 millemiller r 5 10610.6log10 6.6 6 8 1.1 shoemaker 2 434.34 3.3 1 121.21 2.2 sailor 1 212.12 1.1 0 000.00oo 0.0 i JL1 212.1 24 32532.5 totals 47 1000100.0loo100 0.0 74 1000loo100.0100 0.0

SOURCE see table 3 ithesethese occupations include teacher hatter tanner carpenter lawyer clerk thomsonian doctor doctor merchant minister

32see3 see george rogers taylor transportation revolution new york rinehart 1951 appp 207228207 228 33ryanryan cradle appp 565756 57 64 34william34william mcloughlin revivals awakeningsAwaken ings reform chicago university chicago press 1978 appp 1 23 foster between heaven earth appp 898 9 hansen american Experiencexperienceexperiencedexperienceyey appp 464746 47 35mcloughlin35mcloughlin revivals p 10 36anthony36 anthony FC wallace revitalization movements american anthropologist 58 1956 266 267 wailace37wallace37 wallace revitalization movements p 267 mcloughlin revivals appp 122012 20 wailace38wallace38wallace revitalizationnrevitalization movements n p 269 39mcloughlin39mcloughlin revivals p 12 wailace40wallace40 wallace nrevitalizationrevitalizafcion movements appp 269270269 270 41woodwood evangelical america appp 363367363 367 138 421bibidid appp 361364361 364 43 43mcloughlinmcloughlin revivals p 21 donald G matthews second great awakening organizing process 178018301780 1830 hypothesis american quartellquarterlQuarquarterlyterlteri 21 spring 1969 p 27 argues second great awakening revivalism little do religious issues rather organizing process helped give meaning direction people suffering various degrees social strains nation move new political economic geographical areas two recent works using thesis johnsons shopkeepers milleniummillennium especiallyexpecially chapter five ryans cradle middle class p 1951 95 see faler cultural aspects industrial revolution p 370 44wallace44wallacewailace revitalization movements appp 267268267 268 mcloughlin revivals p 14 wailace45wallace45wallace revitalization movements appp 270275270 275 46mcloughlin46 mcloughlin revivals appp 16 23 47 47hansenhansen american experienceexperiencer appp 141 4 donna hill joseph smith first mormon new york doubleday 1977 appp 155015 50 hill christian primitivism appp 37 51 48nkirtlandkirtland letter book church historians office hereafter cited CHO 1835 1839 appp 1 3 491bid491bidibid appp 232 3 50joseph50 joseph smith history church jesus christ latter day saints ed BH roberts 7 volumes salt lake city deseret book 1978 1 111211 12 5libidibid appp 111311 13 kiaus52klausklaus hansen quest appp xii xv 3233 23 hill christain primitivism especially chapter 2 hill shaping mormon mind appp 351372351 372 hansen american experience appp 51 52 warren jennings city garden social conflict jackson county missouri F mark mckiernan et al restoration movement essays mormon history independence missouri herald publishing house 1979 appp 99 119 530f fifty eight conversion accounts found nineteen thirty two percent recorded various tension forming criscriseses considercohsiderlfiging hd many 139 accountaccounts written years conversion experience significant these crises recorded 54mcloughlin54 mcloughlin revivals p 12 joei55joeljoel hills johnson journal p 1 561bidibid p 2 571bid571bidibid appp 2 3 58ibidibid 59ibid591bid p 3 601bidibid 61ibid611bid p 4 621bidibid p 5 63ibid631bid 64ibid641bid 651bidibid 66ibid661bid appp 5 7 67according67 according Chautchautauquachautauguaaugua county census 1840 commerce manufaturingmanufacturing made fifty three percent labor force pomfret area furthermore apporximately seventy five percent less homespun cloth produced 1845 1825 see taylor transportation revolution appp 211220211 220 68newnew york state census 1825 140 69see table below

SOCIAL MOBILITY POMFRET AREA 1825 1835

mobility number percent

upward 38 70470.4 downward 8 14814.8 change 8 14814.8 totals 54 1000100.0 SOURCE new york state census Chautchautauquachautauguaaugua county 1825 1835

joei70joeljoel hills johnson journal appp 2 3

WEALTH distribution POMFRET 1825 acres land

wealth distribution number percent

0 93 17217.2 1 9 155 28528.5 101910 19 103 190igo19.0 204920 49 147 27127.1 509950 99 35 656.5 100199100 199 9 161.6lgig 200 0 000.0oo totals 542 99999.9 SOURCE new york state census chautauquachautauguaChaut augua county 1825 141 7lbenjaminbenjamin F johnson my lifes review independence missouri zions printing publishing appp 8 10 joel hills johnson journal p 2 72benjamin72 benjamin johnson life review p 8 tat3 731bid731bidibid p 12 benjamin recalls previous mormon missionaries arrival pomfret ezekial working village fredonia northeast section pomfret carpenter undoubtedly leaving julia children handle fifty five acre farm 741bid741bidibid appp 14 15 751biibidd appp 13 15 prior ezekialsezekielsEzekia leaving agaiagalagainstns t wisheswi shesashes julia lsolder chilchiichildrendrenveredregrenverenvere baptized mormon church 761bidibid p 20 benjamin writes mother left hearing ezekial undoubtedly appeared deserted eventually ezekial moved kirtland lived separate family continued unbelief opposition truth temperenceintemperenceintemperance 771bidibid p 8 disharmony home benjamin sadly writes yet fiend unhappiness entered our home break bonds union between our parents destroy happiness children looking back my childhood almost seemed I1 born child sorrow my love both my parents troubles unhappiness my heart almost seem burst sorrow grief feeling always seemed me wish I1 died my birth I1 never born 78benjamin78 benjamin brown testimonies truth TS special collections appp 2 4 791bid791bidibid p 7 8oibidibid appp 787 8 8libidibid p 8 821bidibid p 8 9 831bid831bidibid p 9 13 142 pa 84joseph84 joseph bates noble journal joseph bates noble TS church archives appp 343 4 851bidibid p 1 861bidibid appp 131 3 871bidibid appp 3 4 po 88mormonscormonsmormons post millenialistsmillenialists believed imminent return jesus christ concept mormon kingdom building thoroughly discussed klaus hansens quest empire lincoln nebraska university nebraska press 1967 89sylvester89 sylvester J matthews antiquarian auburn new york tabloid dated january 18 1902 90henryQA henry hall history auburn auburn new york 1869 appp 12022120 22 richard F palmer karl D butler Bricfbrighamham young new york years midvale utah signature books appp 11 40 9lbrighambrigham young history brigham young presented serially latter day saints millenialmillennialMil lenial star 132 volumes manchester liverpool latter day saint book depot 1840 1870 25 423 921bidibid 931bidibid 25 424 lunan94lumanluman shurtliff journal p 8 951bidibid appp 7 12 961bidibid p 11 971bidibid 981bidibid p 12 991bidibid 100ibidloo100 ibid p 13 lolibidloliol ibid appp 131413 14 1021bid1021 bid appp 172517 25 1030ff surnames 418 691 60460460.4 percent shared two heads households 143 104seven10 seventyicylcy percent converts moved less times similarly seventy eight percent did change religious affiliation prior conversion mormonism 105for contrasting work Morcormonsmormonsmons reasons conversionF see malcolm R thorp religious backgrounds mormon converts britain 183718521837 1852 u journal mormon history 4 1977 596559 65 106these106log these fifty eight journals mormon heads household represent fourteen percent mormon heads household 58 415 107forq11oeJ recent study effects status inconsistency religious commitment demonstrates high correlation between sect like religiosity lower social status person see sasaki status inconsistency religious commitment robert wuthenow ed religious dimension new directions quantitative research new york academics 1979 appp 152154152 154 wayne meeks recent social history early christians argues status inconsistent person perhaps likely join early christian sects see wayne meeks first urban christians social world apostle paul new haven yale university press 1983 p 55 NJ demerath III111 work social class american protestantismlii chicago rand mcnally 1965 p 137 sect like religiosity makes distinction between those join established churches religious sects church type religious experience valuable reinforcement secular values sect type religion important alternative orientation CHAPTER II11

impact mormon migrationimmigrationemmigrationEm kirtland ohio 183018391830 1839

lunitedlunstedunited states bureau census 5th5fchath census united states 1830 population washington DC duff greene 1832 appp 118 143 kirtland township 1018 citizens compared clevelandsclevelandsrClevelands 1074 ifor2forfoc detailed analysis cormonsmormonsMor mons impact kirtland see marvin hill C keith rooker larry T wimmer kirtland economy revisited market crlCricritiquetiquetigue sectarian economics provo utah brigham young university press 1977 united states bureau census ath6th census united states 1840 population washington DC blair rives 1841 appp 289 344 kirtlandsKirtlands 1830s population 1018 compared 1840 population 1778 41f cormonsmormons stayed kirtland experienced least 317 percent growth population gainesville5painesvillePainespainesvilleville telegraph 7 february 1834 ifor6for good general history western reserve see harlan catchershatchersHatchers western reserve story new connecticut ohio cleveland world publishing 1967 71bidbid p 14 acharles8charlescharlescharies whittlesey early history cleveland ohio cleveland fairbanks benedict 1867 p 213 avirginia9virginiaQ virginia billings kirtland nd exhibit billings collection MSS lake county historical society loibidibid lilichristopherchristopher gore crary quoted william brothers history lake geaughgeaugageauqa counties ohio philadelphia JB lippencott 1878 p 246 121bidibid additional work settlement kirtland see ann Prusprushasgrushasprushalshalshars history kirtland

144 145 ohio MA thesis department history kent state university 1971 appp 1641 64 13richard13 richard henrie morley life contributions isaac morley MA thesis college religious instruction brigham young university 1965 appp 161 6 14united14 united states bureau census ath4th census united states 1820 modulationpopulationpodulation washington DC duff greene 1822 appp 120 161 151bidibid 16kirtland16 kirtland township record 181718381817 1838 11 17clarence17 clarenceciarence H danhoff change agriculture northern united states 182018701820 1870 cambridge massachusetts harvard university press 1969 p 3 18percvpercy W bidwell john I1 falconer history aoricultureaqricultureaquiculture northern united states 160igo1670167.0 186018150 washington DC carnegie institution washington 1925 appp 37 115 recent work sizes ohio farms see lee soltow inequality amidst abundance land ownership early nineteenth century ohio ohio history 82 spring 1979 133133151151 geaugh19geaugageauga county ohio land records 1826 genealogical society library salt lake city utah 20danhoff20 danhoff p 114 danhoff provides good sketch what small farm looked like northern united states during early nineteenth century alfor2lfor excellent description crops planted kirtland see robert L layton kirtland perspective time place BYU studies 11 summer 1971 432 434 geaughgeauga county ohio personal property tax records 1826 genealogical society library salt lake city utah 23francis239 francis P weisenburger passing frontier vol 3 history ohio carl wittke ed columbus ohio ohio state archeologicalArchearchaeologicalological historical society 1941 p 71 24danhoff24 danhoff agriculture p 31 25brothers25 brothers history p 247 n 26danhoff26C danhoff agriculture appp 293029 30 146 27tbidibid 7 ft 28newelnewel K whitney account book assmss reorganized church jesus christ latter day saints archives independence missouri 29 29mslxmax H parkin kirtlandnkirtland stronghold kingdom n restoration movement essays mormon historyhisioryhistory F mark mckiernan ed independence missouri herald house 1979 p 66 30prusha30 prusha history kirtland appp 485048 50 31 christopher G crary kirtland pioneer personal reminiscences Marshallmarshalltowntown iowa Marshallmarshalltownmarshallfcowntown printing col 1893 p 20 additional work focusing congregational church kirtland see mary B sims oidoldnoldnoid south congregational church n lake county historical society quarterly 2 summer 1960 131 3 323 max parkin nature causes internal external conflict cormonsmormons ohio between 1830 1838 n MA thesis college religious instruction brigham young university 1966 dloplo 101310 13 331bidibid appp 131413 14 34a hayden early history disciples western reserve ohio cincinnati 1876 appp 445344 53 35 kirtland phase mormonism subject several secondary works early study period given eva L pancoast Morcormonsmormonsmons kirtland thesis department Histhistoryorv western reserve university 1929 growth mormon church kirtland ohio phd dissertation department history indiana university 1957 robert kent fielding provides major study economic situation kirtland during mormon occupation excellent critique fieldings approach well findings see marvin hill footnote 2 max H parkin work nature cause internal external conflict cormonsmormons ohio between 1830 1838 MA thesis college religious instruction brigham young university 1966 discusses several reasons why cormonsmormons persecuted geaughgeauga county parkin written important interpretive essay kirtland stronghold kingdom F mark mckiernan alma R blair paul edwards eds restoration movement essays mormon history lawrence kansas coronado press 1973 appp 639863 98 D michael quinn written excellent re synthesis 147 kirtland experience article echoes fore shadowings distinctiveness mormon community sunstone 3 march april 1978 121712 17 361361osephjosephoseph smith jr doctrine covenants church jesus christ latter day saints salt lake city church jesus christ latter day saints 1981 288 305 3213321 3 henceforth cited dacd&c richard lloyd anderson impact first preaching ohio BYU studies 11 summer 1971 476496476 496 37doctrinal37 doctrinal history church 11201251120 125 dacd&c sections 35 36 381bidibid p 128 see dacd&c sections 35 36 dac39d&cd&c 3822 40for brief description mormon grationimgrationim ohio new yorkfyorkayork see larry porters church new york pennsylvania appp 50 54 41 religion sexuality lawrence foster discusses compares both social religious views oneida perfection shakers Morcormonsmormonsmons 42for excellent article exexploresdioresDlores smiths increasing authority well reaction both members non members see marvin hill cultural crisis mormon kingdom reconsideration kirtland dissent church history 49 september 1980 286 297 43njournaljournal newell knight 24 november 1835 historical department church salt lake city day joseph smith performed wedding knight recorded joseph said performed marrianemarriaqemarriage authority holy priesthood gentile law power call me account marriage records geaughgeauga county recorded smiths name least 18 marriage licenses during stay kirtlandkirfcland 44nletterletter benjamin F johnson george gibbs 1903 n special collections BYU see danel W bachman new light old hypothesis ohio origin revelation eternaieternal marriage journal mormon historbistorhistoryy 5 1978 19 32 45parkin45 parkin kirtlandkirfcland stronghold tche kingdomKing domn p 89 46in461n kirtland Dissendissenttn appp 296 297 hill concludes infallible authority smiths 148 led t0 o disillusionment both church members kirtland community 47maxmax H parkin mormon political involvement ohio BYU studies 9 summer 1969 485487485 487 48kirtland48 kirtland township record 1129 gainesville49painesvillePainespainesvilleville telegraph 20 february 1835 gainesville50painesvillePainespainesvilleville telegraph 24 november 1836 19 november 1840 results elections

geaughgeauga kirtland county ohio

1836 van buren 396 1487 96948 harrison 116 3274 106405 1840 lake county van buren 103 653 124870 harrison 191 1887 148141

gainesville5lpainesvillePainespainesvillevillevilie telegraph 17 april 1835 disgruntled kirtland citizen recorded opinion kirtlandsKirt lands political battles Morcormonsmormonsmons now people township governed pretended revelations joe smith think comprehend designs these religious impostersimpostorsimposfcersimposters object acquire political power fast without regard means made use ready harness parties willing degrade themselves asking assistance now carry nearly majority township every man votes directed prophet elders previous recent township elections here generally understoondunder stoond cormonsmormons Jacksonjacksoniansians agreed share SpoilspoilsspolisSn equally consequence citizens thought useless attend polls brought entire mormon ticket calculated smuggle independent democrats under 149 orders prophet caused citizens rally make effort small majority saved township being governed revelation year come 52thesethese sentiments appear widespread citizen jackson county missouri recorded requires gift prophecy tell day far distant civil government courts hands sheriff justices court judges cormonsMormormonsmons statement robert johnson chairman mob committee see doctrinal history church 1397 C 3 53mormonscormonsMormormonsnonsmons gained important town offices during election including office trustee town clerk treasurer school examiner fence viewer see appendix iliIII111 names those held offices during time period 54kirtland54 kirtland township record 176 see appendix IV list latter day saints warned gainesville55dainesvillePainespainesvilleville telegraph 7 february 1834 56mormon56C mormon poverty while condoned reasonably explained previously noted cormonsmormons migrated ohio expected endowment power deity june 1 1833 revelation given joseph smith told church members endowment received temple built kirtland almost next three years cormonsmormons come kirtland spent much time monetary resources building unlike many non mormon settlers upon arriving kirtland set build comfortable home start planting managing farms works mormon temple kirtland see clarence field history kirtland temple MA thesis college religious instruction brigham young university 1963 lauritz G peterson kirtland temple BYU studies 12 summer 1978 400 409 57caroline57 caroline barnes crosby caroline barnes crosbysCros bys autobiography church archives salt lake city c 58thep latter day saints messenger advocate july 1836 15015 0 59 ohlohio40 observer 11 august 1836 60messenger060 messenger advocate december 1836 6lwilliswillis thornton gentile saint kirtland n ohio state Archearcheoloqicalarcheologicalarchaeologicalological historical quarterlyOuarteriverly 63 january 1954 10 see milton V backman quest restoration birth mormonism ohio n BYU studies 12 summer 1972 356 364 gainesville62painesvillePainespainesvillevillevilie telegraph 18 january 1831 thornt63thornton63 ThornfThorntontoncon gentile saint p 10 davis bitton kirtland center missionary activity 183018381830 1838 BYU studies 11 summer 1971 497516497 516 64messenger64 messenger advocate july 1836 65by6 1836 cormonsmormons seven mercantile firms compared two non mormon firms kirtland light indestindustindustryrv kirtland mormon owned including tannery brick kiln ashery these light industries busily engaged producing necessary materials building temple heavy industry sawmill grist mill carding factory owned non Morcormonsmormonsmons description kirtland industry see marvin hills kirtland economy revisited p 13 66as previously discussed table 292.9 demonstrates few cormonsmormons adequate farm land made them extremely vulnerable both fluctuating market prices starvation measures employed antogonistsantagonistsantogonisfcs information average sized farm united states well ohio see footnote 18 67wilford67 wilford woodruff wilford woodruff journal 6 april 1837 church archives salt lake city dean C jessee kirtland diary wilford woodruff BYU studies 12 summer 1972 365399365 399 further exhibited optimism kirtlandsKirtlands future wrote joseph presented us degree plot city kirtland stronghold daughter zion given him vision great marvelous glorious city extended east west north south steam boats come puffing city our goods conveyed upon railroads kirtland many places probably zion houses worship reared unto high beautiful streets sic made saints walk kings earth come behold 151 glory thereof many glorious things now named bestowed upon saints 68marvin68 marvin hill kirtland economy revisited appp 414841 48 scott H partridge failure kirtland safety society BYU studies 12 summer 1972 43741 7 454 69hills69 hills work kirtland economy showed rising land prices linearly related increasing mormon population fact 1837 land values see tables 212.1 242.4 five times amount 1832 double 1836 price level see hill kirtland economy revisited appp 172417 24 70rather70 rather contend cormonsmormons responsible increasing non mormon exodus kirtland factors westward expansion panic 1837 should cited possible factors decreasing persistence alan7lan exception group wealthy congregationalists moved boonesvilleboonesvillerBoones villevilieviller indiana perceived cormonsmormons breaking society kirtland information group see mary B sims old south congregational church n p 21 72yearsyears 1834 1838 years where land prices dropped wealthiest 40 percent remained relatively unaffected see table 215r2152.15 while poorest two quintiles began sell land leave instance years 183418351834 1835 saw increase persistence see table 2122.12 upward mobility see table 2142.14 decrease land prices while persistence increased overall see table 2122.12 those did persist 92 percent lowest two quintiles see table 2152.15 731n 1840 part geaughgeauga county part cuyahogaCuya hoga county merged form new lake county growth rate combined counties 116 percent 152 74see74 see table below

population town 1830 1840 growth rate kirtland 1018 1778 74774774.7 Painespainesvillegainesvilleville 1499 2580 72072072.0 madison 1898 2800 47547547.5 perry 1148 1339 16616.6 SOURCE see footnotes 1 3 CHAPTER liiIII111

mormon exodus kirtland aftermath

ifor extensive work conflict arising kirtland see max parkin study nature external internal conflict cormonsmormons ohio between 1830 1838 2seeaseesee milton V backman heavens resound history latter davday saints ohio 1830 1838 salt lake city deseret book 1983 327327329329 parkins conflict kirtland appp 279 328 ifor3fori events leading aposapostasytaSyn see backman heavens resound appp 327341327 341 parkins nkirtlandkirfcland stronghold kingdom appp 809380 93 parkins conflict kirtland devoted ttofcotco extensive discussion tche specific reasons resulting dissension within tche mormon ranks see marvin hills culturalcultCulfturalturaicural crisis tche mormon kingdom appp 286 297 work tche apprehension cormonsmormons smiths increasing ecclesiastical political power ajohn4johnjohn whitmer history john whitmer saltsait lake citycitty modern microfilm nd p 21 charles woodward first half century mormonism new york public library p 195 5geaugageaughGegeaugaauga county ohio land records 1837 genealogical department saltsait lake citycitty utah smithsmitthsmitch accused taking advantage incoming cormonsmormons charging exorbitant prices real estate alternative explanations smiths land speculations see hill rooker wimmer kirtland economy revisited appp 16 24 parkins conflict aftatt kirtland n p 312 7hebergheberheber C kimball tche journal discourses 4108 harkinsparkins conflict aftatt kirtland appp 313 318 bibid9ibid91bid loibidibid p 325 william E berrett restored church 14th14fch ed saltsait lake city Deseredeseretfc book 1969 132 asserted tchan fifty percentpercenfc tche mormon membership became dissaffecteddissdissaffecfcedaffected lillmessenqerlimessengerMessenger advocate 3 july 1837 537 538 153 154 hlll12hillhill cultural crisis appp 296297296 297 13manuscript13 manuscript history great lakes mission ohio january 17 1838 church archives autobiography caroline barnes crosby 1838 church archives gainesville14painesvillePainespainesvilleville telegraph may 31 1838 autobiography zera pulsipher brigham young university appp 9109 10 15autobiography15autobiography luman andros shurtliff brigham young university appp 303130 31 hezibahhezikah richards friends march 23 1838 richards family papers church archives wliilam16william16william F cahoon cited stella cahoon shurtliff brent farrington cahoon reynolds cahoon stalwart sons city publisher given 1960 p 18 george smith mormon apostle estimated loss million dollars journal discourses 13 107 17see17 see chapter two table 212.1 18joseph18 joseph smith doctrinal history church 3 334545 191bidibid 439 201bidibid times seasons vol 129 21journal21 journal history church march 9 1840 compilation scrapbook form found church archives church jesus christ latter day saints salt lake city utah 221bidibid april 27 1840 23almonalmonaimon whiting babbitt born berkshire county massachusetts october 12 1812 immediately baptism called serve mision new york served another mission new york well indiana pennsylvania canada work church leader often caused contention called before high council breaking word wisdom traducing character joseph smith teaching false doctrine later two occasions kainesvilleKainesgainesvilleville iowa disfellowshipdisfellowshippedped once disagreeing apostles another time giving liquor people finally excommunicated 1854 utah served territorial legislature babbitt killed 1856 defending federal government supply train indian attack additional work babbitts role kirtland aftermath see davis bitton waning mormon 155 kirtland BYU studies 12 summer 1972 455464455 464 see jay D ridd almon whiting babbitt mormon emissary thesis department history university utah 1953 24njournal history july 22 1840 251bidibid 26forafi9fi similar argument see robert bruce flanders nauvoo kingdom mississippi urbana university illinois press 1965 p 251 27joseph27 joseph smith doctrinal history church 5 302 303 281bidibid 4 443443444444 see artel ricks hyrumshyrams prophecy improvement era 57 may 1956 3057305 7 340 42 291bidibid 4 476 30journal30njournal30 Journal history october 30 1842 31timestimes seasons 16263162 63

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mark R grandstaff department history MA degree april 1984

ABSTRACT early decades nineteenth century era cultural change disorientation many turned revivals displace insecure emotionalism insure themselves place emerging society others cormonsmormons sought encompassing plan dispel confusion restore order decadent society search led cormonsmormons follow prophet kirtland ohio once kirtland various sociological conflicts developed affected how citizens kirtland perceive mormon neighbors tantamount these conflicts rapidly increasing mormon population triggered corresponding rise land costs thus affected kirtlandsKirt lands social structure study found during apostasy 1837 few leadership disaffiliated finally shown kirtlandsKirt lands lack population growth 1840 similar declines experienced areas western reserve e- COMMITTEE APPROVAL i ft C lyyjl robert C kenzer committee hairmanchairman

keith W perkins committee member

lanier R britsch graduate coordinator