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FULL REPORT 2019 Air-Pollution Published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), January 2019 Copyright © UNEP, 2019 ISBN: 978-92-807-3725-7 Printed and bound in Bangkok, Thailand, 2019 Reproduction This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The United Nations Environment Programme would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, DCPI, UNEP, P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. Mention of a commercial company or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by the United Nations Environment Programme. The use of information from this publication concerning proprietary products for publicity or advertising is not permitted. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Environment Programme. We regret any errors or omissions that may have been unwittingly made. Suggested citation: UNEP (2019). Air Pollution in Asia and the Pacific: Science-based Solutions This publication is co-funded by Asia Pacific Clean Air Partnership and Climate and Clean Air Coalition to provide actionable clean air solutions for countries in Asia and the Pacific. UNEP promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. This publication is printed on chlorine free, 100% green eco-fibre including recycle fibre and using vegetable based inks and other eco-friendly practices. Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP’s carbon footprint. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Development Team Co-chairs: Yun-Chul Hong (Seoul National University, Republic of Korea) from 2017-2018; Jiming Hao (Tsinghua University, China); Frank Murray (Murdoch University, Australia); and Kalpana Balakrishnan (WHO Collaborating Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Sri Ramachandra University, India) from 2015-2016. Authors: Chapter 1: Why decisive action is needed to combat air pollution in Asia and the Pacific Coordinating lead authors: Yun-Chul Hong (Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea) and Kevin Hicks (Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom). 1.2 Air quality and health in Asia and the Pacific Lead authors: Kalpana Balakrishnan (World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India); and Ajay Pillarisetti (University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, United States of America). Contributing authors: Ken Yamashita (Asia Center for Air Pollution Research, Niigata-shi, Japan) and Khalid Yusoff (UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia). 1.3 Air quality and climate Lead authors: Arnico Panday (International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Palan, Nepal); Maheswar Rupakheti (Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany); Kathleen Mar (Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany); and Katsumasa Tanaka (National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan). Contributing authors: Chaman Gul (International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Palan, Nepal) and Toshihiko Takemura (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan). 1.4 Air quality, agriculture and ecosystems Lead authors: Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh (Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand); Sase Hiroyuki (Asia Center for Air Pollution Research, Niigata-shi, Japan); and Kevin Hicks (Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom). Contributing authors: Madhoolika Agrawal (Benares Hindu University, Varanasi, India); Allison Steiner (University of Michigan Energy Institute, Ann Arbor, United States of America); Lisa Emberson (Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom); Didin Agustian Permadi (Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand); Duan Lei (Tsinghua University, Beijing, China); and Feng Zhaozhong (Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China). 1.5 Socio-economic development pathways, air quality and Sustainable Development Goals in the Asia and the Pacific Lead authors: Yeora Chae (Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, Republic of Korea); Young Sunwoo (Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea); and Dang Espita (Clean Air Asia, Pasig City, Philippines). Contributing authors: Gregory Carmichael (University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America); Hocheol Jeon (Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, Republic of Korea); Miak Aw Hui Min (Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, Singapore); and Everlyn Tamayo (Clean Air Asia, Pasig City, Philippines). AIR POLLUTION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC: SCIENCE-BASED SOLUTIONS i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Chapter 2: Scenarios and Solutions Coordinating lead authors: Markus Amann (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria) and Hao Jiming (Tsinghua University, Beijing, China). Contributing authors: Jens Borken-Kleefeld, Janusz Cofala, Adriana Gomez-Sanabria, Chris Heyes, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Gregor Kiesewetter, Zbigniew Klimont, Binh Nguyen, Pallav Purohit, Peter Rafaj, Robert Sander, Fabian Wagner, Wolfgang Schöpp (all International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria); Chris Malley, Johan Kuylenstierna (both Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom); Wang Shuxiao and Ye Wu (both Tsinghua University, Beijing, China); Drew Shindell and Karl Seltzer (both Duke University, Durham, United States of America); and Nathan Borgford-Parnell (Climate and Clean Air Coalition, Paris, France). Chapter 3: Closing the Implementation Gap: Bringing Clean Air to the Region Coordinating lead authors: Eric Zusman (Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Kanagawa, Japan); Frank Murray (Murdoch University, Perth, Australia); Ibrahim Rehman and Sumit Sharma (both The Energy Resources Institute, New Delhi, India); and Kaye Patdu (UN Environment, Bangkok, Thailand). Lead authors: Hu Tao (World Wide Fund for Nature and Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China); Kathleen Mar (Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany); Wanxin Li (City University Hong Kong); Dang Espita, Kathleen Dematera and Alan Silayan (all Clean Air Asia, Pasig City, Philippines); Nathan Borgford Parnell (Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development, Washington, D.C., United States of America); Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh and Didin Permadi Augustian (both Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand; and Bulganmurun Tsevegjav (Global Green Growth Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea). Contributing authors: Susan Annenberg (George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America); Eri Saikawa (Emory University, Atlanta, United States of America); Ray Minjares (International Council on Clean Transportation, Washington, D.C., United States of America); Bert Fabian (UN Environment, Nairobi, Kenya); Matthew Hengesbaugh, Premakumara Jagath Dickella Gamaralalage, Ran Yagasa, Yasuhiko Hotta, Chen Liu, So-Young Lee, Xinling Feng, Kazunobu Onogawa, Yoshiaki Totoki, Mark Elder, Xianbing Liu, Ngoc-Bao Pham and Kaoru Akahoshi (all Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Kanagawa, Japan); Bidya Banmali Pradhan (International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Patan, Nepal); Suyesh Prajapati (MinErgy, Patan, Nepal); Mahendra Chitrakar and Shyam Maharjan (both Federation of Nepalese Brick Industry, Kathmandu, Nepal; Mohammad Arif (Sharda University, New Delhi, India), Seema Patel and Stevie Valdez (both Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, Washington, D.C., United States of America); Rajendra Shende (TERRE Policy Centre, Pune, India); Mao Xianqiang and Xing Youkai (both Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Fu Lu and Wei Wan (both Clean Air Asia, Pasig City, Philippines); Takuro Kobashi (Renewable Energy Institute, Tokyo, Japan); Kessinee Unapumnuk (Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand); Yulia Yamineva (University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland); Charlotte Unger (Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany); Pam Pearson and Alex Gittelson (both International Cryosphere Climate Initiative, Paulet, USA; Markus Amann and Zbigniew Klimont (both International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria); and J.S. Kamyotra (Former Secretary, Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi, India). Technical reviewers: Banalata Sen (Public Health Foundation of India); Eri Saikawa (Emory University); Neal Fann (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency); Ho Kim (Seoul National
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