DOCSLIB.ORG

Monitoring Particulate Matter in India: Recent Trends and Future Outlook

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Monitoring Particulate Matter in India: Recent Trends and Future Outlook Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-018-0629-6 Monitoring particulate matter in India: recent trends and future outlook Pallavi Pant 1 & RajM.Lal2 & Sarath K. Guttikunda3,4 & Armistead G. Russell2 & Ajay S. Nagpure5 & Anu Ramaswami5 & Richard E. Peltier1 Received: 25 May 2018 /Accepted: 28 September 2018 # Springer Nature B.V. 2018 Abstract Air quality remains a significant environmental health challenge in India, and large sections of the population live in areas with poor ambient air quality. This article presents a summary of the regulatory monitoring landscape in India, and includes a discussion on measurement methods and other available government data on air pollution. Coarse particulate matter (PM10) concentration data from the national regulatory monitoring network for 12 years (2004–2015) were systematically analyzed to determine broad trends. Less than 1% of all PM10 measurements (11 out of 4789) were found to meet the annual average WHO 3 Air Quality Guideline (20 μg/m ), while 19% of the locations were in compliance with the Indian air quality standards for PM10 (60 μg/m3). Further efforts are necessary to improve measurement coverage and quality including the use of hybrid monitoring systems, harmonized approaches for sampling and data analysis, and easier data accessibility. Keywords India . Air quality monitoring . Air pollution policy . WHO Air Quality Guidelines . PM10 . PM2.5 Introduction the global population lives in areas that exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines, particu- Particulate matter (PM) has been identified as one of the most larly in low- and middle-income countries (van Donkelaar critical environmental risks globally (Brauer et al. 2015)and et al. 2015). PM also has climate effects including its direct poor air quality (AQ) including exposure to PM has been role in light scattering and absorption of sunlight and thermal associated with morbidity and mortality due to respiratory, radiation and the indirect role in acting as cloud condensation cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases (Dockery et al. nuclei (CCN) (Ramanathan and Carmichael 2008), and im- 1993;Dominicietal.2006; Pope and Dockery 2006; Brook pacts visibility and general well-being (Levinson 2012; Singh et al. 2010;Thurstonetal.2016). A significant proportion of et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2017). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-018-0629-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Pallavi Pant Richard E. Peltier [email protected] [email protected] Raj M. Lal 1 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of [email protected] Massachusetts, 686 North Pleasant St, Amherst, MA 01003, USA Sarath K. Guttikunda 2 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of [email protected] Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA Armistead G. Russell 3 Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 225 [email protected] Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA Ajay S. Nagpure 4 UrbanEmissions.Info, New Delhi, India [email protected] 5 Center for Science, Technology, and Environmental Policy, Hubert Anu Ramaswami H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, [email protected] Minneapolis, MN, USA Air Qual Atmos Health PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter matter, i.e., PM with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm; now less than 2.5 μm) is the specific fraction of the PM that is typically referred to as PM10), for residential, industrial, and sen- linked with human health impacts, and is often used as an sitive zones. The standards were revised in 2009, including the indicator for air quality within a community, though PM10 promulgation of a uniform standard for PM2.5 concentration (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than across all location types (http://cpcb.nic.in/National_Ambient_ 10 μm) is also found to have adverse health outcomes Air_Quality_Standards.php)(seeTable1). The standards for 3 3 (Ostro et al. 1999;HEI2011; Stieb et al. 2012;Shahetal. PM2.5,both24h(60μg/m ) and annual (40 μg/m ), are higher 2013). In India, 99.9% of the country’spopulationresidesin than the WHO Air Quality Guidelines (see Table 1), as well as areas that exceed the WHO Air Quality Guideline of 10 μg/m3 standards in the USA and Europe. The following section discusses (annual average), and half of the population resides in areas the major monitoring programmes in the country (see Table 2). where the Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standard 3 (NAAQS) for PM2.5 (40 μg/m ) is exceeded (Greenstone National Air Quality Monitoring Programme et al. 2015; Venkataraman et al. 2018). Per latest Global Burden of Disease (GBD) estimates, the average population- The National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) is 3 weighted PM2.5 concentration is 74.3 μg/m , and exposure to the flagship air quality monitoring programme of the outdoor (ambient) air pollution is linked to 133.5 deaths per Government of India. As of September 2018, four key pollut- 100,000 people per year (Cohen et al. 2017). Another study ants—sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), PM10 estimated that exposure to PM2.5 is linked to ~600,000 pre- /RSPM, and PM2.5—are monitored at 703 AQ stations across mature deaths per year in India (Chowdhury and Dey 2016); 307 cities and towns (http://cpcb.nic.in/monitoring-network-3/). the status of epidemiological research with respect to air pol- The program is managed by the CPCB in coordination with the lution is summarized in Gordon et al. (2018). Despite poor air State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and UT (union territo- quality, only a limited amount of data are available on air ry) Pollution Control Committees (PCCs). Other national orga- pollution trends in Indian cities, and there is a significant nizations such as NEERI (National Environmental Engineering gap in our understanding of spatio-temporal patterns of air Research Institute) and regional/local educational institutions pollutants at the local, regional, and national level. Previous are also involved in sample collection and analysis. studies have called for better coverage in terms of air pollution Most of these stations (residential and industrial) are locat- monitoring, as well as better QA/QC (quality assurance/ ed in urban areas, and the coverage in the rural areas is sparse quality control) to ensure high-quality data (Guttikunda et al. (Balakrishnan et al. 2014; Gordon et al. 2018). This is relevant 2014;Greenstoneetal.2015;Pantetal.2016). However, to to note since residential combustion emissions, typically asso- the best of our knowledge, there has been no concerted effort ciated with solid fuel use, are a key source of air pollution to summarize and evaluate existing regulatory AQ monitoring across the country (Balakrishnan et al. 2013; Venkataraman efforts and analyze associated datasets across India in the last et al. 2018). Typically, sampling is conducted twice a week, decade. Furthermore, there is a lack of comprehensive infor- with gas and PM samples collected for 24 h (4-h and 8-h mation on the types of monitoring networks, and associated periods respectively) (http://cpcb.nic.in/monitoring-network- data availability across the country. 3/). Outside of these 4- and 8-h time periods, no data is col- Considering the above issues and gaps, this manuscript lected at the manual stations based on publicly available in- reports on (1) regulatory PM2.5/PM10 data availability and formation. To ensure comparative sampling procedures across key trends throughout India, and (2) current status of the na- the NAMP stations, national guidelines have been set for tional monitoring networks, plans, and limitations in India. monitoring and include information regarding siting criteria, Results of our data analysis and the underlying data are avail- QA/QC procedures, measurement methods, and data able upon request. reporting (CPCB 2003; CPCB 2011). In addition to the mon- itoring sites under NAMP, several states including Maharashtra, Gujarat, Kerala, Odisha, Karnataka, Telangana, Ambient air quality monitoring in India and Andhra Pradesh conduct ambient AQ monitoring at addi- tional sites under State Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Regulatory AQ monitoring, mandatedbytheAir(Preventionand Programme (SAMP). Control of Pollution) Act of 1981, is conducted in India under the The CPCB has also set up a network of continuous moni- aegis of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) which toring stations (Continuous Automatic Air Quality operates under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Monitoring Station: CAAQMS) across major cities, and a Change (MoEFCC) (Figs. S1, SI). The first set of standards for suite of pollutants including PM (PM2.5 and PM10), gases AQ in India was adopted in 1982 followed by revisions in 1994 (SO2,NO2,NH3, ground-level ozone (O3), CO [carbon mon- and 2009. Originally, there were separate standards for TSP (total oxide]), and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xy- suspended particles) and RSPM (respirable suspended particulate lene) are measured continuously year-round. Currently, cities Air Qual Atmos Health Table 1 Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for fluorescence, GC-MS gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, FRM fed- PM and related components in India (TEOM tapered element oscillating eral reference method, FEM federal equivalent method, lpm liters per microbalance, AAS atomic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • NEW STUDY: AIR POLLUTION from MANY SOURCES CREATES SIGNIFICANT HEALTH BURDEN in INDIA Continued Aggressive Policy Action Could Reduce Health Impact Significantly
    Health Effects Institute For Release 3:00 PM IST 11 January 2018 Information: Dan Greenbaum [email protected] +1 6172835904 Bob O’Keefe [email protected] +1 6172836174 NEW STUDY: AIR POLLUTION FROM MANY SOURCES CREATES SIGNIFICANT HEALTH BURDEN IN INDIA Continued Aggressive Policy Action Could Reduce Health Impact Significantly A comprehensive study led by IIT Bombay, the Health Effects Institute (HEI1), and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME2) has found that household burning and coal combustion were the single largest sources of air pollution-related health impact in India in 2015, with emissions from agricultural burning, anthropogenic dusts, transport, other diesel, and brick kilns also contributing significantly. A summary of the study, released today, is available in Hindi and English at www.healtheffects.org/publication/gbd-air-pollution-india, along with the full report. India has begun to implement clean fuels and pollution control programs for households, power plants, vehicles, and other sources. However, as the Indian population grows and ages, the health impacts from air pollution will increase, highlighting the challenges facing the country. Air Pollution a Nationwide Challenge Even as there has been growing attention to the air pollution levels in the National Capital Region, this new report highlights the levels of air pollution across all of India, especially the Gangetic Plain (Figure 1). Data from the 2015 Global Burden of Disease analysis, supported by Indian health evidence, suggest that these levels contribute to over 10% of all Indian deaths each year. The premature mortality attributed to air pollution contributed to over 29 million healthy years of life lost (DALYs3); overall, air pollution contributed to nearly 1.1 million deaths in 2015, with the burden falling disproportionately (75%) on rural areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Essays on Air Pollution in Developing Countries by Jie-Sheng
    Three Essays on Air Pollution in Developing Countries by Jie-Sheng Tan-Soo University Program in Environmental Policy Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: Subhrendu Pattanayak, Supervisor Alexander Pfaff Marc Jeuland Christopher Timmins Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University Program in Environmental Policy in the Graduate School of Duke University 2015 ABSTRACT Three Essays on Air Pollution in Developing Countries by Jie-Sheng Tan-Soo University Program in Environmental Policy Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: Subhrendu Pattanayak, Supervisor Alexander Pfaff Marc Jeuland Christopher Timmins An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University Program in Environmental Policy in the Graduate School of Duke University 2015 Copyright by Jie-Sheng Tan-Soo 2015 Abstract Air pollution is the largest contributor to mortality in developing countries and policymakers are pressed to take action to relieve its health burden. Using a variety of econometric strategies, I explore various issues surrounding policies to manage air pollution in developing countries. In the first chapter, using locational equilibrium logic and forest fires as instrument, I estimate the willingness-to-pay for improved PM 2.5 in Indonesia. I find that WTP is at around 1% of annual income. Moreover, this approach allows me to compute the welfare effects of a policy that reduces forest fires by 50% in some provinces. The second chapter continues on this theme by assessing the long-term impacts of early-life exposure to air pollution. Using the 1997 forest fires in Indonesia as an exogenous shock, I find that prenatal exposure to air pollution is associated with shorter height, decreased lung capacity, and lower results in cognitive tests.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Air Pollution in Indian Cities
    AIR PO CALY ASSESSMENT OF AIR POLLUTION PSE II IN INDIAN CITIES CONTENT The PM 1. Introduction 4 2. Methodology 6 OR PARTICULATE data for these cities is being made 3. Inference and Analysis 7 MATTER available here upto as late as the year 3.1 Andhra Pradesh 8 2016 and in some cases until 2015. 3.2 Assam 9 3.3 Himachal Pradesh 10 3.4 Goa 11 SUMMARY 3.5 Gujarat 12 The report now in your hands brings together and highlights data vis-à-vis air quality for 3.6 Madhya Pradesh 13 no less than 280 Indian cities spread across the country. Sadly, in many cases this is 3.7 Maharashtra 14 going from bad to worse, and without much sign of a let up in near future unless the Government and people join hands to fight this fast approaching airpocalypse. 3.8 Odisha 15 3.9 Rajasthan 16 The PMɼɻ, or particulate matter, data for these cities is available here up to the year 2016 and in some cases until 2015. The data shows 228 (more than 80% of the 3.10 Uttar Pradesh 17 cities/town where Air Quality Monitoring data was available) cities, have not been 3.11 Uttarakhand 18 complying with the annual permissible concentration of 60µg/m³ which is prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) under the National Ambient Air Quality 3.12 West Bengal 19 Standards (NAAQS). And none of the cities have been found to adhere to the standard 3.13 Bihar 20 set by the World Health Organization (WHO) at 20 µg/m³.
    [Show full text]
  • Air Pollution and Infant Mortality
    Fires, Wind, and Smoke: Air Pollution and Infant Mortality Hemant K Pullabhotla Nov 15, 2018. Latest version here ABSTRACT Globally, studies find an estimated 4 million people die prematurely because of air pollution every year. Much of this evidence relies on exposure-risk relations from studies focused on urban areas or uses extreme pollution events such as forest fires to identify the effect. Consequently, little is known about how air pollution impacts vulnerable subpopulations in the developing world where low incomes and limited access to health care in rural areas may heighten mortality risk. In this study, I exploit seasonal changes in air quality arising due to agricultural fires – a widespread practice used by farmers across the developing world to clear land for planting. Unlike large events like forest fires, agricultural fires are a marginal increase in pollution and thus reflect common levels of pollution exposure. I estimate the causal impact of air pollution on infant mortality at a countrywide scale by linking satellite imagery on the location and timing of more than 800,000 agricultural fires with air quality data from pollution monitoring stations and geocoded survey data on nearly half-a-million births across India over a ten-year period. To address the concern that fires may be more prevalent in wealthier agricultural regions, I use satellite data on wind direction to isolate the effect of upwind fires, controlling for other nearby fires. I find that a 10 휇푔/푚3 increase in PM10 results in more than 90,000 additional infant deaths per year, nearly twice the number found in previous studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Reduced Anthropogenic Emissions During COVID-19 on Air
    https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-903 Preprint. Discussion started: 9 October 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. Impact of reduced anthropogenic emissions during COVID-19 on air quality in India Mengyuan Zhang1, Apit Katiyar2, Shengqiang Zhu1, Juanyong Shen3, Men Xia4, Jinlong Ma1, Sri Harsha Kota2, Peng Wang4, Hongliang Zhang1,5 5 1Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China 2Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India 3School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China 4Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 99907, China 10 5Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 200062, China Correspondence to: Peng Wang ([email protected]); Hongliang Zhang ([email protected]) Abstract. To mitigate the impacts of the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the Indian government implemented lockdown measures on March 24, 2020, which prohibit unnecessary anthropogenic activities and thus leading to a significant reduction in emissions. To investigate the impacts of this lockdown measures on air quality in India, we used the 15 Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to estimate the changes of key air pollutants. From pre-lockdown to lockdown periods, improved air quality is observed in India, indicated by the lower key pollutant levels such as PM2.5 (-26%), maximum daily 8-h average ozone (MDA8 O3) (-11%), NO2 (-50%), and SO2 (-14%). In addition, changes in these pollutants show distinct spatial variations with the more important decrease in northern and western India.
    [Show full text]
  • Source Influence on Emission Pathways and Ambient PM2.5
    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8017–8039, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8017-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Source influence on emission pathways and ambient PM2:5 pollution over India (2015–2050) Chandra Venkataraman1,2, Michael Brauer3, Kushal Tibrewal2, Pankaj Sadavarte2,4, Qiao Ma5, Aaron Cohen6, Sreelekha Chaliyakunnel7, Joseph Frostad8, Zbigniew Klimont9, Randall V. Martin10, Dylan B. Millet7, Sajeev Philip10,11, Katherine Walker6, and Shuxiao Wang5,12 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India 2Interdisciplinary program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India 3School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z3, Canada 4Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Berliner Str. 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany 5State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 6Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA 02110, USA 7Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis–Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA 8Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA 9International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria 10Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada 11NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA 12State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China Correspondence: Chandra Venkataraman ([email protected]) Received: 1 December 2017 – Discussion started: 13 December 2017 Revised: 10 April 2018 – Accepted: 15 May 2018 – Published: 7 June 2018 Abstract.
    [Show full text]
  • Nature of Air Pollution, Emission Sources, and Management in the Indian Cities
    Atmospheric Environment 95 (2014) 501e510 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Atmospheric Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/atmosenv Nature of air pollution, emission sources, and management in the Indian cities * Sarath K. Guttikunda a, b, , Rahul Goel a, Pallavi Pant c a Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Program, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India b Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, USA c Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK highlights Air quality monitoring in Indian cities. Sources of air pollution in Indian cities. Health impacts of outdoor air pollution in India. Review of air quality management options at the national and urban scale. article info abstract Article history: The global burden of disease study estimated 695,000 premature deaths in 2010 due to continued Received 13 November 2013 exposure to outdoor particulate matter and ozone pollution for India. By 2030, the expected growth in Received in revised form many of the sectors (industries, residential, transportation, power generation, and construction) will 28 June 2014 result in an increase in pollution related health impacts for most cities. The available information on Accepted 2 July 2014 urban air pollution, their sources, and the potential of various interventions to control pollution, should Available online 3 July 2014 help us propose a cleaner path to 2030. In this paper, we present an overview of the emission sources and control options for better air quality in Indian cities, with a particular focus on interventions like Keywords: Emissions control urban public transportation facilities; travel demand management; emission regulations for power Vehicular emissions plants; clean technology for brick kilns; management of road dust; and waste management to control Power plants open waste burning.
    [Show full text]
  • World Air Quality Report
    2020 World Air Quality Report Region & City PM2.5 Ranking Contents About this report ................................................................................................ 3 Executive summary ............................................................................................. 4 Where does the data come from? ........................................................................... 5 Why PM2.5? Data presentation ................................................................................................ 6 COVID-19, air pollution and health .......................................................................... 7 Links between COVID-19 and PM2.5 Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on air quality Global overview ................................................................................................. 10 World country ranking World capital city ranking Overview of public monitoring status Regional Summaries East Asia ..................................................................................................... 14 China ........................................................................................ 15 South Korea ............................................................................... 16 Southeast Asia ............................................................................................. 17 Indonesia .................................................................................. 18 Thailand .................................................................................... 19
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Rising Air Pollution in New Delhi: an Empirical Study
    International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 7, July 2018, pp. 71–81, Article ID: IJMET_09_07_008 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=9&Issue=7 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed IMPACT OF RISING AIR POLLUTION IN NEW DELHI: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY Dr. A Seema Assistant Professor (Senior), Department of Technology Management Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India Aditya Sood, Simran Bhalla and Shantam Bajpai School of Electrical Engineering (SELECT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study is to highlight the problems faced by the residents of Delhi due to the rising Air Pollution by considering the variety of factors such as increasing population, depletion of green cover, vehicular emissions, etc. The study also enlists the various causes, effects and harmful Impacts of Air Pollution to both environment and humans. This study was conducted to examine the overall Impact of Air Pollution on the lives of individuals by conducting a survey and thereby obtaining a total of 400 responses from the people of Delhi which were used for further analysis. Using various statistical tools, the findings which were observed through Karl Pearson’s Correlation Test, a negative correlation was obtained between Population and Green Cover (r=-0.93), signifying an Inverse relationship between the two parameters. Further, Z-Test was performed which indicated that all people irrespective of gender get equally affected due to the rising air pollution. (Calculated value Z = 0.036 ~ 0.04, which is less than the table value).
    [Show full text]
  • World-Air-Quality-Report-2020-En.Pdf
    2020 World Air Quality Report Region & City PM2.5 Ranking Contents About this report ................................................................................................ 3 Executive summary ............................................................................................. 4 Where does the data come from? ........................................................................... 5 Why PM2.5? Data presentation ................................................................................................ 6 COVID-19, air pollution and health .......................................................................... 7 Links between COVID-19 and PM2.5 Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on air quality Global overview ................................................................................................. 10 World country ranking World capital city ranking Overview of public monitoring status Regional Summaries East Asia ..................................................................................................... 14 China ........................................................................................ 15 South Korea ............................................................................... 16 Southeast Asia ............................................................................................. 17 Indonesia .................................................................................. 18 Thailand .................................................................................... 19
    [Show full text]
  • Political Economy of China and India: Dealing with Air Pollution N the Two Booming Economies
    HAOL, Núm. 7 (Primavera, 2005), 123-132 ISSN 1696-2060 POLITICAL ECONOMY OF CHINA AND INDIA: DEALING WITH AIR POLLUTION N THE TWO BOOMING ECONOMIES Zhiqun Zhu University of Bridgeport, United Status. E-mail: [email protected] Recibido: 22 Febrero 2005 / Revisado: 26 Marzo 2005 / Aceptado: 27 Abril 2005 / Publicado: 15 Junio 2005 Resumen: China and India are two booming pollution problem in both countries, especially economies today, but both are suffering fromo from a comparative perspective. environmental damages. To achieve sustainable development, the two countries have to pay In fact air pollution is so serious that it has more attention to the protection of environment. sounded the environmental alarm bells in both This article first examines the causes and countries. Obviously air pollution and consequences of the serious air pollution environmental protection in general deserve problem and suggests ways for improvement. more scholarly research and policy attention. Air The autor argues that air pollution control and pollution knows no boundaries. The air pollution environmental protection in general are a issue not only affects the two countries comprehensive project that requires concerted themselves in terms of sustainable development, efforts by governments at all levels, the it also has important regional economic, political scientific community, businesses, legal scholars, and security consequences. The study of China non-governmental and grass-roots groups, the and India's air pollution problem also provides international community, and individual lessons for other developing countries during citizens. Education and stricter law enforcement their economic modernization. remains the key to success. China and India’s experience in air pollution control provides AIR POLLUTION: SOURCES AND some useful lessons for other developing EFFECTS countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Scoping Study for South Asia Air Pollution
    Final Report 2019 Scoping Study for South Asia Air Pollution Environment Scoping Study for South Asia Air Pollution The Energy and Resources Institute Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003, India This report has been commissioned by South Asia Research Hub, Department for International Development, Government of UK. However, the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK Government’s‖official‖policies.‖Maps‖are‖used‖for‖representational‖purposes‖only,‖and‖the‖Government‖of‖ UK does not necessarily endorse any geographical boundaries depicted in maps. THE TEAM TERI Advisor: Dr Prodipto Ghosh Principal Investigator: Dr Sumit Sharma Co-principal Investigator: Dr Isha Khanna Team Members: Dr Arindam Datta, Mr. R. Suresh, Ms. Seema Kundu, Dr Anju Goel, Dr Divya Datt Partner Organizations Ricardo Energy and Environment, United Kingdom Nature Conservation Management, Bangladesh Tribhuvan University, Nepal Sustainable Development Policy Institute, Pakistan PREPARED BY The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) FOR MORE INFORMATION Project Management Cell, TERI, Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India Tel.: +91 11 2468 2100 or 2468 2111 | Fax: +91 11 2468 2144 or 2468 2145 Email: [email protected] | Web: www.teriin.org Environment Scoping Study for South Asia Air Pollution Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ i State of Evidence: Causes of air pollution ..............................................................................
    [Show full text]