The Energy Sector An Investment in the People and Communities of Atlantic Canada
January 2008
The Energy Sector An Investment in the People North America needs energy and Canada, and Communities of Atlantic the United States and Mexico want to find it closer to home. These twin needs of Canada increasing demand and increased security have created a unique opportunity for On the doorstep of a growing Atlantic Canada that could drive job market 2 creation, community development and Distance between Atlantic Canada’s investment in the region well into the next major centres and the ports decade and beyond. of Boston and New York (chart) 3 Oil, natural gas and electricity; Atlantic Atlantic Canada’s energy mix 3 Canada develops and delivers all three major forms of energy for its own communities Projects and players in Atlantic and for export around the continent to be Canada’s energy sector 5 used as heat, fuel and power in homes and New Brunswick 5 businesses. Over the last few decades, the Nova Scotia 6 Atlantic Canadian energy industry has laid Newfoundland and Labrador 8 the foundation for what has become one of Prince Edward Island 9 the most significant sectors in the regional economy, and, increasingly, one of the most Exporting energy resources; diverse with its mix of traditional thermal importing human resources 10 and hydroelectric generation with newer technology such as nuclear, wind, bioenergy and tidal. Matching people and skill sets 12
Occupations that will be required by the Atlantic Canadian On the doorstep of a growing energy sector over the next decade market (chart) 12 Energy accounts for just over half of all exports from Atlantic Canada and it now Engaging in all aspects of stands poised to significantly increase its community life 13 reach. The populations of both Canada and the United States are increasing, but that Investing in the region’s future 13 growth is not evenly distributed. Driven largely by immigration, the population swell Selected Bibliography 14 is occurring primarily in large urban centres. Atlantic Canada lies on the border of one of these growth centres; the American northeast, which stretches from Maine down through Boston and onto New York City.
About 14.3 million people live in New England, which encompasses the states of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Vermont and Maine. That’s six times the population of Atlantic Canada. Within this region are major metropolitan areas centred around Boston,
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MA (4.5 million), Providence, RI (1.6 Combined, that’s just over 33 million people million) Hartford, CT (1.2 million), – about 11 per cent of the U.S. population – Bridgeport, CT (900,400) and Portland, ME living within a day’s drive of our region. In (513,700). Then there’s the New York City a world where trade wraps around the globe, metropolitan area. It is the most populous the New England-New York City corridor urban centre in the U.S., boasting a and Atlantic Canada are next door population of 18.8 million people. neighbours.
Distance between Atlantic Canada’s major centres and the ports of Boston and New York Route Land Air Sea Saint John to Boston 650 km 520 km 280 nautical miles Halifax to Boston 1,120 km 660 km 360 nautical miles Charlottetown to Boston 1,020 km 770 km 420 nautical miles St. John’s to Boston 2,420 km 1,560 km 840 nautical miles
Saint John to New York 990 km 810 km 440 nautical miles Halifax to New York 1,460 km 950 km 520 nautical miles Charlottetown to New 1,360 km 1,060 km 580 nautical miles York St. John’s to New York 2,760 km 1,850 km 1,000 nautical miles
These routes, long-established by historical export in the region and expanding that links, are being viewed in a new way as trade, along with the distribution of natural Canada, and in particular the East Coast, gas and electricity, is essential for economic considers what role it may play in growth. The region’s energy sector can also connecting the rest of the world with eastern act as a magnet to attract other businesses to North America. Atlantic Canada has always the region, thereby increasing Atlantic had a strong connection with western Canada’s overall exports through the Europe but as global trade grows, the region Atlantic Gateway. is expanding its reach to Asia, South America, Africa and northern/polar routes. Atlantic Canada’s energy mix Known as the Atlantic Gateway initiative, Atlantic Canadian companies can deliver its aim is to significantly increase the flow goods and services to New England and of goods through the region via an elsewhere in North America quickly and interconnected, or intermodal, transportation safely. This is increasingly important, as the network. The four Atlantic provinces and United States looks to meet its burgeoning the federal government are working together energy requirements in the face of to develop an action plan that will benefit all increasing unrest in the Middle East, its import- and export-driven sectors of the traditional source of oil and gas, and economy. diminishing reserves along its own Gulf Coast near Texas and Louisiana. The energy sector has two roles to play in the development of the Atlantic Gateway. Naturally, it is looking north, to Canada, its Petroleum products are the top import and major trading partner. Our country is blessed
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with ample supplies. There is Alberta, with Canada, so, to serve its growing domestic its massive reserves, much of it concentrated requirements, the region imported the raw in the oil sands; Saskatchewan, a producer materials it needed to power electricity and of crude oil and a relatively new – but rising transportation needs. The end result was the – player in the development of natural gas; construction of significant energy and Quebec, which is powered by its production, processing and transmission extensive hydro-electric resources and wind facilities. power developments. Ontario is in the midst of reconfiguring its power system, moving Towards the end of the 20th century, the away from traditional coal-fired plants, discovery, and subsequent development, of reinvesting heavily in nuclear power and offshore oil and gas fields significantly exploring the possibilities of alternative enhanced the regional energy sector and energy, such as wind. shifted the public policy focus from domestic production to the development of Crude oil and gasoline. Natural gas. Nuclear export markets. power. Hydro. Renewable energy. This is Canada’s energy mix and Atlantic Canada is These projects also brought significant unique because it is the only region of the outside investment from companies such as country that produces all these forms of ExxonMobil Canada, Husky Energy, energy. What is now a diversified energy EnCana Corporation, Petro-Canada, BP portfolio grew out of a necessity to produce Canada Energy, Chevron Canada Resources, power for the region’s businesses and for its Norsk Hydro, Shell Canada, Murphy Oil people. For decades, coal was the only raw Corporation, Repsol YPF SA and Conoco energy resource available in Atlantic Canada Limited.
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Projects and players in Atlantic The energy sector will do this by exporting Canada’s energy sector its commodities to neighbouring markets, primarily in the U.S., and by providing the Cumulatively, the companies and projects necessary infrastructure to support new listed below make up a mix of resources that business development, and the job growth will provide energy to Atlantic Canadian that comes with it, in the region. homes, industries and the economy well into the 21st century. In Atlantic Canada, energy is both a product and a service.
New Brunswick
• Irving Oil • Atomic Energy of Canada Owns Canada’s largest refinery in Limited (AECL) Canada that, following a $1.5 billion In August 2007, the AECL-led upgrade, now exceeds the U.S. Team CANDU announced it is Environmental Protection Agency’s conducting a feasibility study for a performance standards for second nuclear reactor at Point petroleum refineries. The Saint Lepreau. This facility would John-based refinery, which produces produce power for the export market 300,000 barrels per day, accounts and the feasibility study includes an for two-thirds of Canada’s total in-depth consideration of market petroleum product exports to U.S. conditions in the northeastern United States. The members of The company announced in 2006 Team CANDU are: AECL, Babcock that it is exploring the potential to & Wilcox Canada, GE-Hitachi build a second oil refinery in Saint Nuclear Energy Canada Inc., John, which would double the Hitachi Canada and SNC-Lavalin company’s capacity. Nuclear.
• NB Power • Canaport LNG Operates one of North America’s Canada’s first liquefied natural gas most diverse generating system, (LNG) import and regassification including the region’s only nuclear plant, which will process 28 million facility at Point Lepreau, which is cubic meters (one billion cubic feet) undergoing a $1.4 billion of natural gas a day. It is a refurbishment of its existing reactor. partnership between Repsol YPF SA It just completed the refurbishment (75 per cent) and Irving Oil (25 per of Coleson Cove, the largest cent). Repsol is the largest importer generation plant in the province and of liquefied natural gas into the U.S. has announced plans to purchase up Repsol Canada, an indirect to 300 MW of wind power from subsidiary, will import the gas and private sector developments by then transport it via the Brunswick November 2010. Pipeline system.
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• Brunswick Pipeline The site, which belongs to Halifax- A wholly-owned subsidiary of based Corridor Resources, is Emera, this 145-kilometre pipeline expected to produce 45 million will transport natural gas from cubic feet per day and will be Canaport LNG to the Maritime and transported via the Maritimes and Northeast Pipeline at a connection Northeast Pipeline system. point at the Canada/U.S. border. • The Floating Pipeline Company • J.D. Irving, Limited Incorporated (FPC Inc.) A large user of energy, it is Established in 2003, FPC builds aggressively developing alternative lightweight composite reinforced energy sources to fuel its industrial pressure vessels, or gas transport needs and supply excess power to modules (GTMs), which are used to the regional power grid. The transport natural gas, natural gas company produces 30 MW of liquids and specialty gases via a bioenergy energy, half of it through number of methods including sea, the St. George Dam, New rail and road. The manufacturing Brunswick’s only TerraChoice- facility has been set up in a 120,000 certified energy site. Additional sq ft building in the Port of Saint bioenergy energy is produced at a John. Its corporate head office is in number of sites related to J.D. Halifax. Irving’s extensive forestry land holdings. • Atlantic Hydrogen Inc. A privately-owned environmental • Enbridge Gas New Brunswick technology company that has Owned by Enbridge Inc. and several developed a unique, low- private investors, Enbridge Gas temperature technology, New Brunswick distributes natural CarbonSaverTM, which dissociates gas to over 7,500 institutional, natural gas to form gaseous commercial, industrial and hydrogen and solid carbon without residential customers in New generating carbon dioxide. It Brunswick. The company provides represents a potential for the next service to eight communities: generation of clean energy and two Dieppe, Fredericton, Moncton, demonstrations are planned for Oromocto, Riverview, Saint John, 2008. One is in a 100 kW natural St. George, and St. Stephen. gas-burning combined heat and power micro-turbine, the other is as • Corridor Resources a cleaner fuel for natural gas Natural gas began flowing from the vehicles. McCully gas field onshore development in Sussex in mid-2007.
Nova Scotia
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• Emera gas to markets in Canada and the A Halifax-based diversified energy U.S. and services company. It owns Nova Scotia Power, Bangor Hydro • Heritage Gas Limited Electric Company (in Maine), A Nova Scotia-based natural gas Brunswick Pipeline (in New distribution company, it is a Brunswick) and has investments in partnership between SaskEnergy the Maritimes and Northeast Inc., Scotia Investments Limited and Pipeline and the Sable Offshore AltaGas Utility Holdings (Nova Energy project. Through Nova Scotia) Inc. Within the next decade, Scotia Power, it owns and operates Heritage Gas will build a system the Annapolis tidal generation that will include Cumberland station, one of only three tidal County, Colchester County, Pictou power plants in the world and the County, Guysborough County, only one in the western hemisphere. Halifax Regional Municipality, and In January 2007, Nova Scotia Power Hants County. As of the end of announced a partnership with 2007, it is in parts of Halifax, OpenHydro, of Ireland, to provide Dartmouth and Amherst. in-stream tidal technology for further tidal energy development in • Imperial Oil the Bay of Fundy. Dartmouth-based refinery has a processing capacity of 89,000 • Sable Offshore Energy Project barrels per day and manufactures An offshore natural gas over 50 products. development project that produces between 400 and 500 million cubic • Atlantic Wind Power Corp. feet of natural gas and 20,000 This Nova Scotia-based wind barrels of natural gas liquids every energy developer operates the 17- day. The first tier was completed in turbine Pubnico Point generating December 1999 and involved the site, which has an installed capacity development of the Thebaud, North of 30.6 MW. It plans to develop a Triumph, and Venture fields. Alma, second site in Pugwash, N.S. the first Tier II platform came onstream in late 2003 while • Renewable Energy Services production from South Venture, the Limited second field began late in 2004. With its head offices in Halifax, Natural gas is processed at the Renewable Energy Services Goldboro gas plant; natural gas operates six wind energy sites, in liquids are processed at the Point Brookfield, Digby, Fitzpatrick Tupper fractionation plant. Mountain, Goodwood, Marshville and Point Tupper, with a total • Maritimes and Northeast Pipeline installed capacity of 4.8 MW. A 1,400-kilometre pipeline transmission system, of which 890 • Cape Breton Power kilometres travel through Nova The company operates a 17.4 MW- Scotia and New Brunswick, that capacity wind site in Lingan, close transports Sable Offshore natural to the Nova Scotia Power generating
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station. It also operates smaller sites electricity out of the wood waste in Glace Bay and New Aberdeen. produced by a nearby paper mill and purchased from several local • Brooklyn Power Corporation sawmill operators in southern Nova Commissioned in 1995, this 28 MW Scotia for sale to Nova Scotia bioenergy generating facility makes Power.
Newfoundland and Labrador
• Hibernia Canada’s first offshore oil • Newfoundland and Labrador exploration project and its fifth Hydro largest field. Discovered in 1979, it The fourth largest utility in Canada, began operations in 1997, with an Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro expected 18-year lifespan. It has an has two core businesses; its estimated 884 million barrels of oil. generation and transmission unit Hibernia averages a production of that supplies electricity to the island 140,000 barrels per day. of Newfoundland, and the Churchill Falls Corporation, which operates • Terra Nova the world’s eighth largest Located 22 miles from Hibernia, hydroelectric power project. The this offshore field began production existing Churchill Falls station in 2002 and is expected to produce generates 5,428 MW of electricity. between 370 and 470 million barrels The Crown corporation has begun of oil. Its floating production storage developing the Lower Churchill, and offloading vessel is the first to which consists of two sites, Gull operate in the cold waters of the Island (2,000 MW) and Muskrat Grand Banks and is producing light, Falls (824 MW). Newfoundland and sweet crude oil. Labrador Hydro also has equity holdings in White Rose and Hebron • White Rose offshore oil and gas developments. A second offshore project on the Grand Banks. It is expected to • Fortis Inc. produce up to 283 million barrels of The largest publicly-traded oil and 2.7 trillion cubic feet of distribution utility in Canada. Its natural gas, making it the largest regulated holdings include; five discovered gas resource on the Canadian electric utilities, including Grand Banks. Newfoundland Power and Maritime Electric (PEI); Terasen Gas, a • Hebron natural gas utility in British This fourth field, discovered in Columbia; and three electric utilities 1981, contains 700 million barrels in the Caribbean. It owns non- oil. The provincial government regulated hydroelectric generation recently announced development of assets in Canada, Belize and New this field. York State. It also owns hotels and commercial real estate in Canada.
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feasibility stage for a proposed • North Atlantic Refining uranium mine and processing site in The company, owned by Calgary- the central mineral belt of coastal based Harvest Energy Trust, Labrador. operates a 115,000 barrels a day refinery in Come by Chance, NL. • Newind Group Inc. and a chain of gas stations in the The company is constructing the 27 province. It recently completed a MW St. Lawrence wind project on $600-million upgrade and is the Burin Peninsula. A subsidiary of expected to spend an equal amount ENEL North America Inc., Italy’s in the coming decade. The company largest power company, Newind is exploring increasing capacity and partnered with a consortium with an upgrade of its #6 fuel oil unit to Newfoundland companies fga produce higher value products. Consulting Engineers Limited and Quadratec Inc. The St. Lawrence • Aurora Energy Resources Inc. wind project will begin operations This uranium exploration and in 2008. development company is in the pre-
Prince Edward Island
• Maritime Electric use in its buildings. In 2005, the A subsidiary of Fortis Inc., corporation partnered with Maritime Electric provides Hydrogenics Corporation to create electricity to 66,000 Island the Wind-Hydrogen Village test customers. It operates generating site. The first in Canada, this site is plants in Charlottetown and Borden examining how wind energy and and a province-wide transmission hydrogen technology can work grid. The majority of its electricity together for both residential and is purchased from NB Power and commercial users. transmitted via two submarine cables. • SUEZ Renewable Energy NA A business unit of the French • PEI Energy Corporation multinational, the SUEZ Group, the This partnership between the company produces 29 MW of Governments of Canada and PEI, electricity at its Norway Wind Park operates the Atlantic Wind Test and West Cape Wind Energy Site, Canada’s national wind energy facility. It has an additional 80 MW laboratory, in North Cape. About 20 under construction at West Cape - per cent of this power is purchased the largest private sector investment by Maritime Electric, with the PEI in PEI’s history. government purchasing some for
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Exporting energy resources; 2015. In addition, Corridor Resources is importing human resources exploring three potential natural gas sites on the Island. Atlantic Canadians don’t have to worry about the availability of energy; this region That theme of energy self-reliance is also has more than enough capacity to serve its driving policy development in the United own domestic needs. However, maintaining States. The U.S. federal government and upgrading these key pieces of estimates energy consumption will increase infrastructure is expensive and while the by about two per cent each year over the domestic market is the first priority of next decade. At the same time, Washington Atlantic Canadian energy companies, the wants to reduce its dependence on foreign region’s population is not large enough to oil, specifically from the Middle East. sustain its energy sector. Collectively, the However, it has a finite level of reserves off four Atlantic provinces are home to 2.4 its Gulf Coast and changing weather patterns million people. Trade is essential for all have reduced oil companies’ willingness to aspects of the regional economy. develop production facilities in this Fortunately, the energy sector has a well- hurricane-heavy zone. This has created an established export base. opportunity for Canadian producers to increase their U.S. market share and, with Newfoundland and Labrador is the most the added capacity, create jobs back home. trade-dependent of the four provinces. In 2006, energy, and more specifically Work has already begun in Atlantic Canada petroleum products, accounted for 76 per to meet the anticipated demand. The cent of its total exports. The primary export Canaport LNG facility, which will open in was heavy petroleum, the bulk of it destined 2008; the refurbishment of Point Lepreau for Texas, Florida, New Jersey and Georgia. and the feasibility study into a second Its number two export was light petroleum reactor; the refurbishment of Coleson Cove; (gasoline), the majority of which went to and the proposed second Irving Oil refinery New England states. are all centred around Saint John, N.B.
In New Brunswick, the export picture is In Nova Scotia, the centre of activity is slightly more mixed, where 63 per cent of Guysborough, about three hours east of all exports are energy-based. The majority Halifax at the head of Chedabucto Bay, of exports originate at the Irving Oil refinery which separates mainland Nova Scotia from in Saint John but there is potential for Cape Breton Island. growth in the electricity sector. Encana’s Deep Panuke offshore natural gas Nova Scotia is a relatively new player in the project received regulatory approval in fall energy export market, with one-quarter of its 2007 and drilling is expected to begin in late trade driven by the energy sector, most via 2008 or early 2009. Once operational it is the Sable Offshore Energy Project. expected to produce 300 million cubic feet per day of natural gas, which will be PEI remains a net importer of energy, transported by underwater pipeline to receiving the bulk of its electricity from Guysborough where it will be processed and neighbouring New Brunswick. The shipped via the Maritimes and Northeast provincial government wants PEI to be able Pipeline. to serve its own energy needs with energy produced on the Island for Islanders by
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Halifax-based Keltic Petrochemicals also It is unlikely that Atlantic Canada will has a significant development planned for experience the chronic high unemployment the area. In partnership with Maple LNG, it that has too often plagued it in the past. is proposing an integrated petrochemical and Rather, the region is headed for a labour LNG facility. All of these projects are shortage. In simple terms, it is a workers’ predicated on selling energy into the United market. States. Three nationwide trends are driving With these projects, comes sustained employment growth in the energy sector: employment for Atlantic Canadians. When energy company executives sit down to plan 1. Demographics: The baby boom of the future needs, their decisions are based on 1950s and 1960s was a high point for long-term forecasts that look decades into Canadian birth rates. Since then, the the future. It is a necessity in a sector that national birth rate has decreased from a requires significant financial investments in high of 28.5 in 1959 to 10.8 in 2006/07. order to construct and operate This boom and bust in Canada’s technologically advanced facilities. Which demographics have culminated to means that when a company announces produce a labour shortage as the larger plans to either build a new facility or expand population group prepares to retire – existing operations, it is also creating long- without enough younger Canadians term employment. available to fill their places.
In 2006, about 28,000 Atlantic Canadians 2. Technology: Advancements in were directly employed in the energy sector, industrial processes and equipment just over two per cent of the region’s total means employers require workers with labour force. The oil and gas production higher skill sets. Training opportunities, industry alone creates 17,000 direct and such as increased spaces in training indirect jobs. In fact, according to Statistics programs, haven’t kept pace with Canada, the energy sector has been the demand. primary driver of economic growth in the region and in the rest of the country over the 3. Going Green: As the energy sector past five years. This trend is expected to evolves and works to improve its continue, but in order to grow, companies in environmental performance, companies the energy sector must be able to find will create new job opportunities for workers. workers educated and trained in environmental technologies and sciences.
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Matching people and skill sets supporting companies and professions to Oil, gas and electricity production are assist with its development, including complex industries and beyond the need for financial, accounting, legal and business a significant number of trades people to services, human health and safety, construct and operate energy plants and transportation and land use planning. systems, each requires a strong circle of
Occupations that will be required by the Atlantic Canadian energy sector over the next decade
Skilled Trades Professional Services Support Services Equipment operators Chemical engineers Accountants Computer technicians Mechanical engineers Economists Truck drivers Civil engineers Security guards Electricians Computer science Lawyers engineers Power linemen Computer programmers Human resources professionals Boilermakers Software engineers Customs brokers Pollution control Environmental engineers Administrative support technologists Gasfitters Environmental auditors Custodians Ironworkers Land surveyors Web designers Painters Geomatics engineers Ergonomists Plumbers Occupational health Commercial divers specialists Roofers Industrial designers Boat captains and deckhands Metal workers Industrial engineers Food services supervisors Pipefitters Landscape architects Cooks Wastewater and water Safety, environmental, Barge engineers treatment plant operators welding and quality control inspectors Draughtsmen Marine engineers Architects Machinists Geologists Technical writers
According to a recent Conference Board of there are 150 companies working directly in Canada report1, the division of labour in the the oil and gas sector; an additional 130 energy sector is almost equally divided companies provide support. That means between companies in the sector itself and when an energy company comes to town, companies that provide services. In Canada, odds are it will attract others too. That has important implications for communities in 1 Conference Board of Canada. “Mission Atlantic Canada, because significant growth Possible: A Canadian Resources Strategy for in the energy sector will stimulate a the Boom and Beyond.” The Canada Project development boom across a number of Final Report, Vol. II. 2007. sectors, including hospitality, entertainment,
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business services and retail. This is the city limits of Saint John conducted by particularly true during the construction researchers at the New Brunswick Museum, phase of a major capital project, such as concluded there is greater lichen species those planned for the Saint John region over diversity now than there was 30 years ago. the next five years. The large influx of This is significant because lichen growth is workers caused by large-scale energy inhibited by sulphur dioxide, so an increase projects bring with them a need for a in lichen suggests a decrease in sulphur community to increase consumer and dioxide emissions. personal services such as: accommodations and housing; medical services; education; As societies around the world develop retail; restaurants and hospitality; recreation strategies to address increasing concerns and arts and culture. This initial phase of over the impact of emissions on global development will serve to attract other climate change, the energy sector will energy investments because the region will continue to demonstrate leadership through be viewed as a place where employees can the deployment of new technologies, enjoy a strong quality of life in a community innovative operational practices and with a wide range of services and community-based research. employment opportunities. Investing in the region’s future Engaging in all aspects Atlantic Canada’s international trading of community life traditions run deep. The sea lanes between Of course these energy projects must be Europe and the Atlantic coast have been developed in balance with community well-travelled since the late 15th century. expectations, particularly as they relate to Initially, Europeans came for fish but as the human health and safety. This includes region became more settled by the French issues such as land use, emergency and then British, fortunes were built by preparedness and air and water quality. In harvesting the forests. The cities of Saint the 21st century, good corporate citizenship John, Halifax and St. John’s grew in size is equal parts steady employment, and prestige thanks to the shipbuilding community development through industry, and were recognized financial philanthropy and proactive environmental centres by the mid-1800s. management. It is once again time for Atlantic Canada to Within Atlantic Canada, industry continues take its place as an important hub of wealth to upgrade equipment and introduce new creation and population growth. Global technologies to reduce overall emissions. In demand for energy is expected to double by recent years, significant progress has been 2030. Our region has one of the most made by Atlantic Canadian energy diverse mixes of energy in North America companies with respect to reducing nitrogen and we stand on the threshold of a market oxides, sulphur dioxide and volatile organic that is 14 times larger than we have in our compounds (VOCs) emissions in response four provinces. The energy sector will lead to concerns over their impact on human and Atlantic Canada in opening new markets, environmental health. developing new technologies, creating new job opportunities and welcoming new A recent comparison study of lichen2 within people to the region. It is an investment in our communities and our people that will
2 Clayden, Stephen. “Thirty years of change Industrial City in Transition mini- in the lichen flora of Saint John.” The conference, Saint John, N.B., August 2006.
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pay dividends for years to come.
Selected Bibliography
Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency. Standing Committee on Human Resources, “Energy Sector in Atlantic Canada.” 2007. Social Development and the Status of Persons with Disabilities. Atlantic Institute Clayden, Stephen. “Thirty years of change of Market Studies. October 24, 2006. in the lichen flora of Saint John.” The Industrial City in Transition mini- McMillan, Charles. “Embracing the Future: conference, Saint John, N.B., August 2006. The Atlantic Gateway and Canada’s Trade Corridor.” A study prepared for the Asia Conference Board of Canada. “Mission Pacific Foundation of Canada. November Possible: A Canadian Resources Strategy for 30, 2006 the Boom and Beyond.” The Canada Project Final Report, Vol. II. 2007. Natural Resources Canada. “Canadian LNG Import Projects: Status as of September Cross, Philip. “The new underground 2007.” Natural Gas Division, Petroleum economy of subsoil resources: no longer Resources Branch, Energy Policy Sector. hewers of wood and drawers of water.” October 2007. Canadian Economic Observer. Statistics Canada. October 2007. Petroleum Human Resources Council of Canada. “Update to the Strategic Human Kymlicka, Stephen. “Help Wanted: Resources Study of the Upstream Petroleum Strategies for addressing the labour shortage Industry: The Decade Ahead.” April 2004. in Atlantic Canada.” Presentation to The
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The Atlantica Centre for Energy supports and promotes opportunities in the regional energy sector. Based in Saint John, N.B., the Centre acts as a bridge between energy companies and communities by providing information and encouraging discussion on energy-related issues.
For more information on the work of the Centre please contact us at:
27 Wellington Row Saint John, NB Canada E2L 3H4 506-674-9525
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