EurAsian Journal of BioSciences Eurasia J Biosci 14, 5661-5667 (2020)

Assessment of the trophic status at Al-Sabil River using the trophic indices in Al-Shinafiya district, Southern Iraq

Khitam Abbas Marhoon 1, Eman Mohammed Hussain 2, Salwan Ali Abed 3, Salam Hussein Ewaid 4, Mudhafar A. Salim 5, Nadhir Al-Ansari 6 1,3 Environment Department, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, IRAQ 2 Biology Department, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, IRAQ 4 Technical Institute of Shatra, Southern Technical University, IRAQ 5 Arab Regional Center for World Heritage, Manama, BAHRAIN. 6 Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, SWEDEN *Corresponding author: [email protected] ; [email protected]

Abstract The current study was conducted to determine the quality of the water of Al- Sabil River in Al-Shinafiya district, Province of Al- Diwaniyah, for the period from September 2018 to August 2019. Three sites were selected along the river, a quantitative and qualitative study of the as well as its indices to assess the quality of water in the river, such as trophic Index (TDI), (TSI), Diatomic Index (DI), and General Diatoms Index (GDI). The current study was diagnosed about 136 species of diatoms at three sites, where the central diatoms was 12 species while the pannals diatoms reached 124 species, and recorded total numbers of diatoms (35453.8, 29447.2 and 36504.76) cell*310/L, and rates (2954.48, 2453.93 and 3042.06) cells*310/L for the three locations respectively, as shown by the results of the trophic diatom Index(TDI) values ranged from (23.33 to 55.54) and the values of Trophic State Index (TSI) ranged from (0.07 to 0.81) and the Diatomic Index (DI) values ranged from (9.08 to 16.20) and the values of the General Diatoms Index (GDI) ranged from (2.23 to 3.17). It was noted that the water quality was Oligotrophic to Mesotrophic based on TDI and TSI, while its moderate to Good based on DI and GDI, and concluded that the higher the evidence values indicated that the water quality tended to be good, free or low pollution, suitable for living well, and that water was few nutrients, while its low values indicated the deterioration of the water quality in the river.

Keywords: trophic indices, trophic status, diatomic index, Al-Sabil River

Marhoon KA, Hussain EM, Abed SA, Ewaid SH, Salim MA, Al-Ansari N (2020) Assessment of the trophic status at Al-Sabil River using the trophic indices in Al-Shinafiya district, Southern Iraq. Eurasia J Biosci 14: 5661-5667.

© 2020 Marhoon et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.

INTRODUCTION been used as bio-indicators of the organic pollution in aquatic- and have been used to determine has many properties that have made environmental conditions, including algae blooms. them considered as biological indicators to determine Daitoms are also common in all the world’s water, they changes in the aquatic environment and that the are sensitive to many environmental variables, including changes can be used in the biological assessment light, heat, flow, oxygen content in water pH pollutants, programs (Wanomar, 2010) as Phytoplankton, including and is an excellent indicator of food enrichment, organic diatoms are important factors affecting water quality, as pollution and climate change (Teresa et al., 2013; bio-indices, and beginning to play an essential role in Stevenson and John, 2003). For example, nitzschia in environmental reports because they are a preliminary water indicates that water is organically pollution, while indicator of the environment (Niemejeri and Groot, gomphonema lagenulala indicates that the water quality 2007). The use of bio-water quality assessment is moderate (lylahakringkra and Yuwadee, 2011). methods helps to detect long-term environmental impacts because this type of assessment has the potential to last longer (Hutorowic etal., 2011). Received: November 2019 Algae including daitoms used to assess conditions in Accepted: April 2020 the water in all countries of the world and have Printed: November 2020

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Diatoms has a good ability to determine water quality 2- Trophic indices and detect pollution in the water . (Martin etal., A- Trophic diatom index (TDI): Calculated based on 2010 and Torrisi etal., 2010) And its can be adopted in the following equation he outlined (Kelly and Whitton, the assessment of public sites and water quality 1995):

assessment in many locations are excellent or good or ∑ 퐴푗푉푗푆푗 푇퐷퐼 = × 25 − 25 (1) poor (Dell’Uomo and Torrisi, 2009). Many of these ∑ 퐴 푉 studies have been carried out to assess water quality 푗 푗 where: based on the evidence of phytoplankton specially 퐴 = species proportion in the sample. diatoms, such as (Leelahakriengkrai and 푗 푆 = sensitivity species to nutrients about (1-5) Peerapornpisal, 2010; Offem etal., 2011; Suphan et al., 푗 2012; Prasad and Siddaraju, 2012; Yung et al., 2012; extracted from special scales Jefferson et al., 2015; Alghanimy, 2015; AL-Hamdawe, 푉푗 = species index value (1-3). Extracted from special 2016; Ali et al, 2017; AL- Hassany, 2018; El-Serehy et tables al., 2018). B-Diatomic Index: the equation was adopted for the DI manual (Descy,1979), which is as follows:

MATERIALS AND METHODS ∑ 퐴푗퐼푗푉푗 퐷퐼 = (2) 1- Study area ∑ 퐴푗 푉 푗 Al- Sabil river, is one of two branches of the Kufa where: River, namely the Al-Atshan River and Al- Sabil River, is 퐴푗 = relative species . located in the center of Al-Shinafiya district of Al- 퐼푗 = value of type sensitivity to pollution. Extracted Diwaniyah province, and represents the main branch Al- from special tables Sabil of the Euphrates River. Al-Sabil River is 푉푗 = index value (species). characterized by high salinity because of 15 drains The value of DI ranges from (1-5) and according to a discharged in it at Al- Shinafiya, as well as the special table to interpret the result. flows in the area of Ghamas and AL-Shamiyia district. In C- Generic Diatom Index (GDI): The equation addition, the entry of waste water and surface flows of described by Lecointe et al. (2003) was adopted:

Al-Sabil river and Al-Atshan river cause further ∑ 퐴푗푆푗푉푗 deterioration of the environmental situation of the 퐺퐷퐼 = × 4 (3) ∑ 퐴 푉푗 푗 Euphrates River, particularly at AL-Shinafiya and where: beyond (Al-Thamiry et al., 2013). 퐴푗 = abundance of species. A-Study sites 푆푗 = sensitivity species to nutrients (1-5) extracted The study sites are characterized by population from special tables activity and the large presence of fishermen. The lack of 푉푗 = species index value (1-3). Extracted from special aquatic plants, except P. australis on both sides of the tables. river, has been observed at low intensity. Three sites D- Trophic State Index (TSI): The equation described were selected on Al-Sabil River to collect study samples. from Nygaard (1949) used the following: 1-The first site S1: located to the north of the river Total number of central diatoms (upstream) at the entry of the river to Al-Shinafiya Diatoms = (4) district. Total number of pannals diatoms 2- The second site S2: located in the middle of the The values of the index range from (0.0-0.3) was river (midstream) at the Bridge of Al-Shinafiya. oligotrophic while range from (0.0-1.75) was Eutrophic. 3- The third site S3: located to the south of the river 3- Statistical analysis (downstream) at its exit point from the area of Al- The results were performed on the results to find the Shinafiya. (Fig.7). least significant difference (LSD using the Statistical B- Sampling Package for the Social Sciences) (SPSS 2000) at a Water samples were collected monthly from probability level (P<0.05) September 2018 to August 2019 from the three sites. Samples for the qualitative study were collected using RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the phytoplankton –net(20 µ) from the center of the river Phytoplankton (Qualitative and Quantitative by a plastic bottle size 5 liter and a few drops of Lugol’s study) solution were added, while the quantitative study were In current study, 136 species of diatoms were collected using a plastic package of 1 liter size and diagnosed in Al-Sabil River at three sites, where the added (1 ml) of Logal’s solution (Vollenweider, 1974) number of central diatoms was 12 species while the and deposited for several days, following the method pannals diatoms reached 124 species. Since the total described by Hadi (1988). species of diatoms diagnosed was ( 75, 60, 66) species

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Fig. 1. Total diatoms species at study sites Fig. 5. Number of pannals diatoms species at study sites

Fig. 2. Percentages of total diatoms species at study sites Fig. 6. Percentages of pannals diatoms species at study sites

Some species of diatoms was dominant in terms of their number and presence in all sites, namely “C. Kuetzingana, C. meneghinana, C. ocellatia, A. affins, C. pediculus, C. placentula, C. placentula Var.lineata, C. affinis, Diatoma elongatum, and Diatoma. Vulgare”. This is due to the wide tolerance of these species to various environmental factors of temperature, nutrient deficiency, availability of dissolve oxygen and an aquatic plants density that provide suitable conditions for algae (Mohammed, 2007). These results approached to AL- Fig. 3. Number of central diatoms species at study sites Hassany (2018) at Tigris river.

For quantitative study, the results showed that the total numbers of diatoms was (35453.8, 29447.2 and 36504.76) cell*310/L, and rates (2954.48, 2453.93 and 3042.06) cells*310/L for the three sites, respectively. The highest value of the diatoms in April was 4302.65 cells*310/L in the third site and the lowest value was 1405.92 cells*310/L in December in the second site (Figure 7). The results of the statistical analysis showed that monthly changes in the numbers of diatoms showed moral differences at the probability level (p< 0.05) in all Fig. 4. Percentages of central diatoms species at study sites sites and months. with percentages (37%, 30%, 33%) at three sites respectively (Figure 1 and Figure 2) belong of central diatoms ( 8, 6, 5) species with percentages (42%, 32%, 26%) at three sites respectively (Figure 3 and Figure 4). While the pannals diatoms was (67, 54, 61) species with percentages (37% 30% 33%) at three sites respectively

(Figure 5 and Figure 6).

Figure.7: Map of the study area 5663

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Fig. 9. Monthly and on-site changes for diatom index

Fig. 7. Monthly and on-site changes for total numbers of Decrease in total diatoms numbers at the second site diatoms may also be attributed to the fact that it is an area prone

to continuous pollution from the waste areas near these sites, in addition to the release of human, animal and agricultural waste into the river water (Alkam and Abid, 2005). The reason for the decline in the overall number of phytoplankton is the result of the increase turbidity in the sites studied (Zubaidi and Alkam, 2012), however, the overall preparation in the current study is lower than that recorded by Sheimmaa et al. (2013) on the Abbasia River and (Alghanimy, 2015) in her study on the Euphrates river and AL-Hamdawe (2016) in the Shamiyah River. Trophic Indices

Fig. 8. Monthly and on-site changes for trophic diatom A-Trophic Diatom Index (TDI): The results of the index current study of the Trophic Diatom Index (TDI) of phytoplankton (diatoms) showed that its rates ranged Through the results, there is an increase of diatoms from the lowest rate (35.74) in the second position to the in April due to the length of daylight hours, increased highest rate (44.73) In the third position while the lowest sunshine, light intensity and temperature to the extent value (23.33) in the second position and the highest that is appropriate for the growth and reproduction of value (55.54) in the first site (Figure 8) the statistically these algae (Mustapha, 2010) or to increase the results appeared moral differences at the probability nutrients entering the water system and internal mixing level of P˂0.05. processes as the diatoms increases in particular with When following the results of the TDI manual, which increased disturbances in order to increase mixing and was calculated based on the diatoms, we find that it has release silica from sediment to the and a level of exultation ranging from Oligotrophic to thus become available for consumption of diatoms in the Mesotrophic, i.e. the water quality ranges from medium formation of the cellular wall (Mbonde et al., 2004). As to good water quality in Al-Sabil River. this is consistent well as increasing nutrients drifting agricultural land, with Ali et al. (2017) in Tigris river at Wasit province. The wastewater and drains (Shekha et al., 2010 and Abagair values of the TDI in the current study are lower than et al., 2011) those recorded by Abdallah et al. (2018) in the Bitter Lakes of the Suez Canal. The increase in total numbers at the third site may be B- Diatomic Index (DI): The results of the current due to increased discharge rates from agricultural land study showed that the lowest rate of Diatomic Index (DI) and household waste, which affects living mass, for diatoms was (2.53) in the second site and the highest providing an environment conducive to the growth of rate (2.98) in the first site and was the lowest value of algae, which is released when the water level increases Diatomic Index (DI) was (2.23) in the second site to the due to increased removal rates of conjoined algae highest value (3.17) in the first site (Figure 9) with moral resulting from increased flow speed, which was differences at statistically analysis. mentioned by Hassan et al., (2010 a,b), and the high and Based on values set by Descy (1979), we find that low in the number of diatoms may be belong to a the quality water of Al-Sabil River has ranged from in the river’s water levels (Gallegos et al., medium to good quality and the pollution is moderate, 2009) which may be caused to re-attachment of benthic i.e. the quality of water is normal with a slight pollution species of origin at the water column (Tomas, 2007). and sometimes few tend to be poor, we find according

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the highest value (16.20) in the third site (Figure 10), with moral differences at p≤ 0.05. When comparing results obtained by using the GDI with the ideal values of index identified by Hungary Ministry of Enivironment and Water (2005), we find that the water quality of Al-Sabil River ranges from moderate to good or from poor to good based on the range of values. Diatoms Index in the current study with the values obtained Wassie (2008) to evaluate the River Addis in Ethiopia to find the quality of the river of the road river better than the quality of the water of the river mentioned above. Fig. 10. Monthly and on-site changes for general diatom D- Trophic State Index (TSI): In this study, found index the lowest rate (0.29) in the first site and the highest rate (0.39) in the second site, while the lowest value of the TSI (0.07) in the first site and the highest value (0.81) in the second site (Figure 11) showed statistical analysis of moral differences between the sites and between the months at P ˂ 0.05. According to Nygaard (1949), if the values of (TSI) for any waterbody range from (0.00-0.3), the water quality is Oligotrophic, but the range of (0.00-1) The quality of the water is Eutrophic, therefore the quality of the water of Al-Sabil River, which varies in its trophic state from Oligotrophic to Eutrophic, but often tends to Fig. 11. Monthly and on-site changes for trophic state index be oligotrophic during the months and seasons at the site. to the result of Diatomic Index (DI) the quality of the water of Al-Sabil River ranges from medium to good CONCLUSION quality, which is consistent with AL-Hamdawe ( 2016) for We conclude from the current study that the water the water of the Shamiyah River. quality of Al- Sabil River in the current study has a C- General Diatoms Index (GDI): The current study ranging from Oligotrophic to Mesotrophic appeared that the rates of the General Diatoms Index and often tends to be oligotrophic based on the Trophic (GDI) for phytoplankton (diatoms) ranged from the State Index (TSI) and the Trophic diatom Index (TDI), lowest rate (11.25) in the second site to the highest rate and it has been observed that the quality of the river (14.01) in the third site, as it was the values of this index water ranges from Moderate to Good based on the ranged from the lowest value (9.08) in the second site to Diatomic Index(DI) Generic Diatoms Index (GDI).

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