Freshwater Ecosystems and Biodiversity
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Global Diversity of Fish (Pisces) in Freshwater
Hydrobiologia (2008) 595:545–567 DOI 10.1007/s10750-007-9034-0 FRESHWATER ANIMAL DIVERSITY ASSESSMENT Global diversity of fish (Pisces) in freshwater C. Le´veˆque Æ T. Oberdorff Æ D. Paugy Æ M. L. J. Stiassny Æ P. A. Tedesco Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract The precise number of extant fish spe- species live in lakes and rivers that cover only 1% cies remains to be determined. About 28,900 species of the earth’s surface, while the remaining 16,000 were listed in FishBase in 2005, but some experts species live in salt water covering a full 70%. While feel that the final total may be considerably higher. freshwater species belong to some 170 families (or Freshwater fishes comprise until now almost 13,000 207 if peripheral species are also considered), the species (and 2,513 genera) (including only fresh- bulk of species occur in a relatively few groups: water and strictly peripheral species), or about the Characiformes, Cypriniformes, Siluriformes, 15,000 if all species occurring from fresh to and Gymnotiformes, the Perciformes (noteably the brackishwaters are included. Noteworthy is the fact family Cichlidae), and the Cyprinodontiformes. that the estimated 13,000 strictly freshwater fish Biogeographically the distribution of strictly fresh- water species and genera are, respectively 4,035 species (705 genera) in the Neotropical region, 2,938 (390 genera) in the Afrotropical, 2,345 (440 Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Le´veˆque, H. Segers & K. Martens genera) in the Oriental, 1,844 (380 genera) in the Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment Palaearctic, 1,411 (298 genera) in the Nearctic, and 261 (94 genera) in the Australian. -
Water on Earth (Pages 392–395) Key Concept
Name Date Class Fresh Water ■ Adapted Reading and Study Water on Earth (pages 392–395) The Water Cycle (pages 392–393) Key Concept: In the water cycle, water moves from bodies of water, land, and living things on Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back to Earth’s surface. • The water cycle is how water moves from Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back again. The water cycle never stops. It has no beginning or end. • The sun is the source of energy for the water cycle. • Water evaporates from Earth’s surface. Water is always evaporating from oceans and lakes. Water is given off by plants as water vapor. • When water vapor in the air cools, it condenses. The result of this condensation is clouds. • From clouds, water falls back to Earth as precipitation. Precipitation is water that falls to Earth as rain, snow, hail, or sleet. • If the precipitation falls on land, it may soak into the soil. Or, it may run off into rivers and lakes. Answer the following questions. Use your textbook and the ideas above. 1. The process by which water moves from Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back again is the . 2. Water that falls to Earth as rain, snow, hail, or Fresh Water Fresh sleet is called . © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 185 Name Date Class Fresh Water ■ Adapted Reading and Study 3. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the water cycle. a. The water cycle begins with the formation of clouds. -
Diversity and Longitudinal Distribution of Freshwater Fish in Klawing River, Central Java, Indonesia
BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 19, Number 1, January 2018 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 85-92 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d190114 Diversity and longitudinal distribution of freshwater fish in Klawing River, Central Java, Indonesia SUHESTRI SURYANINGSIH♥, SRI SUKMANINGRUM, SORTA BASAR IDA SIMANJUNTAK, KUSBIYANTO Faculty of Biology, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. Jl. Dr. Soeparno No. 63, Purwokerto-Banyumas 53122, Central Java, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-281- 638794, Fax.: +62-281-631700, ♥email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 10 July 2017. Revision accepted: 2 December 2017. Abstract. Suryaningsih S, Sukmaningrum S, Simanjuntak SBI, Kusbiyanto. 2018. Diversity and longitudinal distribution of freshwater fish in Klawing River, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 85-92. The aims of this study were to evaluate the diversity and longitudinal distribution of fish in Klawing River, Purbalingga (Central Java). The survey was performed using a clustered random- sampling technique. The river was divided into upstream, midstream and downstream regions. Species diversity was measured as the number of species, and the longitudinal distribution was assessed by determining the fish species present in each of the three regions. Eighteen fish species of eleven families were identified in the Klawing River: Cyprinidae, Bagridae, Mastacembelidae, Anabantidae, Cichlidae, Channidae, Eleotrididae, Beleontinidae, Osphronemidae, Poecilidae, and Siluridae. Cyprinidae exhibited the highest number of species (six), followed by Bagridae and Cichlidae (two species each). The other families were represented by one species each. A single cluster analysis showed that the upstream population had a similarity of 78% and 50% with the midstream and downstream populations, respectively. Species and family diversities were higher in the midstream populations than in the upstream and downstream populations. -
Bacterial Production and Respiration
Organic matter production % 0 Dissolved Particulate 5 > Organic Organic Matter Matter Heterotrophic Bacterial Grazing Growth ~1-10% of net organic DOM does not matter What happens to the 90-99% of sink, but can be production is physically exported to organic matter production that does deep sea not get exported as particles? transported Export •Labile DOC turnover over time scales of hours to days. •Semi-labile DOC turnover on time scales of weeks to months. •Refractory DOC cycles over on time scales ranging from decadal to multi- decadal…perhaps longer •So what consumes labile and semi-labile DOC? How much carbon passes through the microbial loop? Phytoplankton Heterotrophic bacteria ?? Dissolved organic Herbivores ?? matter Higher trophic levels Protozoa (zooplankton, fish, etc.) ?? • Very difficult to directly measure the flux of carbon from primary producers into the microbial loop. – The microbial loop is mostly run on labile (recently produced organic matter) - - very low concentrations (nM) turning over rapidly against a high background pool (µM). – Unclear exactly which types of organic compounds support bacterial growth. Bacterial Production •Step 1: Determine how much carbon is consumed by bacteria for production of new biomass. •Bacterial production (BP) is the rate that bacterial biomass is created. It represents the amount of Heterotrophic material that is transformed from a nonliving pool bacteria (DOC) to a living pool (bacterial biomass). •Mathematically P = µB ?? µ = specific growth rate (time-1) B = bacterial biomass (mg C L-1) P= bacterial production (mg C L-1 d-1) Dissolved organic •Note that µ = P/B matter •Thus, P has units of mg C L-1 d-1 Bacterial production provides one measurement of carbon flow into the microbial loop How doe we measure bacterial production? Production (∆ biomass/time) (mg C L-1 d-1) • 3H-thymidine • 3H or 14C-leucine Note: these are NOT direct measures of biomass production (i.e. -
Ecosystem Services Generated by Fish Populations
AR-211 Ecological Economics 29 (1999) 253 –268 ANALYSIS Ecosystem services generated by fish populations Cecilia M. Holmlund *, Monica Hammer Natural Resources Management, Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden Abstract In this paper, we review the role of fish populations in generating ecosystem services based on documented ecological functions and human demands of fish. The ongoing overexploitation of global fish resources concerns our societies, not only in terms of decreasing fish populations important for consumption and recreational activities. Rather, a number of ecosystem services generated by fish populations are also at risk, with consequences for biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and ultimately human welfare. Examples are provided from marine and freshwater ecosystems, in various parts of the world, and include all life-stages of fish. Ecosystem services are here defined as fundamental services for maintaining ecosystem functioning and resilience, or demand-derived services based on human values. To secure the generation of ecosystem services from fish populations, management approaches need to address the fact that fish are embedded in ecosystems and that substitutions for declining populations and habitat losses, such as fish stocking and nature reserves, rarely replace losses of all services. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Ecosystem services; Fish populations; Fisheries management; Biodiversity 1. Introduction 15 000 are marine and nearly 10 000 are freshwa ter (Nelson, 1994). Global capture fisheries har Fish constitute one of the major protein sources vested 101 million tonnes of fish including 27 for humans around the world. There are to date million tonnes of bycatch in 1995, and 11 million some 25 000 different known fish species of which tonnes were produced in aquaculture the same year (FAO, 1997). -
Microbial Loop' in Stratified Systems
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 59: 1-17, 1990 Published January 11 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1 A steady-state analysis of the 'microbial loop' in stratified systems Arnold H. Taylor, Ian Joint Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PLl 3DH, United Kingdom ABSTRACT. Steady state solutions are presented for a simple model of the surface mixed layer, which contains the components of the 'microbial loop', namely phytoplankton, picophytoplankton, bacterio- plankton, microzooplankton, dissolved organic carbon, detritus, nitrate and ammonia. This system is assumed to be in equilibrium with the larger grazers present at any time, which are represented as an external mortality function. The model also allows for dissolved organic nitrogen consumption by bacteria, and self-grazing and mixotrophy of the microzooplankton. The model steady states are always stable. The solution shows a number of general properties; for example, biomass of each individual component depends only on total nitrogen concentration below the mixed layer, not whether the nitrogen is in the form of nitrate or ammonia. Standing stocks and production rates from the model are compared with summer observations from the Celtic Sea and Porcupine Sea Bight. The agreement is good and suggests that the system is often not far from equilibrium. A sensitivity analysis of the model is included. The effect of varying the mixing across the pycnocline is investigated; more intense mixing results in the large phytoplankton population increasing at the expense of picophytoplankton, micro- zooplankton and DOC. The change from phytoplankton to picophytoplankton dominance at low mixing occurs even though the same physiological parameters are used for both size fractions. -
Sediment Fe:PO4 Ratio As a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool for the Restoration of Macrophyte Biodiversity in Fen Waters
Freshwater Biology (2008) 53, 2101–2116 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02038.x APPLIED ISSUES Sediment Fe:PO4 ratio as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for the restoration of macrophyte biodiversity in fen waters JEROEN J. M. GEURTS*,†,ALFONSJ.P.SMOLDERS*,†, JOS T. A. VERHOEVEN‡,JANG.M. ROELOFS* AND LEON P. M. LAMERS* *Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands †B-WARE Research Centre, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands ‡Landscape Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands SUMMARY 1. Globally, freshwater wetlands, including fen waters, are suffering from biodiversity loss due to eutrophication, water shortage and toxic substances, and to mitigate these pressures numerous restoration projects have been launched. Water quality data are generally used to evaluate the chances of reestablishment of aquatic vegetation in fen waters and shallow peat lakes. Here we investigated whether sediment characteristics, which are less prone to fluctuate in time, would result in more reliable predictions. 2. To test if sediment characteristics can indeed be used not only for an easy and early diagnosis of nutrient availability and water quality changes in fen waters, but also for the prognosis of biodiversity response, we recorded the aquatic vegetation and collected surface water, sediment pore water and sediment samples in 145 fen waters in the Netherlands, Ireland and Poland. 3. Endangered macrophyte species were more closely related to surface water chemis- try than common species in terms of occurrence and abundance. -
Marine, Estuarine and Freshwater Biology Major (B.S.)
University of New Hampshire 1 MEFB 401 Marine Estuarine and Freshwater Biology: 1 MARINE, ESTUARINE AND Freshmen Seminar MEFB 503 Introduction to Marine Biology 4 FRESHWATER BIOLOGY MEFB 525 Introduction to Aquatic Botany 4 MAJOR (B.S.) MEFB 527 Aquatic Animal Diversity 4 Choose one Freshwater course: 4 http://colsa.unh.edu/dbs/mefb/marine-estuarine-and-freshwater-biology- MEFB 717 Lake Ecology bs or MEFB 719Field Studies in Lake Ecology Choose one Physiology/Function course: 4-5 Description ZOOL 625 Principles of Animal Physiology & ZOOL 626 and Animal Physiology Laboratory The Major in Marine, Estuarine and Freshwater Biology is intended to or ZOOL 773 Physiology of Fish give students interested in the fields of marine and freshwater biology Choose one Marine or Estuarine course: 4 the background to pursue careers, including potential advanced study, in MEFB 725 Marine Ecology this area of biology. The major builds on a broad set of basic scientific or ZOOL 750 Biological Oceanography courses represented by a core curriculum in math, chemistry, physics and biology. The background in basic science is combined with a series of MEFB Electives: Choose 3 required and elective courses in the aquatic sciences from watershed Evolution, Systematics and Biodiversity to ocean. The goal is to provide a solid foundation of knowledge in BIOL 566 Systematic Botany 4 freshwater, estuarine and marine biology while having the flexibility to GEN 713 Microbial Ecology and Evolution 4 focus on particular areas of scientific interest from molecular biology to MEFB 625 Introduction to Marine Botany 4 ecosystem studies. Students will have the opportunity to specialize in areas of their own interest, such as aquaculture and fisheries or animal MEFB 722 Marine Phycology 4 behavior. -
The Conservation and Sustainable Use of Freshwater Resources in West Asia, Central Asia and North Africa
IUCN-WESCANA Water Publication The Conservation and Sustainable Use of Freshwater Resources in West Asia, Central Asia and North Africa The 3rd IUCN World Conservation Congress Bangkok, Kingdom of Thailand, November 17-25, 2004 IUCN Regional Office for West/Central Asia and North Africa Kuwait Foundation For The Advancement of Sciences The World Conservation Union 1 2 3 The Conservation and Sustainable Use of Freshwater Resources in West Asia, Central Asia and North Africa The 3rd IUCN World Conservation Congress Bangkok, Kingdom of Thailand, November 17-25, 2004 IUCN Regional Office for West/Central Asia and North Africa Kuwait Foundation 2 For The Advancement of Sciences The World Conservation Union 3 4 5 Table of Contents The demand for freshwater resources and the role of indigenous people in the conservation of wetland biodiversity Mehran Niazi.................................................................................. 8 Managing water ecosystems for sustainability and productivity in North Africa Chedly Rais................................................................................... 17 Market role in the conservation of freshwater biodiversity in West Asia Abdul Majeed..................................................................... 20 Water-ecological problems of the Syrdarya river delta V.A. Dukhovny, N.K. Kipshakbaev,I.B. Ruziev, T.I. Budnikova, and V.G. Prikhodko............................................... 26 Fresh water biodiversity conservation: The case of the Aral Sea E. Kreuzberg-Mukhina, N. Gorelkin, A. Kreuzberg V. Talskykh, E. Bykova, V. Aparin, I. Mirabdullaev, and R. Toryannikova............................................. 32 Water scarcity in the WESCANA Region: Threat or prospect for peace? Odeh Al-Jayyousi ......................................................................... 48 4 5 6 7 Summary The IUCN-WESCANA Water Publication – The Conservation and Sustainable Use Of Freshwater Resources in West Asia, Central Asia and North Africa - is the first publication of the IUCN-WESCANA Office, Amman-Jordan. -
Lake Superior Phototrophic Picoplankton: Nitrate Assimilation
LAKE SUPERIOR PHOTOTROPHIC PICOPLANKTON: NITRATE ASSIMILATION MEASURED WITH A CYANOBACTERIAL NITRATE-RESPONSIVE BIOREPORTER AND GENETIC DIVERSITY OF THE NATURAL COMMUNITY Natalia Valeryevna Ivanikova A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2006 Committee: George S. Bullerjahn, Advisor Robert M. McKay Scott O. Rogers Paul F. Morris Robert K. Vincent Graduate College representative ii ABSTRACT George S. Bullerjahn, Advisor Cyanobacteria of the picoplankton size range (picocyanobacteria) Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus contribute significantly to total phytoplankton biomass and primary production in marine and freshwater oligotrophic environments. Despite their importance, little is known about the biodiversity and physiology of freshwater picocyanobacteria. Lake Superior is an ultra- oligotrophic system with light and temperature conditions unfavorable for photosynthesis. Synechococcus-like picocyanobacteria are an important component of phytoplankton in Lake Superior. The concentration of nitrate, the major form of combined nitrogen in the lake, has been increasing continuously in these waters over the last 100 years, while other nutrients remained largely unchanged. Decreased biological demand for nitrate caused by low availabilities of phosphorus and iron, as well as low light and temperature was hypothesized to be one of the reasons for the nitrate build-up. One way to get insight into the microbiological processes that contribute to the accumulation of nitrate in this ecosystem is to employ a cyanobacterial bioreporter capable of assessing the nitrate assimilation capacity of phytoplankton. In this study, a nitrate-responsive biorepoter AND100 was constructed by fusing the promoter of the Synechocystis PCC 6803 nitrate responsive gene nirA, encoding nitrite reductase to the Vibrio fischeri luxAB genes, which encode the bacterial luciferase, and genetically transforming the resulting construct into Synechocystis. -
Can Results from Simple Aquatic Mesocosm Experiments Be Applied Across Broad Spatial Scales?
Freshwater Biology (2010) doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2010.02495.x Moving on up: can results from simple aquatic mesocosm experiments be applied across broad spatial scales? AMANDA C. SPIVAK, MICHAEL J. VANNI AND ELIZABETH M. METTE Zoology Department, Miami University, Oxford, OH, U.S.A. SUMMARY 1. Aquatic ecologists use mesocosm experiments to understand mechanisms driving ecological processes. Comparisons across experiments, and extrapolations to larger scales, are complicated by the use of mesocosms with varying dimensions. We conducted a mesocosm experiment over a volumetric scale spanning five orders of magnitude (from 4 L to whole ponds) to determine the generality of algal responses to nutrient enrichment. Recognising that mesocosm dimensions may affect algal growth, we also manipulated the ratio of mesocosm surface area to volume (SA : V) over two levels (high versus low). We used mesocosm tanks of similar size and construction to those commonly used in aquatic experiments to increase the generality of our results. 2. Volume was generally a stronger determinant of algal responses than mesocosm shape (i.e. SA : V). However, the effects of both volume and shape on algae were weak and explained a small portion of the variance in response variables. In addition, there was no consistent, directional relationship (positive or neutral) between mesocosm volume and algal abundance (estimated by chlorophyll concentration). Combined, our findings suggest that results from small-scale experiments, examining the direct response of algae to nutrient enrichment, can probably be ‘moved on up’ and applied to larger, more natural aquatic systems. 3. Algal response to nutrient enrichment (e.g. -
Supplement A: Assumptions and Equations in Ecopath with Ecosim Governing Equations
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 145:136–162, 2016 © American Fisheries Society 2016 DOI: 10.1080/00028487.2015.1069211 Supplement A: Assumptions and Equations in Ecopath with Ecosim Governing Equations The Ecopath module of EwE is a static, mass-balance ecosystem model that uses two governing equations for each species and age group (Christensen and Walters 2004). The first governing equation describes each species group’s production for a time period, i.e., production (P) is the sum of fishery catch (F), predation (M2), net migration (immigration, I, and emigration, E), biomass accumulation (BA), and mortality from other sources (‘other mortality’, M0): P = F + M2 + (I - E) + BA - M0 The second governing equation is based on the principle of conservation of matter within a group, and is designed to balance the energy flows of a biomass pool, i.e., consumption (C) equals the sum of production (P), respiration (R), and unassimilated food (U): C = P + R + U At a minimum, Ecopath requires inputs of diet composition (DCi,j, where i is predator and j is prey), fishery catch (Yi), and three of the following four parameters for each model group (i): biomass (Bi), production-to-biomass ratio (Pi/Bi), consumption-to-biomass ratio (Qi/Bi), and the ecotrophic efficiency (EEi, the fraction of the production that is used in the system and does not move directly to the detritus pool). Mass-balance principles are then used to estimate the fourth parameter. P/B is the annual production rate of the population in Ecopath. Under equilibrium conditions, the P/B ratio of fish is equivalent to its total annual instantaneous mortality (Z) (Allen 1971).